IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO.

5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2014

3591

Control Strategies for Wind-Farm-Based

Smart Grid System
Abdul Motin Howlader, Student Member, IEEE, Naomitsu Urasaki, Member, IEEE, and
Ahmed Yousuf Saber, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractTo incorporate the abundance of renewable energy

into the power system, it is required to reconfigure the energy
system. An intelligent power grid such as the smart grid is the
solution for future energy demand. Among several renewable
sources, the wind energy conversion system (WECS) is the rapidly
growing source of energy, which is considered as the backbone
of renewable energy and the smart grid. This paper deals with
control strategies of distributed wind farms that are connected
to smart houses for a smart grid application. A grid-side energy
storage system is considered to deliver smooth power to the system.
Stable control strategies under the line fault condition are also
discussed in this paper. The surplus power of the smart houses
is sent back to the power grid, and a house owner can benefit
by selling the extra power to the power company. The detailed
modeling and control strategies of an intelligent power system
are demonstrated in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed
system is verified by the extensive numerical simulation results.
Index TermsDoubly fed induction generator, electric doublelayer capacitor (EDLC), fault condition, power smoothing, smart
grid, smart house, wind farm.

I. I NTRODUCTION

UE to the abundance of renewable energy, the renewable power system will be the basis of the future power
grid. To develop a sustainable society, the renewable energy
gradually extricates the fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, and gas)
from the current energy consumption patterns. The smart grid
as a modern technology creates two-way communication and
even electricity flow between consumers and suppliers. It is an
intelligent power generation, distribution, and control system
[1]. There are three fundamental consequences of the smart grid
realization, such as reliability improvement of distribution networks, exploiting the sustainable energy resources and energy
efficiency [2]. Due to global warming and depletion of the fossil
fuels (e.g., coal, oil, and gas), the world has been turning to the
alternative of fossil fuels, and sustainable or renewable sources
Manuscript received September 21, 2013; revised December 17, 2013;
accepted January 15, 2014. Date of publication February 3, 2014; date of
current version September 16, 2014. Paper 2013-SECSC-623.R1, presented
at the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive
Systems, Kitakyushu, Japan, April 2225, and approved for publication in
the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Sustainable
Energy Conversion Systems Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications
Society. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Japan Society
for the Promotion of Science Fellows (2013).
A. M. Howlader and N. Urasaki are with the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
(e-mail: motin@ieee.org; urasaki@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp).
A. Y. Saber is with Operation Technology, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
(e-mail: aysaber@ieee.org).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2014.2304411

are considered as the reliable power sources in the future. The

smart grid will be composed of several elements.
Renewable energy sources are the heart of the modern smart
grid system. Among the various renewable sources, the wind
energy conversion system is the rapid growing and the largest
new energy source [3][7]. Multimegawatt wind farms are considered as the backbone of the modern smart grid. On the other
hand, in distributed generations (DGs) such as wind turbines,
photovoltaics, fuel cells, and storage devices (e.g., batteries and
electric double-layer capacitors), smart houses are expected to
play a vital role in meeting the future energy demand, and these
are one of the most important elements of the emerging smart
grid paradigm [8]. When these DGs are connected to the power
system, there is a concern about their harmful effects as most of
their power fluctuates with weather conditions [9]. Due to the
variable wind speed, the generated power of the wind turbine is
fluctuated. Power fluctuations occur for the interaction of wind
turbulence with the complex turbine dynamics. In case of low
wind fluctuations, the wind turbine regulation accomplishes its
target, and the wind turbine dynamics are negligible. Moreover,
for high wind fluctuations, the wind turbine interrelates with the
structural and drive-train vibrations. The complexities of the
wind turbine control, drive-train vibrations, and nonlinearities
of the generator power converters influence the output power
fluctuations significantly. The power fluctuations cause various
problems as follows [10].
1) The frequency of the power grid can be deviated due to
the power fluctuations of the wind turbine.
2) Power fluctuations may cause the voltage flicker inside
the power grid.
3) Frequency deviations and voltage flicker incur the poor
power supply for consumers.
4) The poor power supply causes lights to flicker, glow
brighter or dimmer, and may damage the useful electronic
equipment.
If a smart grid consists of several wind farms, power fluctuations will be higher, and this will be more problematic for
the power system. Therefore, it is important to deliver a smooth
output power to the power grid. There are some studies proposed to generate a smooth output power. A superconducting
magnetic energy storage system, a flywheel energy, and a
battery energy storage system (BESS) or a BESS with a static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) system have been proposed to generate a smooth output power for the wind energy
conversion system (WECS) [11][14].
The supercapacitor or the electric double-layer capacitor
(EDLC) can be introduced to the WECS with power electronic

