Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

General study of the control principles and dynamic fault behaviour of

variable-speed wind turbine and wind farm generic models
Tareq Saber Abuaisha*
Institute for Electrical Power Supply with Integration of Renewable Energies, Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Landgraf-Georg-Strae 4, 64283 Darmstadt,
Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 9 July 2013
Accepted 9 January 2014
Available online 28 February 2014

The interest towards generic models or sometimes also called standard models of wind turbine generators (WTGs) is signicantly increasing. Mainly due to their improved power quality, better controllability and higher power extraction capability, variable-speed wind turbines driving a synchronous or an
induction machine are capturing the global market. Throughout this paper, dynamic modelling and
performance analysis of the generic models of the variable-speed WTGs, namely the doubly-fed induction generator and the fully-rated converter based WTGs, are achieved using integration between
Matlab/Simulink and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platforms. Later on, the performance of type-4 wind
turbine driving a permanent magnet synchronous machine is analysed during fault and then compared
with the case when driving a wound rotor induction machine. The differences in control principles and
dynamic fault behaviour are highlighted. Afterwards, investigations on wind farm level are accomplished. A case study during which the developed generic models and the generic model of the variablespeed machine are compared is conducted. Different arrangements for the construction of the generic
wind farm are considered.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Generic model
Doubly-fed induction generator
Fully-rated converter
Wind turbine
Wind farm
Synchronous induction machine

1. Introduction
With a signicant 20% renewable energy power share (including
wind energy, hydro-power, photo-voltaics and others), today Germany is already well on the way to meeting the 2020 target of a 35%
renewable energy share. Sharing by 40% of all renewable energy
sources, wind is already the dominant driver of renewable electric
power generation and will be the motor for future growth [1].
In fact the study of a large system such as the European network
involves the simulation of many interconnected systems, which are
operated by many different transmission and distribution system
operators, and comprise wind turbines and wind farms from
multiple manufacturers and technologies.
This variety of wind turbine manufacturers existing in the global
market would inevitably result in different manufacturer-specic
wind turbine generator (WTG) models based on different approaches and technologies. These differences would naturally
result in different complexity and thus accuracy of the respective
models. Additionally, access to these models requires a non-

* Tel.: 49 (0)176 32262014.

E-mail addresses: tareq.abuaisha@e5.tu-darmstadt.de, eng_abumosab@hotmail.
com.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.004
0960-1481/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

disclosure agreement between the dynamic model user and the

turbine manufacturer [2].
In response to these challenges, western electricity coordinating
council (WE-CC) has initiated the development of generic positive
sequence WTG dynamic models which are suitable for grid planning studies [3]. A generic model refers to a non-proprietary dynamic model that can be used to represent wind turbine generators
(WTGs) with similar physical and control topology, using only
different parametrization to represent a specic vendor equipment
[3,4].
Compared to xed-speed WTGs, doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and fully rated converter (FRC) wind turbine generators
are ultimately dominating the global market due to their higher
energy efciency, exible performance, higher power extraction
capability and better controllability [5,6].
In order to dene the intended use and limitations and to insure
a healthy development of the generic models; further research,
investigation and improvement are highly recommended.
In this paper, a general study on wind turbine and wind farm
generic models is achieved. At rst, the three-phase generic models
of type-3 (DFIG) and type-4 (FRC) are implemented and simulated.
In order to analyse the dynamic behaviour of the generic models, a
balanced three-phase fault at the wind turbine generator terminal
is enforced. The simulation results are then compared with

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T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

manufacturer-specic models in order to analyse the physical

behaviour and characteristics. Later on, the implemented models
were added to the Matlab/Simulink library to serve as basis for
future research and development.
Afterwards, the performance of type-4 wind turbine when it is
driving a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is
investigated during fault and compared with the case when it is
driving a wound rotor induction machine (WRIM). The differences
in control principles and dynamic fault behaviour are highlighted.
To show resemblance to other research efforts which are conducted in this eld; a comparison between two different wind
farms is conducted in a case study. While the rst wind farm
consists of four wind turbines which are based on the implemented
generic models, the second wind farm is based on the generic
model of the variable-speed machine which is implemented in
Refs. [7,8]. Different arrangements for the construction of the rst
wind farm from generic wind turbine generators are considered.
2. Power control strategies in variable-speed WTGs
There are primarily two ways to control the power generated by
variable-speed WTGs. The rst is the aerodynamic power control
either by controlling the wind turbine blades or by yawing the
complete nacelle, and the second is the electrical power control
employed in the power electronics converters [9].
The use of these two control strategies enables on one hand the
extraction of maximum wind power during low wind speeds and
on the other hand, the reduction of the mechanical stress on the
shafts during high wind speeds [10,11].
2.1. Aerodynamic power control
The power extracted from the wind varies with the cube of wind
speed, but the wind turbine can only extract a fraction of this
amount which is given in Ref. [12] by

