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Summary
Permeability has been estimated making use of the concept of Flow Zone Indicator (FZI). Flow Zone Indicator has been
obtained from the combined use of the well log data. Well logs are evaluated for porous and permeable sand layers from
a total depth interval of 220 m. Permeability values have been calculated for four sand layers varying thicknesses from 3
to 4 m. Flow zone indicator (FZI) for porous and permeable layers from a well are calculated from
transformation of Gamma Ray, neutron porosity, density, deep resistivity logs. Calculated permeability value
ranges from 30.64 md to 231.05 md for hydrocarbon bearing layers.
Introduction
The hydraulic flow unit (HFU) approach has been used
for classification of rock types and prediction of flow
properties, as an integrating tool for petrophysical
description of the reservoir. Development and
application of the HFU approach is stimulated by the
common problem of permeability prediction in uncored
but logged wells (Svirsky et al., 2004). Classical
approaches for estimation of permeability are based
either on simple logarithmic regressions evaluating
permeability from log-derived porosity (Eq. 1) or on
empirical correlations which relate permeability to
various log responses.
ln K = a. + b. (1)
Where,
FZI=Flow Zone Indicator, m.
K=Permeability, md.
Methodology
To obtain FZI (Flow Zone Indicator) for uncored
interval / well, the various log parameters such as GR
(gamma Ray), n (neutron porosity), b (density), Rt
(true resistivity) are obtained for depth intervals: X133 X136 m, X161 X164 m, X312 X316 m and X330
X334 m. FZI is calculated for these selected porous
------------ (3)
--------- (4)
-------- (6)
--------------------- (7)
-------------- (8)
SUMTr is the sum of all transform given by equations (3-6). Equation (8) gives the relation between the log motifs and
FZI.
Calculations
From the well log data four zones are considered for
FZI estimation using equation (8). The porous and
permeable clean sand layers are identified from X134X136m, X161-X166m, X312-X316m and X330X334m for depth intervals; X130-X140 m, X160X180m, X310-X320m and X330-340m respectively.
The sand layer corresponding depth intervals from
X134-X136m, X161-X166m are characterized by high
gamma ray (139.9-142.8) gAPI and resistivity (4-6) m. The crossover between neutron porosity and density
logs is observed at the depth interval X134-X136m.
The layer is gas-bearing. The second zone X161X166m is oil bearing, which is characterized by small
separation between neutron porosity and density logs.
Interpretation
Depth(m)
Table 1.
parameters,
permeability
Depth
(X130-
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
GR
(Normalized)
(gAPI)
.58
.55
.61
.66
.93
.86
.66
.64
.62
.55
.57
PHIN
(m3/m3)
RHOZ
(gm/cm3)
LLD
(-m)
FZI
(m)
Permeability
(md)
.48
.45
.48
.35
.18
.12
.18
.37
.46
.46
.48
2.16
2.17
2.15
2.33
2.21
1.92
2.13
2.16
2.16
2.11
2.14
.75
.70
.70
.90
2.5
4.0
2.5
1.5
.90
.95
.90
.55
.68
.60
.54
1.68
7.0
2.59
1.22
.67
1.0
.65
125.48
141.27
149.33
30.01
24.83
110.89
59.00
192.64
151.97
338.54
175.25
Well log
FZI and
values for
interval
X140) m
Table 2. Well log parameters, FZI and permeability values for Depth interval (X160-X180) m
Depth(m)
GR(gAPI)
(Normalized)
PHIN(m3/m3)
(Neutron
Porosity)
RHOZ(density)
(gm/cm3)
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
.62
.75
.95
.69
.81
.63
.54
.75
.83
.87
.89
1.0
1.0
1.0
.96
1.0
.81
.67
.78
.67
.67
.49
.38
.28
.29
.24
.29
.15
.40
.48
.24
.21
.26
.28
.39
.18
.36
.36
.40
.32
.25
.31
2.18
2.31
2.21
2.09
2.14
2.21
2.59
2.36
2.41
2.35
2.45
2.49
2.31
2.26
2.60
2.24
2.28
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.26
LLD
(-m)
(Deep
Resistivity)
.70
1.0
1.75
6.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
1.25
2.0
2.5
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
4.0
1.0
1.0
1.25
1.25
.95
1.25
FZI(m)
Permeability
(md)
.39
.46
1.31
2.17
1.29
1.32
.76
.29
.18
.77
.54
.49
.79
.53
.58
.75
.62
.39
.75
1.13
.95
69.77
30.64
73.70
231.05
40.39
85.49
2.736
15.16
13.43
14.39
4.39
7.82
26.80
45.42
2.96
48.60
44.41
27.42
40.43
35.97
57.27
Table 3. Well log parameters, FZI and permeability values for Depth interval (X310-X320) m
Depth(m)
GR
(Normalized)
(gAPI)
PHIN
(m3/m3)
RHOZ
(gm/cm3)
LLD(-m)
FZI(m)
Permeability
(md)
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
.75
.63
.67
.44
.49
.42
.56
.59
.54
.56
.54
.37
.46
.36
.31
.28
.24
.30
.48
.51
.51
.53
2.21
2.25
2.29
2.19
2.17
2.23
2.19
2.10
2.19
2.21
2.19
.8
.9
.9
.8
.75
1
.7
.6
.7
.75
.7
.91
.33
.61
1.48
1.82
1.52
1.51
.91
.31
.27
.39
107.2
36.87
42.99
139.0
142.26
56.08
127.42
343.49
53.85
40.85
103.96
Table 4. Well log parameters, FZI and permeability values for Depth interval (X330-X340) m
Depth(m)
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
GR
(Normalized)
(gAPI)
.50
.48
.50
.45
.47
.61
.67
.55
.64
.54
.56
PHIN
(m3/m3)
.30
.27
.30
.30
.28
.36
.36
.36
.49
.45
.52
RHOZ
(gm/cm3)
2.23
2.19
2.22
2.16
2.14
2.16
2.19
2.48
2.25
2.21
2.21
LLD
(-m)
FZI
(m)
Permeability
(md)
1.25
.90
.85
.85
.90
.70
1.0
1.5
.90
.70
.80
1.21
1.68
1.27
1.77
2.12
1.40
1.09
.47
.24
.51
.24
81.8
105.73
90.14
175.08
193.02
226.43
137.25
25.52
26.42
79.46
35.65
Permeability(mD)
130
130
132
132
Depth(m)
128
128
134
136
138
100
200
300
134
136
138
140
140
142
142
Wate r Saturation
0
Depth(m)
Depth(m)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
400
Perm eability(m D)
FZI(m icrometer)
0
0.5
1.5
-100
2
100
200
300
155
2.5
155
160
160
165
Depth(m)
Depth(m)
165
170
170
175
175
180
180
185
185
Water Saturation
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
160
162
164
Depth(m)
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
0.5
Perm eability(mD)
1.5
308
308
310
310
314
316
312
Depth(m)
Depth(m)
312
314
316
318
318
320
320
322
322
100
200
300
400
1.5
Perm eability(m D)
2
2.5
328
328
330
330
332
332
334
336
Depth(m)
Depth(m)
50
100
150
200
250
334
336
338
338
340
340
342
342
Conclusions
The use of well data for calculating FZI for logged depth
interval is found to be an important tool to find out
permeability. FZI and Permeability values are obtained for
hydrocarbon bearing as well as water bearing layers. The
high FZI values indicate high permeability values in
References
Al-Dhafeeri, A.M. and Nasr-El-Din, H.A., 2007,
Characteristics of high permeability zones using core