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devices that can also ensure to deliver a smooth output power

to the power grid. Usually, EDLCs have long life, more than
5 104105 cycles with virtually no maintenance, and energy
efficiency of about 75%80% [14]. EDLCs contain a simple
charging method; after full charge, they stop accepting charge
[15]. The system fault can occur anytime in a power system. In
the system fault condition, the energy storage system must be
protected from damage, and a stable operation must be ensured.
In the severe fault condition, the power converter may stop
switching, and the converter moves in blocking state to protect
itself against high current and losing the controllability of the
storage system. In that stage, a voltage fluctuation is incurred
into the dc link of the energy storage. As a result, a chopper
circuit is needed to include in the dc link of the energy storage.
During the fault condition, the wind farms stay connected and
actively contribute to the power system stability. The ability of
the wind farms to remain connected to the power grid during
fault time and voltage dip is known as the low voltage ride
through (LVRT) capability [16]. The wind farms consisting of
the doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are very sensitive
to the fault condition since DFIGs are directly connected to
the power grid. Therefore, the wind farms are required for the
LVRT capability. There are several approaches to apply for the
LVRT capability of the DFIG wind turbine. A bypass resister
has been used to enhance the LVRT capability [16]. In this
system, a switch has been used, and it always remains in the
ON state, and it goes to the OFF state in the fault condition.
Hence, there is always a possibility of a switching loss. The
crowbar methods have been applied in [17] and [18]. However, the crowbar system absorbs a large amount of reactive
power from the power grid. A flexible ac transmission system
(FACTS) with an energy storage system has been proposed to
enhance the LVRT capability [19]. However, the installation
cost of FACTS devices is expensive. Some literatures have
been already published to show the effectiveness of the EDLC
storage device [20][23]. In [20] and [21], the EDLC energy
systems have been proposed for the fixed-speed wind turbine.
In [22], the EDLC energy storage has been proposed for the
stand-alone system, and in [23], ELDC storage system has been
proposed for a micro-grid system with a pitch angle system. In
both cases, the control of the energy storage system has been
considered without switching losses and harmonics. All the
proposed EDLC energy storage-based systems are not analyses
with the fault condition, and the power systems are not robust.
Described herein is a comprehensive and systematic way of
implementing distributed wind farms and smart houses that are
integrated within the EDLC storage devices. Wind farms are
connected to the substation through transmission lines. The
purpose of the energy storage device is to deliver a smooth
line power to the power grid. The energy storage is installed in
the point of common coupling rather than installed individually
for wind farms. As a result, it can reduce the system cost
significantly. Another novel feature of this paper is to evaluate
the performance of the proposed system under the line fault
condition. The fault protections are introduced for the EDLC
storage system and the WECS. The simple chopper-circuitbased protection methods are also described elaborately in
this paper. By using the proposed method, the EDLC storage