1
rAv3w Cp l; bW;
2

(1)

Wind turbines cannot extract all the kinetic energy from the
wind, and the maximum extracted energy occurs with Cp 0.59,
and is termed as Betz limit [12]. In practice, this power coefcient is
less than this value and also varies with the tip speed ratio l as
shown in Fig. 1.
The idea of the aerodynamic power control is to achieve
maximum power tracking. In order to accomplish this task, the
turbine must operate at the peak of Cp/l curve for all relevant wind
speed values. This curve is unique to a particular design of wind
turbine and thus it is given by the wind turbine manufacturer [13].
Fig. 1 shows a typical Cp/l curve. Since Pmax occurs at Cp,max, the
wind turbine should follow the dashed curve to choose the
maximum power coefcient value Cp,max for all relevant operating
wind turbine speeds.
Currently, pitch control is the most widely used control option
especially for multi-megawatt WTGs. Almost all variable-speed
wind turbine generation technologies use pitch control. When
wind speed is below the rated speed, it is used to maximize the
energy capture. And when it is above the rated speed, it is used to
reduce the mechanical stress on the gearbox and the shafts [10,11].

Fig. 1. Power coefcient Cp as a function of tip-speed ratio l for different blade pitch
angles b.

optimal tracking curve; which is the total amount of power exists in

the wind. Whilst, the dashed green (in web version) curve is known
as real tracking curve which is the real power extracted from the
wind by the wind turbine.
Fig. 2 compares between the real and the optimal power
tracking, where the green (in web version) points on the curve
represent the following [14]:
e u1 is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine comes
into operation (typically between 3 and 4 m/s)
e ur is the speed at which the wind turbine will produce its rated
output power
e u2 is the maximum operating wind speed
As stated in equation (1), at wind speeds above the cut-in speed
and till the rated wind speed is reached, the wind turbine output

2.2. Electrical power control

Fig. 2 shows the per-unit mechanical output power versus speed
characteristics also in per-unit of a WTG for different wind speeds
and zero pitch angle. The dashed-dotted black curve is termed as

Fig. 2. Turbine speed [p.u] versus the turbine output power [p.u] at different wind
speeds and zero pitch angle b.

T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

power increases due to a cubic relationship with wind speed.

Moreover, the green (in web version) curve in Fig. 2 clearly shows
the link between variable-speed operation (and thus speed control)
and the amount of power that can be extracted from the wind.
3. Modelling and simulation of variable-speed WTGs
Fig. 3 shows the dynamic model structure of type-3 and type-4
WTGs including the individual subsystems together with the
commands in between, as rstly described by WECC [2,4].
The generic dynamic models are represented by a specic
number of interactions among different subsystems to achieve the
functionality of a typical WTG. This functionality should include the
independent control of active (torque) and reactive power and the
control of generator speed and blade pitch angles, in order to
achieve maximum wind power extraction [4].
These generic models are suitable for representing individual
WTGs or the equivalent of a wind power plant where the wind
speed is assumed to remain constant during the simulation time
frame [15].
3.1. Proposed generator/converter subsystem
To show an example on the implemented modelling of variablespeed generic models, the proposed generator/converter subsystem is comprehensively described in Fig. 4. The physical concepts
behind the proposed subsystem are presented in Section 4, along
with the modelling and simulation of wind farms.
Ref. [16] proved that the generator dynamics and power electronics can be emulated by a regulated current source. In this paper,
the proposed subsystem is represented by a regulated current
source which injects proportional three-phase currents (Iaref, Ibref
and Icref) into the power system based on the control commands
(Ipcmd & Eqcmd) from the converter control subsystem.
Thereafter, it gives both the measured active and reactive power
(Pgen & Qgen) to the converter control subsystem as feedback and
also the measured active power (Pgen) to the wind turbine subsystem.
As shown in Fig. 4, the desired instantaneous active and reactive
power (Pgen & Qgen) are calculated using equations (2) and (3) as
stated in Refs. [12,16], and then fed into the corresponding subsystems. Fig. 5 shows the instantaneous active and reactive power
measured at the WTG terminal when the input voltage falls to 50%
from its rated value. It is also seen that due to the voltage dip, the
active power has also dropped to a comparable value. Additionally,
the reactive power has increased to support the voltage as required.

