Starter Guides

a starters guide
'Venture'
out with ewes

How to get
started in
sheep farming
EDI
The document is part of a series of information products providing

snapshots to young aspiring entrepreneurs regarding
viable business opportunities in the state.
Starting pointers to help those

Sheep farming is a rewarding activity particularly for livelihood. However, it requires good planning and
persistent management of the farm to fetch you a decent earning.
Thanks to its agro-climatic conditions, rich alpine pastures and host to other natural endowments, the state
of Jammu and Kashmir is ideally suited for sheep rearing. Sheep has multifaceted utility for wool, meat,
skin and manure.
Market Snapshot:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Demand/consumption of Meat: 600 lakh kg

Local production : 310 lakh kg
Deficit/ imports: 290 lakh Kgs
Supply sources (local): chopans, Gujars, Bakerwals etc
Increase in demand (2 years) : 5-7%
Future projections: Will continue to grow at 5-7%
So, you think you are game for the trade? But be sure you are strong enough to raise sheep. Or,
have someone employed who is strong enough to flip sheep over for various activities such as
checking feet, trimming feet, shearing, vaccinating, birthing etc.
The activity is loaded with huge challenges and advantages as well

Take a look at opportunities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sheep farming is considered one of the most vibrant sectors for economic development
The market for meat is readily available
The production of wool, meat and manure provides three different sources of income
Sheep waste is a better garden fertilizer than horse or cow manure
Wool and manure have tremendous market within and outside the state. 75% of locally sheared wool
is exported
6. It has a good scope for expansion as foundation stock and flock can be multiplied rapidly
7. Construction cost for pen is low as compared to other similar activities
8. Equipments are provided by the department at subsidized costs
There may be some hiccups also
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pasture fields have shrunk due to illegal encroachment and occupation

Shearing machines are difficult to procure
No skilled manpower for wool extraction is readily available
Harsh winters may pose extra challenge to farmers
e interested in raising sheep
Money matters...
Capital Expenditures:
Capital Cost
Rs.11.95 lakh
a) Land
Owned/leased
b) Building
Rs. 4.90 lakh
c) Machinery/Equipments
Rs. 0.23 lakh
c) Livestock
Rs.6.82 lakh
Financials for setting

up a sheep farm 100
ewes and four rams
Returns (from sale of stock, wool and manure)
First year
Operational Cost
Grand Total
Rs.2.60 lakh
Rs.14.55 lakh
Rs.26,000
nd
Rs.4 lakh
rd
Rs.5 lakh
2 year
3 year
There are certain strict dos and don'ts

Do
1. Ensure the availability of land at a place having adequate green pastures around
2. Build mud sheds and take expert help
3. Ensure your farm has good road accessibility so that timely transportation of raw materials and stocks
is made
4. Meet people around to know if there are any apprehensions of hostility towards such kind of activity
5. Look for support in respect of availability of veterinarian in or nearby the area
6. Ensure a steady supply of fresh water and electricity
7. Get building permission from concerned local body
8. Get a pollution free certificate from State Pollution Control Board
Don't
1.
2.
3.
4.
Start the venture without proper planning and experience

Start with a flock of more than 100 ewes
Leave everything to the people or caretaker, your timely presence is must
Hire or purchase land without proper legal documentation
Relevant government departments to approach for
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Department of Sheep Husbandry for registration and expert advice

Department of agriculture for cultivation of green fodder to check fodder availability
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology for improved livestock
State Pollution Control Board for no objection certificate
Power Development Department (PDD) for electricity connection
Public Health Engineering (PHE) for water connection
Revenue department tehsildar, local body for land rent or lease purpose
Checklist:
Land
2.
Building
3.
Check various schemes at JKEDI
Buyers
6.
Hard coke iron bukharis

Feeding troughs
Waterers for drinking
Electric and water fitting appliances
Money
5.
Size: 1400 sq feet (Shed 1200 sq feet and two stores with 10X10 sq feet dimension)
Structure: Concrete with east-west orientation
Permissions: Revenue department, NoC from PCB, Electricity permission, water connection
permission, registration with Sheep Husbandry Deptt.
Equipment
4.
Area: 2 kanal
Nature: Hard
Legal documentation: Lease deed, no-objection from PCB
Households (on special occasions like Eid-ul-Azha, marriages)

Wholesale dealers
Retailers
Hotels and restaurants
Suppliers
Registered dealers of
Feed
Medicine
Equipments
designs /b9/info/p
1.
EDI
JKEDI
Business Assistance & Support Services
JAMMU & KASHMIR