system and the dc-link voltage of the wind turbines can be

controlled under the line fault condition to ensure a stable
operation of the system. Moreover, smart houses are connected
to the power grid, which received power from the power
grid when generated powers are less than the load powers or
vice versa. As a result, a house owner can benefit by selling
the extra power to the power company. The effectiveness of
the proposed method is evaluated by the MATLAB/Simulink
system.
II. S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION
The proposed system configuration is shown in Fig. 1. The
smart grid system consists of three wind farms at different
locations. Wind farm-1, wind farm-2, and wind farm-3 consist
of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines.
Each of the wind farm contains six turbines, and the rated power
is 1.5 MW. Therefore, the total capacity of the wind farms is
27 MW. The generated power of the wind farms is sent to the
substation. The substation sends power to the smart houses, and
additional power is absorbed by the infinite bus. An EDLCbased supply-side energy storage system is considered in the
system.
A. Wind Energy Conversion System
The DFIG-based wind turbine is shown in Fig. 2. The
acdcac power converter is separated into two components:
the rotor-side converter and the grid-side inverter. The two
voltage source converters (VSCs) are composed of the insulated
gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) to synthesize an ac voltage
from a dc voltage source. A capacitor connected on the dc side
acts as the dc voltage source. A coupling inductor L is used
to connect the grid-side inverter to the grid. The three-phase
rotor winding is connected to the rotor-side converter by slip
rings and brushes, and the three-phase stator winding is directly
connected to the power grid. The power captured by the wind
turbine is converted from the kinetic energy into the electrical
energy by the induction generator, and it is transmitted to the
grid through the stator and the rotor windings. The control
system generates the pitch angle command and the voltage
command signals Vr and Vg for the rotor-side converter and
the grid-side inverter, respectively, in order to control the power
of the wind turbine, the dc bus voltage, and the reactive power
or the voltage at the grid terminals.
The mechanical input power Pm and the input torque Tm of
the DFIG are defined by the following equations [24], [25]:
1
Pm = Cp (, )Ro2 Vw3
2
1
Tm = Cp (, )Ro3 Vw2 /
2

(1)
(2)

where Ro is the wind turbine blade radius, Vw is the wind speed,

and is the air density. is the tip speed ratio and can be
defined as = (Ro r )/Vw , where r is the rotational speed
of the wind turbine. is the pitch angle of the wind turbine.
The power coefficient Cp is defined by the following equation:


12.5
116
0.4 5 exp
(3)
Cp = 0.22

HOWLADER et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR WIND-FARM-BASED SMART GRID SYSTEM

Fig. 1.

Proposed system configuration.

Fig. 2.

System configuration of the wind turbine DFIG.

where
=

1
+0.08

0.035
3 +1

(4)

The stator electric output power Ps is determined as follows:

Ps = T e s

(5)

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where Te is the electromagnetic torque, and s is the rotational

speed of the magnetic flux in the air gap of the generator. For a
lossless generator, the mechanical motion equation is
dr
= Tm Te
(6)
Jeq
dt
where Jeq is the equivalence inertia of the rotor and the wind
turbine. In steady state at fixed speed for a lossless generator,
Tm = Te and Pm = Ps + Pr .

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Fig. 3. Tracking characteristics of the wind turbine.

Fig. 4. Rotor-side converter control system.

It follows the following relationship:

Pr = Pm 
Ps = Tm 
r Te s
s r
= Tm
s = sTm s = sPs
s

(7)

where Pr is the active power of the rotor, and s is defined as the

slip of the generator. There are some other symbols in Fig. 1,
such as Qs , Qr , and Qg are the reactive powers of stator, rotorside, and grid-side inverters, respectively; Is , Ir , and Ig are the
stator, rotor-side, and grid-side inverter currents, respectively;
and V and I are the positive sequence voltage and the reactive
current, respectively.
B. Rotor-Side Converter Control System
Usually, the rotor-side converter is utilized to control the
wind turbine output power and the voltage (or reactive power)
measured at the grid terminals. The output power of the
wind turbine is controlled in order to follow a predefined
powerspeed characteristic, named the tracking characteristic.
The predefined rotor characteristic is illustrated in Fig. 3. From
this figure, the mechanical power characteristic of the wind
turbine is obtained at different wind speeds. The actual speed of
the turbine r is measured, and the corresponding mechanical
power of the tracking characteristic is used as the reference
power for the power control loop. The rotor-side converter

control system is shown in Fig. 4. The actual electrical output

power, which is measured at the grid terminals of the wind
turbine, is added to the total power losses (i.e., mechanical
and electrical) and compared with the reference power obtained
from the tracking characteristic. A proportionalintegral (PI)
regulator is used to reduce the power error to zero. The output
of this regulator is the reference rotor current Iqr_ref that must
be injected in the rotor by the rotor-side converter. This is the
current component that produces the electromagnetic torque
Te . The actual Iqr component is compared with the reference
Iqr_ref , and the error is reduced to zero by a PI controller. The
output of this current controller is the voltage Vqr generated by
the rotor-side converter.
On the other hand, the error between the reactive power is
the input of a PI controller. The reference reactive power Qref
is set to zero for the unity power factor operation. The output
of the PI controller is the d-axis rotor current reference Idr_ref ,
and it is compared with the actual Idr component. The error
of the current component is an input of the PI controller. From
this part, the output of the current controller is the voltage Vdr
generated by the rotor-side converter.
C. Grid-Side Inverter Control System
The grid-side inverter is utilized to regulate the voltage of
the dc-link capacitor. In addition, this model allows using an

HOWLADER et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR WIND-FARM-BASED SMART GRID SYSTEM

Fig. 5.