247

Pt


3

, Vd t  Id t Vq t  Iq t MW
2

(2)

Q t


3

, Vq t  Id t  Vd t  Iq t Mvar
2

(3)

The functions of the subsystems of type-4 generic model are

almost identical to those of type-3 [7]. However, the wind turbine
subsystem of type-4 WTG employs a simplied mechanical model.
This is mainly due to the fact, that in type-4 generic model the fullyrated converter completely decouples both the generator transients
and grid faults from affecting each other and thus smoother
connection to the grid is enabled [7,8].
The proposed generator/converter subsystem along with all the
other subsystems are implemented and simulated in Matlab/
Simulink based on the parameters provided by WECC and general
electric (GE) for type-3 and type-4 generic models [4,15,17]. In the
following subsection, the control strategies followed in the voltage
source converters of the generic models are explained. The FRCbased wind turbine is chosen as a case study.

3.2. Control strategies of voltage source converters in type-4 generic

model
The typical structure of a fully rated converter WTG as implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC is depicted in Fig. 6. It consists of a
generator, two pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source
converters (VSC) with a back-to-back DC link, wind turbine and a
control system. The inductor L is used to couple the grid-side VSC
with the grid.
The generator can have a wound eld, wound rotor synchronous
generator (WRSG) or can use permanent magnets, permanent
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) to provide the rotating
magnetic eld. Or it can even be an induction generator. A purpose
of this research work is to compare between the performance of the
synchronous and induction machines in terms of control principles
and dynamic fault analysis.
When a WRSG is employed, the required DC excitation can be
taken from the DC link. However, one attraction of the PMSM is its
high efciency since no magnetizing or eld current is necessary to
provide the magnetic eld. The control system shown in Fig. 6 is
used to insure the desired functionality of the FRC-based wind
turbine as follows:
 Pitch angle (b ) command is used to insure maximum wind
power extraction by the turbine blades. Since the wind speed is

Fig. 3. Dynamic model structure for variable-speed wind turbine generator technologies [4].

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T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

1.5
1
0.5

Pgen
Qgen

0
-0.5
-1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
time [sec]

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Active & Reactive power [pu]

Active & Reactive Power [pu]

Fig. 4. Detailed description of the proposed generator/converter subsystem for variable-speed generic models.

1.5
1
0.5

Pgen
Qgen

0
-0.5
-1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
time [sec]

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

(a) Instantaneous active and reactive power measured (b) Instantaneous active and reactive power measured
at type-3 WTG terminal
at type-4 WTG terminal
Fig. 5. Instantaneous active and reactive power (Pgen & Qgen) measured at WTG terminal during a 50% voltage dip.

T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

249

Fig. 6. Detailed structure of an FRC-based wind turbine as implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC.

assumed to be constant during the simulation time frame, this

command was not implemented.
 Voltage signal (Vrc) command is intended to control the rotorside VSC.
 Voltage signal (Vgc) command is intended to control the gridside VSC.
The role of these two signals in controlling the VSCs depends on
the type of the employed machine i.e. synchronous or induction
machine as will be shown later.
The variable magnitude, variable frequency output voltage of
the generator (Vr) is converted to a xed magnitude, xed frequency voltage (Vs) by the fully-rated converter consisting of a
rotor-side VSC, a grid-side VSC and a DC link capacitor. Both converters are designed to handle the full rated power of the wind
turbine. The proposed control strategy is achieved through controlling the modulation indices (Mg and Mr) of the PWM using
equation (4).

!

V gabc
Mg kg ,
;
Vdc
!
V
Mr kr , rabc ;
Vdc

(4)

where Mg and Mr are the modulation indices of the grid and machine side converters respectively; kg and kr are the proportionality
constants.
The above explained strategy is shown in Fig. 7. In order to
highlight the differences in control principles and dynamic fault
behaviour, a balanced three-phase to ground fault was caused at
the low voltage side of the transformer. Afterwards, the performance of the FRC wind turbine driving a PMSM is analysed during
fault and then compared with the case when driving a WRIM.