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
INSTITUTE
Disclaimer: Users of this document should not solely rely on the information contained here and are advised
to consult domain experts prior to the start of their venture based on the identified market opportunity.
a starters guide
White revolution
A possible dream in Kashmir
EDI

snapshots to young aspiring entrepreneurs regarding viable business opportunities in the state.
here is a great demand for establishing dairy farming units in Jammu and Kashmir
because the state is still miles away from attaining self-sufficiency in milk and milk
products.
According to an estimate, presently some 1,700 dairy units are required in the Kashmir so
the dependence on imports from neighbouring states is cut permanently.
Owing to its profitability and increase in demand, the sector has attracted a number of
educated youth who have set out their ventures and are running them relatively successfully.
Fundamentals of setting up a dairy farm
Market Snapshot
Demand/consumption for milk :

Local Production:
Imports from other states :
Liquid milk:
Skimmed Milk 5,000 tonnes (mixed in the ratio of 1:9) =
12.85 lakh tonnes per year

12.34 lakh tones per year
51,000 thousand tonnes per year
6,000 tonnes
45000 tonnes
Costs involved to set up a 10-cow unit
Approximate sales per year

By sale of 36000 litres of milk
Rs.9.0 lakh
By sale of gunny bags and manure
Rs. 0.3 lakh
Total Returns/Earnings
Rs.9.30 lakh
But, look before you leap into the trade

Do
Ensure the availability of land at properly raised place and away from residential area(300 m)/ water
bodies(250 m)
Build sheds with mud. This will keep them warm.
Purchase cross bred cows.
Choose from Jersey and Holstein Friesian breed because only they thrive in the moderate climate
of the Kashmir Valley. Jersey more preferable because of low green food requirements and high fat
content in milk
Select healthy, high yielding cows with the help of veterinary/animal husbandry officer of state
government, experts etc.
Purchase freshly calved cows/in late pregnancy. Age should be 3-4 years or should be in 2nd or 3rd
lactation.
Get the building permission from the local body
Don't
Construct concrete sheds because low temperature will threaten the survival of animal
Construct sheds on marshy or swampy land
Purchase cows without expert help
Get tempted to purchase pure breed with high milk yield
The trade though fraught with risks has a great potential
to become a money spinner with quick returns
Opportunities
Continuous surge in domestic demand because consumption of milk and milk products is ever
increasing
Milk processing are rapidly coming up in the valley and the industry also needs good quality milk
New hotels, restaurants and small eateries are being set up in great numbers
Profit margin is significant
Challenges
It is a capital intensive activity and its profitability is influenced by a number of factors including nonavailability of owned land
Procurement of quality cross bred cows
Skilled labour charges are very high
Feed and Fodder costs are very high as the state battles fodder deficiency of 66 per cent and 80 per
cent of feed is imported
Department of Animal Husbandry, Kashmir for expert advice on breed selection

Sher-e-Kashmir Agricultural University of Science and Technology (SKUAST) for technical expertise
Revenue department (tehsildar, local body) for land registration
State Pollution Control Board for no pollution certificate
Checklist:
Land (pre-owned, leased or hired)
Area: 10 kanals
Nature: Raised land, ideally with adequate grazing area
Building
Shed for cows : 40 X 14 sq ft

Calf shed : 10 X 10 sq ft
Heifer shed : 10 X 10 sq ft
Feed Store : 10 X 10 sq ft
Structure: Muddy with concrete flooring
Permissions: Revenue department (tehsildar), Electricity permission, Water Connection permission
Equipment
Dairy Utensils(bucket, milk pails)

Milk cans (40 litres)
Motor driven chaff cutter
Hand pump with motor (Optional)
Milking machine
(Optional)
5 No.
5 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
Finances
designs /b9/info/p
Suppliers
Registered Dealers of
Livestock
Feed
Medicine
Equipments
Buyers
Cooperatives
Milk Processing Plants
Households
Hotels & Restaurants
Milkmen
EDI
JKEDI
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry

Count your
own
Broiler poultry farming in Kashmir at a glance
A huge gap between supply and demand of

poultry products in Jammu and Kashmir
makes the sector potentially a great
income generator for youth of the jobstarved state.
Poultry worth Rs.400 crore is imported
annually into the state. The Kashmir Valley
alone needs some 1,800 poultry farms with
a crop size of at least 1,000 birds per hatch
to attain self sufficiency. This will not only
create thousands of jobs but also help
reduce the capital outflow from the state.

