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This calculation is based on IEC 60909-0 (2001, c2002), "Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems - Part 0: Calculation
of currents" and uses the impedance method (as opposed to the per-unit method). In this method, it is assumed that all short
circuits are of negligible impedance (i.e. no arc impedance is allowed for).
There are six general steps in the calculation:
Step 1: Construct the system model and collect the relevant equipment parameters
Step 2: Calculate the short circuit impedances for all of the relevant equipment
Step 3: Refer all impedances to the reference voltage
Step 4: Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit at the fault location
Step 5: Calculate balanced three-phase short circuit currents
Step 6: Calculate single-phase to earth short circuit currents
Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters
The first step is to construct a model of the system single line diagram, and then collect the relevant equipment parameters. The
model of the single line diagram should show all of the major system buses, generation or network connection, transformers, fault
limiters (e.g. reactors), large cable interconnections and large rotating loads (e.g. synchronous and asynchronous motors).
The relevant equipment parameters to be collected are as follows:
Network feeders: fault capacity of the network (VA), X/R ratio of the network
Synchronous generators and motors: per-unit sub-transient reactance, rated generator capacity (VA), rated power factor
(pu)
Transformers: transformer impedance voltage (%), rated transformer capacity (VA), rated current (A), total copper loss
(W)
Cables: length of cable (m), resistance and reactance of cable ( )
Asynchronous motors: full load current (A), locked rotor current (A), rated power (W), full load power factor (pu),
starting power factor (pu)
Fault limiting reactors: reactor impedance voltage (%), rated current (A)
Where is the sub-transient reactance of the generator 14.29 for 100MVA, and 6.67 for all generators
(Ω)
with nominal voltage 1kV
is the resistance of the generator (Ω) is a voltage factor which accounts for the maximum
is a voltage correction factor - see IEC 60909-0 system voltage (1.05 for voltages <1kV, 1.1 for voltages
Clause 3.6.1 for more details (pu) >1kV)
For the negative sequence impedance, the quadrature axis sub-transient reactance can be applied in the above equation in
The zero-sequence impedances need to be derived from manufacturer data, though the voltage correction factor also
applies for solid neutral earthing systems (refer to IEC 60909-0 Clause 3.6.1).
Transformers
The positive sequence impedance, resistance and reactance of two-winding distribution transformers can be calculated as follows:
Asynchronous Motors
An asynchronous motor's impedance, resistance and reactance is calculated as follows:
Where is impedance of the motor (Ω) is the motor full load power factor (pu)
is resistance of the motor (Ω) is the motor starting power factor (pu)
The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above. The zero sequence impedance needs
to be derived from manufacturer data.
Where is the transformer winding ratio is the transformer nominal primary voltage (Vac)
Using the winding ratio, impedances (as well as resistances and reactances) can be referred to the primary (HV) side of the
transformer by the following relation:
Conversely, by re-arranging the equation above, impedances can be referred to the LV side:
The system model must first be simplified into an equivalent circuit as seen from the fault location, showing a voltage source and
a set of complex impedances representing the power system equipment and load impedances (connected in series or parallel).
The next step is to simplify the circuit into a Thévenin equivalent circuit, which is a circuit containing only a voltage source (
be constructed for each of the positive, negative and zero sequence networks (i.e. finding ( , and ).
Step 5: Calculate Balanced Three-Phase Short Circuit Currents
The positive sequence impedance calculated in Step 4 represents the equivalent source impedance seen by a balanced three-phase
short circuit at the fault location. Using this impedance, the following currents at different stages of the short circuit cycle can be
computed:
positive sequence impedance , we can calculate the X/R ratio at the fault location, i.e.
Where and are the reactance and resistance, respectively, of the equivalent source impedance at the fault location
(Ω)
is a factor to account for the equivalent frequency of the fault. Per IEC 60909-0 Section 4.4, the following factors should be
<1 0.27
<2.5 0.15
<5 0.092
<12.5 0.055
Step 6: Calculate Single-Phase to Earth Short Circuit Currents
For balanced short circuit calculations, the positive-sequence impedance is the only relevant impedance. However, for
unbalanced short circuits (e.g. single phase to earth fault),symmetrical components come into play.
The initial short circuit current for a single phase to earth fault is as per IEC 60909-0 Equation 52:
Where is the initial single phase to earth short circuit current (A)
is the voltage factor that accounts for the maximum system voltage (1.05 for voltages <1kV, 1.1 for voltages >1kV)