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Grid-side inverter control.

Fig. 7. DC-link voltage control system during the fault condition.

E. Model of a Smart House

Fig. 6.

DC-link circuit configuration with a chopper.

inverter to generate or absorb reactive power. The grid-side

inverter control system is shown in Fig. 5. The output of the
dc voltage regulator is the d-axis current reference Idg_ref .
An inner current controller loop consisting of a PI controller.
The output of the current regulator controls the magnitude and
phase of the voltage generated by the grid-side inverter Vg
from the Idg_ref produced by the dc voltage regulator and the
specified Iqg_ref reference. The maximum value of this current
is limited to a value defined by the converter maximum power at
the nominal voltage. The magnitude
of the reference grid-side

2
2
converter current is equal to Idg
_ref + Iqg_ref . When Idg_ref
and Iqg_ref are such that the magnitude is higher than this
maximum value, the Iqg_ref component is decreased in order
to bring back the magnitude to its maximum value.
D. DC-Link Voltage Control System
In the previous section, it is described that the dc-link voltage
Vdc is controlled by the grid-side inverter. However, under the
line fault condition, the dc-link voltage rapidly rises, and it is
difficult to control through the PI regulator. As a result, it may
damage the dc-link capacitor and other electronics devices of
the wind turbine. Therefore, a chopper circuit is used in the
dc link in parallel with the dc-link capacitor, as shown in
Fig. 6. To avoid over dc-link voltages under the line fault,
an IGBT is used as the switching element of the chopper
circuit. The chopper circuit helps to suppress the dc-link voltage
fluctuations to protect the dc-link capacitor. The dc-link voltage
control system is shown in Fig. 7. If the grid voltage Vt is less
than 0.8 p.u., the error between the dc-link voltage command

= 1200 V and the actual dc-link voltage Vdc is used as

Vdc
the input to the PI controller, and the switching command
of the chopper circuit is determined by the triangular-wave
pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) law.

The proposed system consists of ten smart houses. The

MATLAB simulation model of each house is shown in Fig. 8.
The real-world power of a smart house is considered in this
system. In step-1, the power of the smart house is distributed
for the three phases, which is shown in Fig. 8(a). In step-2,
the phase current has been measured, and the currents are
determined from the power and voltage of the each phase. The
simulation model of step-2 is shown in Fig. 8(b). The current
phasor is calculated from the following equations:
P = 1/2 (Vp Ip )
Ip = (2 P/Vp )

(8)

where Vp and Ip are the peak values of the voltage and current
phasors.
III. M ODEL OF THE EDLC E NERGY S TORAGE S YSTEM
The EDLC energy storage system with power electronic
devices is shown in Fig. 9. From this figure, the EDLC energy
storage is shown by the rectangular box. The EDLC energy
storage is connected to the power system through a buck/boost
dcdc converter, a dc-link capacitor, and a PWM voltage source
converter. The PWM VSC controls the active power and reactive power flowing into the EDLC, whereas the dc-link voltage
is controlled by the buck/boost dc-dc converter. There are some
literatures that described the EDLC model [26], [27]. The rated
EDLC storage voltage has been considered 6.6 kV as the EDLC
unit with this rating is available in the power industry applications. In the simulations, it is assumed that 2445 EDLC cells are
connected in series to provide a string with rated 6.6 kV. The
rated capacity of the EDLC storage is 50 MW, 0.78 MWh [20].
A. Power Converter Control System
The converter is connected to the power system through a
coupling transformer (see Fig. 1). The resistance and reactance
of the coupling transformer are expressed as R and X, respectively. The phasor elements Vk , Vc , and I correspond to the ac
system voltage, the output ac voltage of the converter, and the
current following from the ac system to the converter at point
k (see Fig. 1), respectively. The grid-side voltage phasor Vk is
synchronized with the controller reference frame by using the
phase-locked loop (PLL). Therefore, from the controller side,

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Fig. 8. Simulation model of a smart house. (a) Power distribution in three phases. (b) Current and voltage measurement in three phases.

