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ADVANCED RESERVOIR

ENGINEERING
EN 9114

Advanced Reservoir Engineering

Formalities

Formalities Reservoir Engineering EN9114.


EVALUATION:
Mid Term Exam: 25
Project:

15

Assignments:

10

Final Exam:

50

Closed Book Exams


Course Material: Handouts, Lecture notes (Posted on D2L)
Mid Term Exam: Thursday March 6, 9:00 10:00 am

Instructor: Dr. Thormod E. Johansen.


Office : ER 6007
TAs: TBA
Office: ER 6005

email: thormodj@mun.ca

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114

COURSE CONTENT
Introduction

World Oil Reserves/Production


Reservoir Geology
Exploration
Core Analysis
Well logging
Well Completion

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content Cntd)


Basic

Reservoir Parameters

Rock Properties
Porosity
Permeability-Darcys Law, non-Darcy Flow
Rock Compressibility
Upscaling
Porosity Permeability Relationships

Well Inflow Equations


Skin
Well Productivity

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content cntd)

Rock Fluid Interactions

Capillary Pressure
Relative Permeability
Hysteresis
Leverett J-Function
Residual, Irreducible and Critical Saturations

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content)


Fluid Properties
Basic PVT Experiments
Fluid Characterization with Equation of State
Black Oil Parameters
Model Formulations
Black Oil Model
Compositional Model
Models for Miscible Flooding
First Contact Miscibility
Condensing Gas Drive
Vaporizing Gas Drive
Dispersion

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content)


Reservoir Simulation
Grid Generation
Space and Time Discretization
Transmissibility
Well modeling
Fully Implicit versus IMPES Discretization
Numerical Errors in Reservoir Simulation

Fractional Flow Theory


Two Phase, 1D model with Analytical Solution
Water Flooding Recovery Factor
Time to Water Breakthrough Calculations

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content)

Ternary Diagrams
Composition Paths
Tie Line Geometry

Software Used in Case Studies


Eclipse
Prosper
(Possibly PVTsim)

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING-EN9114 (Course Content)


Case Studies will be selected from these topics

Water Flooding
Gas Injection
Well Operating Conditions Artificial Lift

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM SCIENCE

1) Oil reserves
2) Geology
3) Reservoir Characterization
4) Core analysis
5) Drilling
6) Well Completion
7) Surface and sub-sea development
8) Role of Reservoir Engineering - Simulation

END FORMALITIES

1. OIL RESERVES
Remaining Reserves:
Volume of producible oil remaining in reservoir at a given point in time,
measured at surface conditions (STC).
Producible means: A mathematical model approved by the industry,
authorities has been used to calculate the volume.
Reserves are updated by operator (at least) once a year.

Remaining Resources:
Volume of STC oil remaining in reservoir at a given point in time.
Resources are updated by operator (at least) once a year.
Also calculated by approved mathematical method.
At t = 0, the resource is called STOIIP (Stock Tank Oil Initially In
Place).

Recovery factor = Total cummulative Production/STOIIP

World Oil Reserves (Source: Wikipedia 2013)


Country

Billions of barrels

------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Venezuela

297

2. Saudi Arabia

268

3. Canada

175

4. Iran

157

5. Iraq

140

6. Kuwait

104

7. UAE

98

8. Russia

80

9. Libya

48

10. Nigeria

37

12. China

26

21. Norway

Largest Oil Producers 2013 (Mbbl/day)


1. Russia
2. Saudi Arabia
3. USA
4. Iran
5. China
6. Canada
7. Irak
8. UAE
9. Mexico
10. Kuwait
Total

10.7
9.6
9.0
4.2
4.0
3.6
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.7

12.7%
11.3%
10.7%
4.8%
4.6%
3.9%
3.8%
3.3%
3.6%
3.0

53.2

62.0%

Oil Field Initial Reserves (Source: Wikipedia 2010)


Field

Country

Billions of barrels

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Ghawar

Saudi Arabia

83

2. Burgan

Kuwait

72

3. Sugar Loaf

Brazil

40

4. Cantarell*

Mexico

20

Ekofisk*

Norway

3.5

Statfjord*

Norway

3.5

Lille-Frigg*

Norway

0.008

Hibernia *

Canada

1.4

Terra Nova* & White Rose*

Canada

0.4

* Off shore

2. Geology
Rock Types:
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary

Sediments:
Where are they from?
Where are they deposited?
Why are they important?