EDI
A quick look at the fundamentals

of setting up a poultry farm
Dos and Don'ts

Do
Ensure the availability of land at a well raised place

Select the location that is about one kilometer away from a residential area
Make sure it has a good road accessibility for raw material, stock transportation
Learn about any possible hostility apprehensions towards such kind of activity
Look for support in respect of availability of veterinarian in or nearby the area
Ensure your farm has adequate availability of water and electricity
Get building permission from concerned local body
Get the pollution free certificate from the Pollution Control Board
Avail facility of solar power if electricity connection not feasible
Don't
Compromise on the quality of land, it should not be marshy or swampy
Setup a farm near to other poultry establishments
Setup a farm near a water body
Opportunities and Challenges

The road is laden with huge advantages
Huge market potential

Few players and untapped market
Good profit margin
Lesser investment than other livestock products
Quick returns from the stock/ hatch
Great scope for expansion
However, you may face stumbling blocks also
Less availability of suitable land

Stiff competition from imports as their production costs are low
Non availability of skilled manpower
No agricultural or industrial status to the sector
Limited availability of raw material like day old chicks, medicine, feed
Greater risk of diseases & infections outbreak
designs /b9/info/p
EDI
a starters guide
EDI
Walnut
not a tough nut to crack

Jammu and Kashmir produces some 3.5 lakh quintals of walnut every year, thus
contributing around 98 per cent of the total walnut output in India. Of this, the Kashmir
Valley alone produces 95 per cent and the rest is grown in Doda and Kishtwar districts
of the Jammu region.
The fruit also earns huge revenue in terms of foreign reserves as it is exported to
Europe where India has a close to 20 per cent of the market share.
Total requirement for walnut in India is projected to increase from 3.6 lakh quintals
produced currently to 7.25 lakh quintals by 202021. (source APEDA)
Picture this
Market snapshot
The state enjoys a near monopoly in the

fruit production. But it has only 136
processing units for the crop against a
total demand of at least 6,200 plants of
varying sizes. Isn't the market up for
grabs?
Total walnut production in the state: 3.5 lakh quintals

Major areas of production in the state: Kupwara, Pulwama,
Anantnag, Ganderbal, Budgam
Market scenario for Kashmiri walnuts (For raw and processed kernels)
Local consumption (including tourists):

Exports:
Major markets outside the state:
Processed in local industries:
Total unprocessed export:
10-15 per cent of the total production.

85-90 of the total production
Delhi and Mumbai
60-65 per cent
35-40 per cent
Walnut processing units needed in the state:
According to a survey, there are a total number of 136 walnut processing units of varying capacity in the state. The
actual demand of such units of different capacity (see the chart) as per the crop production is 6,181.
investments
Rs.10 lakh
Rs.25 lakh
Rs.50 lakh
Rs.1 crore
Rs. 3 crore
Rs. 6 crore
units needed
cumulative
Rs.10 lakh
5000
Rs.25 lakh
1000
6000
Rs.50 lakh
100
6100
Rs.1 cr
60
6160
Rs. 3 cr
20
6180
Rs. 6 cr
6181
Total capital cost

Land
Owned/leased/hired
Building
Pre-owned, leased or hired
Machinery/Equipments
Rs.600,000/
Operational Cost
Rs.400,000
What are the costs and

returns for a unit with
processing capacity of
30-35 tonnes
per year?
Returns
By sale of processed kernels
Rs.13,00,000/
Grand Total: Rs.10 lakh

By sale of (any other item)
Check list for setting up a unit with
an investment Rs.10 lakh
Building
Land
(owned or leased)
Size = one kanal

Nature = preferably in a non-residential area
Finances
NA
Seed Capital Fund Scheme

Youth Start-Up Loan Scheme
Suppliers
Local farmers, local vendors,

Imports: All machinery and equipments
Buyers
Local: Vendors or people associated

with tourist trade
Exports: To pharmaceutical, food companies
or wholesale markets
Parameters: 50 feet by 30 feet by 13 feet (LxBxH)

Permission: Revenue, local bodies, communities and
the State Pollution Control Board
Equipment
1.Nut crackers (optional: manual cracking is preferred)
2.Crates (for storing kernels)
3.Trolley (for shifting material)
4.Dryer and separate trays
5.Size grader (for kernel grading)
a. Half big size
b. Half Small Size
c. 3 Piece
d. 4 piece 1/8
6.Colour grader (for final inspection belt)
7.Air Conditioner (to maintain temperature below 20
degrees Celsius for finished products)
8.Digital weighing Machine
9.Vacuum packaging machine
10.Generator (at least 20 horse power)
Challenges and opportunities
Like any other business, the road to success in the walnut industry may not be all rosy but at the
end what matters is financial returns. You guarantee your efforts, the trade promises you good profits
Here are some of the challenges the trade tests you with
Machines are to be imported from outside the state. 100% dependency.