Fig. 8 shows the simulation results of the FRC wind turbine

when it is driving a PMSM compared with the case when it is
driving a WRIM. Note that the fault duration is relatively high and it
is not in accordance with most grid codes. This is because the goal
of this research is to highlight different machine control principles;
it is not in any case to test the low voltage ride through (LVRT)
capability of the wind turbine generator.
Due to the three-phase balanced fault, the voltage falls down
and the current rises up for both machines. This can be seen in
Fig. 8a and b respectively.
As a result to increased rotor currents, the DC-link voltage tends
to increase (see magnied parts of Fig. 8a). Thus, the grid side VSC
will try to balance the DC-link voltage by forcing it to decrease
again, hence the reactive power will increase negative increase or
capacitive effect. This control action can be clearly realized in
Fig. 8c. However due to the additional reactive power requirement
of the induction machine, the reactive power and in accordance the
active power curves tend to oscillate. This effect is shown in the
right hand side of Fig. 8c.
Moreover, the machine side converter in the PMSM will control
the active and reactive power by forcing them to stabilize at their
reference values. This control action is obvious in left hand side of
Fig. 8d. In comparison, the WRIM absorbs reactive power
depending on its characteristics and operating point. Thus when a
reactive power control that does not match the machine requirement is forced, the machine can enter an unstable situation.
Due to this fact, for the case of WRIM topology the machine side
VSC cannot perform control on reactive power, as a result the active
and reactive power at the machine terminal will not stabilize at
their reference values during the fault as seen in the right hand side
of Fig. 8, which is not the case for the PMSM shown in the left hand
side.
The simulation results proved that when a WRIM is employed,
in this case the machine side VSC cannot perform control on
reactive power otherwise the machine can go unstable. Whereas

Fig. 7. Calculation of the modulation indices in FRC-WTG generic model as implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC.

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T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

Fig. 8. Control principles of an FRC wind turbine driving a PMSM (left hand side) compared with the case when driving a WRIM (right hand side) during a balanced three-phase
fault and constant wind speed.

reactive power control, and thus an indirect voltage control, on

machine side VSC is possible for the FRC wind turbine driving a
PMSM. Note that the control principles applied on the case of FRC
wind turbine driving a WRIM, will be also followed for the case of
DFIG driving an induction machine.

4. Modelling and simulation of variable-speed wind farms

Typical wind farms may consist of tens to hundreds of identical
wind turbines. As a consequence, representing a wind farm with
individual wind turbines for power system stability studies increases the complexity of the model and requires time consuming
simulations. With this background, aggregated representation of
wind farms is essential.

4.1. Case study: aggregated model of a wind farm

Ref. [7] proposed a generic model of the variable-speed machine. This aggregated model was built based on a third order
quasi-sinusoidal model. The quasi steady-state (QSS) model can be
derived from the full order model by assuming that the transformer
voltage in the stator winding can be neglected against the much
greater speed voltage, as shown in equation (5).



 


 

 dJs 

jus Js [

  dt 


 

(5)

Based on this assumption and solving for the original equations

of the full order model, equations (6) and (7) will be obtained for
the quasi stationary model.
Stator voltage equation:

(6)

Rotor ux equation:



dJr
Rr

jus  ur Jr kR Rr is vr
dt
Lr
where:

L0 Ls 

kr

Lm
Lr

L2m
Lr

(7)

T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

As shown in the phase estimation channel of Fig. 4, in the proposed generator/converter model the stator ux angle is calculated
using equation (8).

Z
8
>
J

vsa  Rs isa dt
a
s
>
>
>
>
>
>
<
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:J

sb

Z 

; qf tan1

J 
sb

Jsa

(8)

vsb  Rs isb dt

The above two equations along with the equation of motion

constitute the third order model. Equation (7) can be rewritten in
dq reference frame to generate the direct and quadrature components in equations (9) and (10) respectively.

dJrd
Rr
  us  ur Jrq kR Rr isd vrd
dt
Lr

(9)

dJrq
Rr
  us  ur Jrd kR Rr isq vrq
dt
Lr

(10)

Equations (9) and (10) are used in the machine side converter to
control the voltage and torque (active power) of the machine. The
DC-link voltage is assumed to remain constant around its rated
value, and thus the grid side converter is not considered explicitly
in the quasi stationary model.
Simplifying the quasi stationary model will generate the
aggregated model of the variable-speed machine shown in Fig. 9.
This is a representation of the core control functions, but for a
complete implementation the required key elements have to be
added. The complete generic model of a variable-speed machine
along with all the employed key elements is shown in Fig. 10.
The model as a whole (both with and without the inclusion of
the detailed model) constitutes the simplied model. The only
difference between the two options (including or excluding the
detailed model) is the level of simplication which one may choose
to adopt for a particular simulation. The generic model of the variable speed machine shown in Fig. 10 operates as follows:
 The reference values Uref, Pref & Qref are usually being determined from load-ow initialization. Though, they can be set to
empirical values based on experience.
 The voltage channel will increase or decrease the reactive power
in-feed whenever the voltage exits a dead-band of 10% above or
below the rated value.
 The reactive power channel will determine the desired current
command iQ,ref [p.u], while the active power channel will
determine the desired current command iP,ref [p.u].