Fig. 9. Configuration of an EDLC energy storage system.

the angle of the grid-side voltage phasor seems to be zero. In

that case, the following expression can be made [23]:
Vk (Vcd jVcq )
I =
R + jX
[R(Vk Vcd ) XVcq ]
Id =
R2 + X 2
[X(Vk Vcd ) + RVcq ]
Iq =
R2 + X 2

(9)

where Id and Iq are the dq components of the current phasor I.

Vcd and Vcq are the dq components of the converter output ac
voltage Vc . The active power Pwf , and the reactive power Qk
flowing through the converter can be derived as

(10)

Pwf = Re(Vk I ) = Vk Id

(12)

(11)

Qk = Im(Vk I ) = Vk Iq .

(13)

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Fig. 11. Bidirectional dcdc converter control system.

is the input of a PWM generator. The PWM generator generates

a six-pulse signal to drive the six IGBTs of the converter.
Fig. 10. Inverter control system.

B. Control System of the Buck/Boost DCDC Converter

From (12) and (13), the following relationship for the active
power Pwf and the reactive power Qwf can be obtained:

The buck/boost dcdc converter is controlled by switches g1

and g2 to be ON or OFF. The error of the dc-link voltage is
the input of a PI controller and an inner current control loop
that regulates the dc-link current. The output of the current
controller is compared with a triangular carrier frequency. The
converter control system is shown in Fig. 11. In addition, a
chopper circuit is included with the dc-link capacitor to protect
the capacitor in Fig. 9. The configuration and control strategy
of the chopper circuit are similar to Figs. 6 and 7. To control
the dc-link voltage at the fault condition for the EDLC energy

(in Fig. 7)
storage system, the commanded dc-link voltage Vdc
is chosen as 6.6 kV.

Pwf Id
Qk I q .

(14)

If R  X, which means that the winding resistance of the

transformer is much smaller than the leakage reactance, then
from (10) and (11), the following relationship can be expressed:
Id Vcq
Iq Vcd .

(15)

Finally, the active power Pwf and the reactive power Qk

flowing through the converter can be derived as
Pwf Id Vcq
Qk Iq Vcd .

(16)

From the preceding equations, the active and reactive power

control systems of the power system are shown in Fig. 10. The
converter controls the active power and the reactive power of
the power system. From Fig. 10, the active power reference

is compared with the actual value Pwf , and the error is

Pwf
the input of a PI controller that determines Id [see (14)]. The

is determined from the exponential

active power reference Pwf
moving average (EMA) of the wind farm total output power
Pwf . The formula for an EMA is given as follows:
EMA(C) = [(C Pwf ) K] + Pwf

(17)

where C is the current value, P is the previous period of the

EMA, and K is the weighting factor. For a period-based EMA,
the weighting factor K is 2/(1 + N ), where N is the specified
number of periods for a system. For a 100-period EMA, the
weighting factor K is given as 2/(1 + 100) = 0.0198.
The reference Id is compared with the actual value Id ,
and the error also progresses through another PI controller

[see (16)] The actual values

and decides the value of Vcq
Id and Iq are determined from the three-phase current Iabc by
using the Park transformation, and the phase angle is detected
by the PLL method. On the other hand, the reactive power Qk
of the power system is also controlled with a similar method by

