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ENGINEERING
EN 9114
Formalities
15
Assignments:
10
Final Exam:
50
email: thormodj@mun.ca
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114
COURSE CONTENT
Introduction
Reservoir Parameters
Rock Properties
Porosity
Permeability-Darcys Law, non-Darcy Flow
Rock Compressibility
Upscaling
Porosity Permeability Relationships
Capillary Pressure
Relative Permeability
Hysteresis
Leverett J-Function
Residual, Irreducible and Critical Saturations
Ternary Diagrams
Composition Paths
Tie Line Geometry
Water Flooding
Gas Injection
Well Operating Conditions Artificial Lift
1) Oil reserves
2) Geology
3) Reservoir Characterization
4) Core analysis
5) Drilling
6) Well Completion
7) Surface and sub-sea development
8) Role of Reservoir Engineering - Simulation
END FORMALITIES
1. OIL RESERVES
Remaining Reserves:
Volume of producible oil remaining in reservoir at a given point in time,
measured at surface conditions (STC).
Producible means: A mathematical model approved by the industry,
authorities has been used to calculate the volume.
Reserves are updated by operator (at least) once a year.
Remaining Resources:
Volume of STC oil remaining in reservoir at a given point in time.
Resources are updated by operator (at least) once a year.
Also calculated by approved mathematical method.
At t = 0, the resource is called STOIIP (Stock Tank Oil Initially In
Place).
Billions of barrels
------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Venezuela
297
2. Saudi Arabia
268
3. Canada
175
4. Iran
157
5. Iraq
140
6. Kuwait
104
7. UAE
98
8. Russia
80
9. Libya
48
10. Nigeria
37
12. China
26
21. Norway
10.7
9.6
9.0
4.2
4.0
3.6
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.7
12.7%
11.3%
10.7%
4.8%
4.6%
3.9%
3.8%
3.3%
3.6%
3.0
53.2
62.0%
Country
Billions of barrels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Ghawar
Saudi Arabia
83
2. Burgan
Kuwait
72
3. Sugar Loaf
Brazil
40
4. Cantarell*
Mexico
20
Ekofisk*
Norway
3.5
Statfjord*
Norway
3.5
Lille-Frigg*
Norway
0.008
Hibernia *
Canada
1.4
Canada
0.4
* Off shore
2. Geology
Rock Types:
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Sediments:
Where are they from?
Where are they deposited?
Why are they important?
Point Bar
Tectonic Forces
Forces that move the continental plates
around and throw up mountains
Same forces cause flat layers of sediments
to buckle and break:
Faulting
Folding
Petroleum Reservoirs
We need:
Trap:
Cap rock:
Reservoir rock:
Organic source:
Heat and pressure:
the earth
SEAL CAPACITY
SEAL EXTENT
HYDROCARBON CHARGE
SPILL POINT
defined by seal
or OIL LEG
or WATER LEG
3. Seismic acquisition
Geophones
Porosity
Bulk Volume: Vb
Pore Volume: Vp
Porosity:
= Vp / Vb
4. WELL LOGGING
Measurement of physical parameters in situ
Wire Line Log
Logging while drilling
Some commen types of loggs:
Resistivity logg (Hydrocarbons vs. Water)
Gamma Logg: Natural radioactivity in well (Clays vs. Sands)
Neutron density logg (Porosity)
Gamma Density logg (Porosity)
Sonic logg (Porosity)
Dipmeter, Kaliper (dip, hole size)
Resistivity Logging
Compton Effect
Scattered Photons are detected.
Intensity is measured.
Intensity is related to number of electrons
Number of electrons is related to formation
density
Formation density is related to composition
(silicon, hydrocarbons, water)
Gamma
Density
Log
Gamma Density Log for Porosity
Measurement
5. Reservoirs Characterization
1000
Morrow Sandstone
Bruce
Stagecoach Draw
100
Kh
(mD)
10
0.1
0.01
0
10
15
Porosity (%)
20
25
Terra Nova SCAL difference in perm between new and old cores
Development
wells new data
10000
PG1 kair
1000
PG2 kair
Perm (md)
GIG3 kair
C-09 kair
100
H-99 kair
K-07 kair
10
I-97 kair
E-79 kair
1
F-88 1 kair
Original
delineation wells
old data
0.1
0.01
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
C-69 1 kair
Delineation Correlation
0.3000
2007 Petro-Canada
6. DRILLING
Casing Program
Liner hanger
Horizontal or Vertical?
7. WELL COMPLETION
Multiple Completion
GAS
LOST
OIL
Wellbore pressure
GAS
OIL
Reservoir Pressure
Wellbore pressure
Gravel
Inflow Control Valve
Perforation
Cement
Casing
Packer
Tubing
Formation
Sand Screen
Borehole
TEMPLATE/MANIFOLD
PROTECTION FROM
ICEBERGS
Glory Holes:
Minimize probability
that icebergs will
damage subsea
equipment
9. Fluid Separation.
Reservoir Simulation
Input Parameters Data acquisition
Reservoir Characterization
Mass balance model the Continuity Equation
Mathematical formulation of a reservoir simulator
Numerical Discretization
Reservoir simulation grids
Upscaling of petrophysical properties
History Matching
Upscaling
THOUSANDS of Cells
MILLIONS of
Cells
Oil Production/Gas
Injection
Oil Production/Water
Injection
ORIGINAL
+16 YEARS
Summary of Reservoir
Sub-Layers
Cross Bedding
Shales
Micro Faults
Real Well
Reservoir simulation
Numerical
1990
2000
1000 m
2000 m
300