251

 Thereafter, reactive power priority is applied. Mainly, because

the generic model is designed to analyse fault situations.
 After that, the user e or more appropriately the system operator
e chooses whether to include or exclude the generic model.
Based on that choice, the desired active and reactive power Q(t)
& P(t) will be calculated.
The generic model of the variable-speed machine is implemented using Matlab/Simulink. A graphical user interface (GUI) has
been designed to control the whole operation dynamically during
simulation. The GUI will assign the values of Uref, Pref & Qref based
on the operators choice. It also gives the operator the ability to
include or exclude the detailed model and then determines the
initial conditions required and feeds them into the corresponding
transfer functions and integrators.
4.2. Variable-speed generic wind farm model
The proposed wind farm consists of four WTGs. Each of these
WTGs has a capacity of 1.5 MW and thus the whole wind farm
capacity is 6 MW. This wind farm will be built based on the generic
models of type-3 and type-4 WTGs developed in Section 3.
All the different possible arrangements are studied, in the rst
arrangement all the four WTGs are FRC-based. In the second
arrangement they are assumed to be DFIG-based. Whereas in the
last arrangement, two WTGs are DFIG-based and the other two are
FRC-based.
The generic models of wind turbines will be employed to
represent the four individual wind turbines within the wind farm.
Then the resulted wind farm will be simulated and the results will
be compared with that of the aggregated wind farm developed in
Section 4.1.
The implemented wind farm in Matlab/Simulink is depicted in
Fig. 11 while the comparison results are shown in Fig. 12. The input
voltage is subjected to 50% voltage dip due to a balanced threephase fault.
As shown in Fig. 12, the active power dip is deeper in the
aggregated model, and the reactive power support is higher as well.
One conrmed reason for this fact is that the two models apply
different approaches on the provision of reactive power support
during the voltage dip.
In the aggregated wind farm model, the proportional gain factor
between voltage and reactive power (K) is considered (refer to
Fig. 10). While, in the detailed model the proportional gain is not
considered and thus reactive power support will not be proportional to the voltage dip [19].
The results of the comparison represent a comparable behaviour
between the aggregated and the generic wind farm models. But
specically, the smooth behaviour of the aggregated wind farm
model is better matched with the constellation of four FRC-based
machines than other constellations, this is because the FRC decouples the generator transients to yield a smoother response.
5. Conclusions

Fig. 9. Core of the aggregated generator model of machine and current control
(reproduced from Ref. [5]).

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and fully rated converter

(FRC) wind turbine generators offer many advantages over the xed
speed technology including exible performance and better
controllability. In this paper, the three-phase dynamic generic
models of type-3 (DFIG) and type-4 (FRC) have been implemented
and simulated.
The performance of the FRC wind turbine driving a permanent
magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is analysed during fault and
then compared with the case when it is driving a wound rotor induction machine (WRIM). Different control strategies in the voltage

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T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

Fig. 10. Quasi steady-state generic model of the variable speed machine (reproduced from Ref. [18]).

source converters (VSCs) for the two mentioned topologies should

be applied.
The simulation results proved that when a WRIM is employed,
in this case the machine side VSC cannot perform control on
reactive power otherwise the machine can go unstable. Whereas
reactive power control, and thus an indirect voltage control, on
machine side VSC is possible for the FRC wind turbine driving a
PMSM.

Afterwards, a generic wind farm model consists of four wind

turbine generators (WTGs) is implemented and simulated. In order
to show resemblance to other research efforts which are conducted
in this eld, the simulation results are then compared with that of
the aggregated model of the variable speed machine implemented
in Ref. [7].
The detailed model represents a better match to the real physical behaviour of the machine, however, the increased complexity

Fig. 11. Generic Matlab/Simulink model of a wind farm consisting of four WTGs (1.5 MW each).