using two PI controllers to determine Iq and Vcd

[see (14) and

and
(16)], respectively. From the dq-axis voltage references Vcd

Vcq , the three-phase voltage reference Vabc is obtained, which

IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS

The parameters of the wind farms, transmission lines, and
power converters are given in the Appendix. To evaluate the
effectiveness of the proposed method, WECS operations are
verified under the normal operation and the fault operation
conditions.
A. Operation Under the Normal Condition
Simulation results under the normal condition are shown in
Fig. 12. Fig. 12(a) shows the different wind speeds for the three
different wind farms. The rotational speeds of the wind turbines
are shown in Fig. 12(b). Fig. 12(c) shows the output powers
of the three different wind farms. The rotational speeds and
generated powers follow the tracking characteristics of the wind
turbine. Fig. 12(d) shows the different powers of the system.
From this figure, the total generated power of the three different
wind farms are fluctuated according to the wind speed. The
smooth reference/commanded power and the line power are
also shown in this figure. From this figure, it can be seen that
the line power follows the commended power and delivers a
smooth line power to the power grid. The EDLC energy storage
system absorbs or exudes the power to supply a smooth line
power. The deviation of the line power can be significantly
reduced through the energy storage system. It ensures the
stability of the power flow for the system. If the system does not
include the energy storage system, it will send a huge fluctuated
power to the grid. It may incur frequency deviation or voltage
flicker inside the power grid. The output power of the EDLC
energy storage system is shown in Fig. 12(e). From this figure,
the positive power means that the EDLC absorbs the power
from the grid and vice versa. The dc-link voltage (6.6 kV)

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Fig. 12. Simulation results under the normal condition. (a) Wind speed. (b) Rotational speed of the wind turbine. (c) Wind farm output powers. (d) Different
powers of the system. (e) Output power of the EDLC. (f) DC-link voltage of the EDLC. (g) Power of house group-1. (h) Power of house group-2. (i) Power of
transformer-1. (j) Power of transformer-2.

of the EDLC energy storage system is shown in Fig. 12(f).

Fig. 12(g)(j) shows the different powers of the smart houses.
Fig. 12(g) and (h) depicts the ten smart houses powers that are
distributed in the three-phase system. Negative values indicate
the generated powers of the smart houses are more than the load

powers of the houses and vice versa. Therefore, a smart house

can deliver extra power or can receive the necessity power from
the power grid. The powers of the residential transformer-1 and
transformer-2 are shown in Fig. 12(i) and (j), respectively. From
these figures, a large amount of power can be delivered to the

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Fig. 13. Simulation results under the fault condition. (a) Wind speed. (b) Rotor speed. (c) Output power of the wind farm. (d) DC-link voltage of the wind
turbine. (e) DC-link voltage of the EDLC. (f) Terminal voltage of the EDLC. (g) Line power of the system.

power grid from the smart houses (negative values indicate it).
As a result, a house owner can benefit by selling the extra power
to the power company.
B. Operation Under the Fault Condition
Simulation results in the fault condition are shown in Fig. 13.
Simulation results are compared among the normal operation,
the fault operation with a chopper circuit, and the fault operation without a chopper circuit. At simulation time 4.0 s, the
three-line-to-ground fault occurs at the transmission line (fault
location in Fig. 1). When the ac-grid voltage is within vt <
0.8 p.u., the gate signals of the grid-side inverter are stopped.
At the simulation time of 4.1 s, the line fault is cleared. When
the ac-grid voltage is within vt 0.8 p.u., the gate signals of
the grid-side inverter are restarted.

Fig. 13(a) reflects the wind speed that is considered for the
three different wind farms. The rotational speeds of a wind
turbine are shown in Fig. 13(b). The rotational speeds are
compared with three different approaches such as the normal
operation, the fault operation with a chopper circuit, and the
fault operation without a chopper circuit. The output powers
of the various approaches are shown in Fig. 13(c). From this
figure, it can be seen that the with chopper-based approach can
reduce the output power fluctuation significantly compared with
the without chopper-based approach. Therefore, the proposed
chopper-based approach ensures the WECS stability and provides a stable power to the power grid. The dc-link voltages
of the wind turbine are shown in Fig. 13(d). From the figure,
for the without chopper-based method, there is a huge voltage
fluctuation over the fault period. For the dc-link circuit, to
prevent overvoltages and to protect the IGBTs of the power

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converter, the dc-link voltage is required to limit within 0.86