Deltas - Comparison of types


Fluvial-dominated deltas are characterised
by highly indented profiles and a fingering
pattern of sand distribution related to the
position of major distributary channels.
This type of delta is favoured by finegrained sediment supply and low basin
energy.
Strong basin waves will rework and
redistribute sediment as it arrives at
river mouths and results in wavedominated, lobate deltas with smooth
arcuate to cuspate shoreline geometries.
A high tidal range and very large
sediment supply can result in tidedominated deltas. Highly indented
shorelines with funnel shaped
distributaries and linear tidal ridges are
characteristic of these settings.

River Systems - Meandering Rivers

Point Bar

Figure from Nichols, 1999; his Figure 9.9

Types of sedimentary rock


Shale (from mud and clay)
Laid down as mud at the mouths of rivers
Sometimes contains lots of organic material
Impermeable (fluids cannot flow through).
Sandstone
Laid down on beaches and deltas
Permeable (Fluids can flow through)
Limestone & dolomite (from reef formation)
Laid down in reefs, and in shallow water
Permeable

Tectonic Forces
Forces that move the continental plates
around and throw up mountains
Same forces cause flat layers of sediments
to buckle and break:
Faulting
Folding

Petroleum Reservoirs
We need:
Trap:
Cap rock:
Reservoir rock:
Organic source:
Heat and pressure:
the earth

faulting & folding


impermeable shale
sandstone or limestone
organic rich shale
burial to great depths in

Oil and Gas Traps - HC Column Height


There are at least four controls on the hydrocarbon height in a trap.
STRUCTURAL SPILL POINT

SEAL CAPACITY

Structural SPILL POINT


Structural SPILL POINT

Trap has an effective seal and is full to spill.

Seal strength is too low to support a HC column to


the structural spill point.

SEAL EXTENT

HYDROCARBON CHARGE

SPILL POINT
defined by seal

Seal does not cover entire structure or has a weak


point above the structural spill point.

There is insufficient migration of HCs to fill the


trap.

Critical Factors for a Trap

Oil and Gas Traps - Nomenclature


CREST - highest point on a
trap.

or OIL LEG
or WATER LEG

CLOSURE - height from crest to spill


point
STRUCTURAL SPILL POINT
- lowest point on a trap that can
contain hydrocarbons.

3. Seismic acquisition

Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSP)

Geophones

4. FORMATION EVALUATION. CORE ANALYSES


ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS
Porosity
Permeability
Fluid Saturations
SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS
Capillary Pressure (for fluid distribution in the
reservoir)
Core Floods (for multi phase fluid flow and recovery
factor)
Petrophysical measurements (for logg interpretation)
Rock Mechanical tests (for borehole stability,
compressibility, fracturing, compaction etc.)

Porosity
Bulk Volume: Vb

Pore Volume: Vp

Porosity:

= Vp / Vb

Saturation: S = Phase Volume/Pore Volume


= Phase Volume/ Vb

4. WELL LOGGING
Measurement of physical parameters in situ
Wire Line Log
Logging while drilling
Some commen types of loggs:
Resistivity logg (Hydrocarbons vs. Water)
Gamma Logg: Natural radioactivity in well (Clays vs. Sands)
Neutron density logg (Porosity)
Gamma Density logg (Porosity)
Sonic logg (Porosity)
Dipmeter, Kaliper (dip, hole size)

Resistivity Logging

Principle of Resistivity Logging

The Potential difference


between Equi-Potential
Surfaces at M and N
determines the resistivity
of the formation.