T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

253

Fig. 12. Comparing the active (left hand side) and reactive (right hand side) power of an aggregated wind farm model with a generic model consisting of four WTGs during a
balanced three-phase fault and constant wind speed.

will inevitably demand greater modelling efforts and larger simulation time. Apart from that, the simulation results showed that a
comparable behaviour between the aggregated and the generic
wind farm model can be obtained.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Manitoba HVDC Research
Center for the technical conversations and the exchange of ideas.
They are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.

Appendix A. Simulation parameters

Table A.1
Parameters of variable-speed WTGs (see Figs. 3 and 4).
Parameter

DFIG

FRC

Nominal RMS voltage

Nominal power
Nominal frequency
Gain of ux calculation channel
Lag time of ux calculation channel (Tk)
Lag time of injected current channel (Tg)
0
Equivalent reactance (X )a

690 V
1.5 MW
50 Hz
1 p.u
0.03 s
0.02 s
1 p.u

690 V
1.5 MW
50 Hz
1 p.u
0.005 s
0.03 s
1 p.u

Nomenclature

density of air in kg/m3

A
area swept by the rotor blades in m2
vw
wind speed in m/s
b
blade pitch angle in degrees
l
ratio of the rotor tip speed ur to the wind speed vw
Cp
coefcient of performance of the turbine
v, i, J
complex voltage, current and ux vectors
Rs, Rr
stator, rotor winding resistances
Ls, Lr, Lls, Llr stator, rotor winding self and leakage inductances
Lm
magnetizing inductance
us , ur
synchronous, rotor angular frequencies
P, Q
active and reactive power
V gabc
three-phase complex voltages at the grid side converter
V rabc
three-phase complex voltages at the rotor side converter
qf
stator-ux vector position
Superscripts/subscripts
s, r
stator, rotor
d, q
direct, quadrature axis component
a, b
alpha, beta axis component
g, c
grid, converter side value
n, ref
nominal, reference value

The rest of the parameters are as reported by GE and WECC [15,17].

Table A.2
Parameters used in PSCAD to simulate the FRC wind turbine (see Fig. 6).
Parameter
Machine parameters
Nominal RMS voltage
Nominal power
Nominal frequency
Stator resistance
Leakage reactance
Control parameters of grid side VSC
Proportional gain of AC voltage regulator
Integral gain of AC voltage regulator
Proportional gain of DC voltage regulator
Integral gain of DC voltage regulator

PMSM

WRIM

600 V
1.5 MW
50 Hz
0.017 p.u
0.064 p.u

600 V
1.5 MW
50 Hz
0.02 p.u
0.1 p.u

0.1 p.u
0.02 p.u
0.8 p.u
0.1 p.u

0.1 p.u
0.02 p.u
0.8 p.u
0.1 p.u

Control parameters of machine side VSCePMSM

Reactive power regulator
Max quadrature current (Iq,max)
Min quadrature current (Iq,min)
Proportional gain (KpQ)
Integral gain (KiQ)
Active power regulator
Max direct current (Id,max)
Min direct current (Id,min)
Proportional gain (KpP)
Integral gain (KiP)

5 p.u
5 p.u
0.1 p.u
0.02 p.u
5 p.u
5 p.u
0.1 p.u
0.02 p.u

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T.S. Abuaisha / Renewable Energy 68 (2014) 245e254

Table A.3
Parameter list of the aggregated wind farm model in Matlab/Simulink (see Fig. 10).
Name

Value

Unit

Description

Active and reactive power control

Vn
20
kV
Nominal voltage
Sn
2
MVA
Nominal apparent power
Uref
e
kV
Assigned automatically from GUI
e
MW
Assigned automatically from GUI
Pref
Qref
e
Mvar
Assigned automatically from GUI
DBmax
1.1
p.u
Upper deadband limit
DBmin
0.9
p.u
Upper deadband limit
Ku
2
p.u
Gain in voltage channel
Imax
1
p.u
Converter current limit
Tv
60
s
First time constant in reactive power channel
20
s
Second time constant in reactive power channel
Tq
Detailed model parameters (orange box)
Iimmax
5
p.u
Upper limit applied to imaginary current
Iimmin
5
p.u
Lower limit applied to imaginary current
Iremax
5
p.u
Upper limit applied to real current
Iremin
5
p.u
Lower limit applied to real current
Ti1
0.005
p.u
Time delay applied in upper branch
Ti2
0.03
p.u
Time delay applied in lower branch
X
0.5
p.u
Equivalent instantaneous reactance

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