1.14 p.u. Therefore, the without chopper-based method may
damage the dc-link capacitor circuit and the power converters of
the WECS. The voltage fluctuation can be significantly reduced
by the with chopper-based approach, which ensures to protect
the dc-link capacitor circuit and the power converters of the
WECS. The dc-link voltage of the EDLC energy storage system
is shown in Fig. 13(e). From this figure, the voltage fluctuation
has been suppressed by the chopper-based approach. The dclink voltage fluctuation for the without chopper-based approach
may occur the line power flicker and may shorten the lifetime
of the capacitor. The terminal voltages of the EDLC in three
different approaches are shown in Fig. 13(f). In the normal
operation, the terminal voltage increases or decreases due to
the charge or discharge of the EDLC. From the this figure,
in case of the chopper-based approach, the terminal voltage
of the EDLC follows the normal operation after the fault has
been cleared. There is an irregular voltage fluctuation in case
of the without chopper-based approach, which makes extra
pressure to the EDLC system. As a result, it can decrease
the lifetime of the EDLC storage system. In Fig. 13(g), the
line powers of the normal operation and the chopper-based
approach are similar. The line power has been improved by the
chopper-based approach compared with the without chopperbased method. The chopper-based approach provides a smooth
line power during the fault condition.
V. C ONCLUSION
A wind-farm-based smart grid system coordinated with
smart houses has been proposed. Wind velocity is a fluctuating
resource, and the generated power of the wind turbine is cubic
proportional to the wind speed. Therefore, the output power of
the wind turbine is fluctuated. In this paper, an EDLC energy
storage is applied to generate a smooth line power for the
smart grid system. The line power can be smoothed by the
EDLC system extensively. In addition, a stable operation can
be performed at the fault condition through the chopper circuit
approaches. From the simulation results, the effectiveness of the
proposed method is verified.
A PPENDIX
S IMULATION PARAMETERS
1) Parameters of the DFIG wind turbine: stator resistance
Rs = 0.023 p.u., stator inductance Ls = 0.18 p.u., rotor resistance Rr = 0.016 p.u., rotor inductance Lr =
0.16 p.u., mutual inductance Lm = 2.9 p.u., inertia constant Jeq = 0.685 p.u., friction factor F = 0.01 p.u.,
pole pairs p = 3, rated power Pg_rated = 1.5 MW, blade
radius Ro = 40 m, and rated wind speed Vw_rated =
12.5 m/s.
2) Parameters of the power converter: PWM carrier frequency fp = 2 kHz, rated dc-link voltage Vdc_rated =
1200 V, and dc-link capacitor C = 15 000 F.
3) Transmission line: resistances R1 , R0 = 0.1153,
0.413 /km, inductances L1 , L0 = 1.05, 3.32 mH/km,
and capacitances C1 , C0 = 11.33, 5.01 nF/km.

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Naomitsu Urasaki (M98) was born in Okinawa,

Japan, in 1973. He received the B.S., M.S., and
Ph.D. degrees from the University of the Ryukyus,
Okinawa, Japan, in 1996, 1998, and 2004, respectively, all in electrical engineering.
Since 1998, he has been with the Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, where
he is currently an Associate Professor. His research
interests are in the areas of modeling and control of
ac motors, power electronics, and sustainable energy
development.
Dr. Urasaki is a member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.

Abdul Motin Howlader (S09) was born in

Munshiganj, Bangladesh, in 1981. He received the
B.S. degree in computer science and engineering
from the United International University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh, in 2005 and the M.Eng. and D.Eng. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from
the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, in
2010 and 2013, respectively.
He gained extensive industrial experience in software engineering, maintenance, and quality assurance in Bangladesh from 2005 to 2008. He is
currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow under the Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science with the Power Energy Systems Control Laboratory,
University of the Ryukyus, with research interests in smart grid, power systems,
power electronics, energy storage, and sustainable energy development.
Dr. Motin is a member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.

Ahmed Yousuf Saber (M07SM11) was born in

Rajshahi, Bangladesh. He received the B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and
the Ph.D. degree from the University of the Ryukyus,
Okinawa, Japan, in 2007.
Dr. Saber was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Toyota
Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan. He served
as an Assistant Professor with The University of
Asia Pacific, Dhaka, and King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He was a Visiting Scholar
with Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA. He is
currently a Principal Power Engineer with Operation Technology, Inc., Irvine,
CA, USA. His research interests include smart grid, vehicle-to-grid, renewable
energy, microgrid, cyberphysical systems, power system optimization, intelligent systems, operations research, artificial intelligence applications, etc.