Gamma Density Log

Compton Effect
Scattered Photons are detected.
Intensity is measured.
Intensity is related to number of electrons
Number of electrons is related to formation
density
Formation density is related to composition
(silicon, hydrocarbons, water)

Gamma
Density
Log
Gamma Density Log for Porosity
Measurement

Principles of Neutron Density Logs


Neutrons have zero electric charge. Hence, they have high penetrating power and
are therefore important in well logging.
Neutrons disintegrate naturally. Emit electrons and become protons; n e- + p+
A source is emitting high energy neutrons
The emitted neutrons collide with nuclei in the formation and loose energy in each
collision.
The energy loss per collision is highest for collision with light nuclei, i.e. hydrogen.
The neutron log reflects the content of hydrogen in the formation.
The hydrogen content in the formation is related to the content of water and oil in
the pores.
The neutrons are slowed down by series of collisions until they start to diffuse
randomly and eventually are absorbed by nuclei
A capturing nucleus becomes highly excited and emits a high energy gamma
photon.
The neutron log detects either the gamma photon from excited capturing nuclei or
the scattered neutrons themselves, or both.

5. Reservoirs Characterization

The fundamental property of Reservoirs is POROSITY ().


However, to be an Effective Reservoir there must be PERMEABILITY (K).

MICRO- pore scale

MACRO - field scale architecture

Reservoir Quality - Introduction


Reservoir Quality is concerned with an understanding of Porosity and Permeability.
Reservoir Datasets
10000
Toro Sandstone
Cusiana (Mirador)

1000

Morrow Sandstone
Bruce
Stagecoach Draw

100

Kh
(mD)
10

0.1

0.01
0

10

15

Porosity (%)

20

25

Terra Nova SCAL difference in perm between new and old cores

Terra Nova Core Data


100000

Development
wells new data
10000
PG1 kair

1000

PG2 kair

Perm (md)

GIG3 kair
C-09 kair

100

H-99 kair
K-07 kair

10

I-97 kair
E-79 kair

1
F-88 1 kair

Original
delineation wells
old data

0.1

0.01
0.0000

0.0500

0.1000

0.1500

0.2000

0.2500

C-69 1 kair
Delineation Correlation

0.3000

Corrected Porosity (fraction)

2007 Petro-Canada

6. DRILLING

Casing Program

Liner hanger

Horizontal or Vertical?

7. WELL COMPLETION

Open Hole Bare Foot Completion

Wire Wrapped Screen Slotted Liner - Gravel Packs: Sand


Control

Slotted Liner - Wire Wrapped Screen

Multiple Completion

GAS

LOST
OIL

Gas Break Through


Reservoir Pressure

Wellbore pressure

GAS

OIL

Reservoir Pressure

Wellbore pressure

Gravel
Inflow Control Valve

Perforation

Cement

Casing

Packer

Tubing
Formation

Sand Screen

Borehole

8. Subsea and Surface Facilities

SUBSEA CHRISTMAS TREE


Connects to wellhead
Valves and piping to
control flow to/from
the well

TEMPLATE/MANIFOLD

Template provides structural support for Xmas trees and manifold


Manifold collects flow from multiple wells and directs it into a
flowline (reverse direction for injection from platform)

PROTECTION FROM
ICEBERGS
Glory Holes:
Minimize probability
that icebergs will
damage subsea
equipment

9. Fluid Separation.

8. ROLE OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING - SIMULATION

Reservoir Simulation
Input Parameters Data acquisition
Reservoir Characterization
Mass balance model the Continuity Equation
Mathematical formulation of a reservoir simulator
Numerical Discretization
Reservoir simulation grids
Upscaling of petrophysical properties
History Matching
Upscaling

THOUSANDS of Cells

MILLIONS of
Cells

Oil Production/Gas
Injection

Oil Production/Water
Injection

ORIGINAL

+16 YEARS

Summary of Reservoir

Sub-Layers
Cross Bedding
Shales
Micro Faults

Reservoir Simulation Before 1990

Real Well

Reservoir Simulator well

Reservoir simulation

Reservoir Simulation after 2000.


Real

Numerical

Real Well Path

Numerical Well Path

Drilling and Completion Technology


Development
Geo steering
Rotary Steerable Drilling
Increased Rate of Penetration
Measurement While Drilling
Advanced Completions
Multilateral wells
Surface Adjustable Down Hole Valves

1990

2000
1000 m

2000 m

300

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