CHI-SQUARE: TEST OF ASSOCIATION (TEST OF INDEPENDENCE)

- a procedure that tests whether frequencies are according to categories.

(O E)2 ;
E

O observed frequencies
E expected frequencies

Ho infers equal frequencies.

Thus, not associated, independent, or do not differ.
Ha infers not equal frequencies.
Thus, associated, dependent, or differ.

df = (no. of columns 1) (no. of rows 1)

- If situation occurs that when the expected frequency is so small (less than 5), it is recommended to apply any of the following:
a) Collapse some rows. Meaning, combine it with the other row logically. You may also disregard the row or column with
frequencies that are so small (most especially if zero).
b) for df = 1, use Yates correction, where
or the Fishers exact (for small sample size), where

O E 0.5

A B !C D ! A C !B D !
A! B!C! D! N !

best recommendation with frequencies of less than or equal to 2

Otherwise, the Chi-squares test of null hypothesis may likely fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- Chi-square test of association may NOT be applied for multiple-response type of questions. Each sample must represent one frequency only.

Examples:
1. A researcher wants to determine if the hangout mall of Manila students
depend on the school where they study. The results are in the contingency
table (from hangout.xls) below. Test the hypothesis at 5% significance
level.
Hypotheses:
Ho: __________________________________________
Ha: __________________________________________
Test Statistic:

Critical Value: ______________

Decision: _______________

Conclusion: __________________________________________

2. In a study investigating the effect of rubella infections (German measles) on childbirth, a total of 578 pregnancies were classified in retrospect as
having been either normal or abnormal, the latter group including abortions, stillbirths, birth defects, and all infant deaths within two years.
Altogether, there were 86 abnormal pregnancies. The second variable looked at was
when the rubella infection occurredduring the first trimester or after the first trimester. It
was found that 59 out of the 86 abnormal births were among the 202 pregnancies
complicated during the first trimester; the remaining 27 were born to mothers who
contracted the virus after the first trimester. Can it be concluded that the risk of an
abnormal birth is associated when during the pregnancy the virus is contracted? Put up
the contingency table then test at = 0.01.
Hypotheses:
Ho: __________________________________________________________
Ha: __________________________________________________________
Test Statistic:

alternative formula for 2x2 crosstabs:

Critical Value: ______________

N AD BC
A B C D A C B D
2

Decision: _______________

Conclusion: _____________________________________________________________

Written by: Asst. Prof. Xandro Alexi A. Nieto of UST Faculty of Pharmacy

3. The contingency below shows the frequency of

students (according to college) preference on the
food stores in the Carpark. Modify it as to validate
the assumptions of chi-square test of association.
The modified contingency table must have
no expected frequencies of less than 5, and
no cell must contain zero.
Modified contingency table:

----- SEATWORK (15 points) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Names: ________________________________ , ________________________________

Score (/20): __________

Suppose that the raw data below shows the income (A Upper Class; B Middle Class; C Lower Class), age (in years), usage Polgate as brand of
toothpaste, brushing teeth thrice a day, and existence of decayed, missing, or filled (DMF) teeth of the randomly selected Manila residents. Test all the
following hypotheses at 5% level of significance.
1. Do the data provide sufficient evidence that more customers in
Class C bracket use Polgate than in Class A?
Ho: _______________________________________________
Ha: _______________________________________________
test statistic:

critical value: _______________

decision: ____________

conclusion: _________________________________________
2. Do we have a reason to believe that 60% of the Manila
residents are brushing their teeth thrice a day?

Ho: _______________________________________________
Ha: _______________________________________________
test statistic:

critical value: _______________

decision: ____________

conclusion: _________________________________________
3. Is brushing of teeth thrice a day depends on the use of Polgate?

4. Is there a significant difference in the mean age of those

have decayed, missing, or filled (DMF) teeth and those who
have no DMF teeth?

Ho: _______________________________________________
Ho: _______________________________________________
Ha: _______________________________________________
Ha: _______________________________________________
test statistic:

critical value: _______________

test statistic:

decision: ____________

conclusion: _________________________________________

critical value: _______________

decision: ____________

conclusion: _________________________________________
Written by: Asst. Prof. Xandro Alexi A. Nieto of UST Faculty of Pharmacy