Remember you are dealing with a delicate product. Kernel colour may degrade soon
Rates keep fluctuating in the absense of a defined regulation
There is rampant deforestation of the walnut trees in Kashmir
No significant local market for processed kernel
Stiff competition from outside the country
But there is brighter side to it also
Raw material is available in abundance locally

Climate is suitable for setting up the unit
Cheap labour
No specific skills needed
Demand is ever increasing because major portion of the product goes into medicinal use
Relevant departments
Jammu and Kashmir Entrepreneurship Development Institute (JKEDI) - for training and financial
support
National Horticulture Board (NHB) - for expert advice
Indian Centre of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - for expert advice
Ministry Of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI) - for product safety certification
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)
Please ensure the following before stepping into the trade
Establish the unit outside of a residential area

Meet people around to know if there is any hostility for such kind of activity
Get necessary permissions from local bodies like panchayat, municipal committees or Pollution Control Board
Get TIN (Tax Information Network) for importing machines and exporting your products to other parts of the
country
Register your unit with the district office of Department of Industries and Commerce for various incentives offered
Get a certificate from Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) that certifies your product is
standardised. Department of health or Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (CAPD) are local nodal agencies
Get pollution free certificate from SPCB particularly if you are using a high power generator or any other
machinery
Sources:
APEDA, National Horticulture Bureau and ICAR
Interviews: Dr Munazah, Research Associate, SKUAST
Disclaimer: Users of this document should not solely rely on the information contained here
and are advised to consult domain experts prior to the start of their venture based on the
identified market opportunity.
EDI
JAMMU & KASHMIR

INSTITUTE
A starters guide to
mushroom cultivation
Your
EDI

Introduction
Mushroom cultivation has been a great source of income for centuries even as the farming took
its organized shape in India only recently. The cultivation of this nutritious vegetarian delicacy -rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, folic acid and iron in controlled conditions started recently in
India.
The much-in-demand vegetable can be grown in a temperature between 20 and 30 degrees
Celsius and required relative humidity is 55-75 per cent. This makes Jammu and Kashmir a
suitable place for mushroom cultivation and processing.
Mushrooms are of different types:
a) Button Mushroom
b) Dhingri (Oyster)
c) Paddy Straw Mushroom
Market Potential
Market for mushroom is growing rapidly owing to nutritious values and special tastes. The main
consumers of mushrooms are Chinese food restaurant, hotels, clubs and households as well. The
growing domestic and export market as also the delicacy and food value provides extensive and
good potential for cultivation of mushroom. There is also growing market for processed, dried
and packed mushrooms as their shelf life is longer.
In 2011-12, the production of mushrooms was at 6,983.23 quintals, out of which 5,442 quintals
were from Jammu division and 1,541.23 quintals from Kashmir.
Steps to mushroom cultivation
For successful cultivation, careful attention has to be paid to three aspects good compost,
mushroom seeds and right temperature during growing period.
Natural compost is prepared from horse dung and wheat or barley straw. Some quantity of
chicken manure and three kilograms of urea per ton of compost can be added.
Mushrooms are grown in wooden trays or boxes of 100 cm x 50 cm x 15 cm. They are lled well
with the compost and pressed rmly leaving 3 cm clear space on top of the tray. The seed is
scattered on the surface of the compost which is then covered with a thin layer of compost.
After that the trays are covered with old newspaper sheets and water is sprayed to provide
humidity. The trays are then stacked vertically. At a temperature of around 24 - 25 degrees Celsius
white cottony mycelium (fungus) spreads and permeates through the compost.
It takes around 12 to 15 days for the complete spawn running.
Ultimately, the surface of the compost is covered with half to one inch level
of casing soil. It is sterilized to kill insects, nematodes and molds. The casing
soil is spread over plastic sheets and treated with formalin and stirred
frequently for a week to remove formation fumes. After casing, the
temperature has to be maintained at 24-25 degree Celsius for three
days after which it must be lowered to 18 degree Celsius. Thus, batches of
trays must be arranged in such a way that there is a regular production.
Mushroom Processing
Fresh mushrooms are washed in cold water and then blanched in boiling water for around 34
minutes. Then they are dehydrated in drier and packed. It is advisable to pre-treat fresh
mushrooms in a solution containing salt water to prevent discoloration.
Packing is very critical as formation of moisture contaminates mushrooms very quickly. Hence
plain cans and water of 2 percent salt and 0.2 percent citric acid are used for packing.
The cans are exhausted at 19O degree Celsius for 7-8 minutes, sealed and processed under
pressure for around half an hour. Yield of nal product depends up on the quality of dryer,
manufacturing process employed, moisture content in fresh mushrooms and moisture required
in the nal product. Hence, average yield is taken at 25 percent.
Costs for establishing 400 trays mushroom cultivation unit or four batches in a year
(in Rs)
Total Capital Cost

a) Land
b) Building (1000 sq ft)
9.77 lakhs
Leased/owned/hired
5.00 lakhs
4.77 lakhs
Operational Cost
Grand Total
1.80 lakhs
11.57 lakhs
Earning
Returns per batch from mushrooms
Returns per batch from compost used as manure (4 quantals)
Total returns per batch (mushroom + compost)
Returns from mushrooms/year (4 batches)
Returns from compost per year (4 batches)
Total returns per year (4 batches)
2.40 lakhs
0.04 lakhs
2.44 lakhs
9.60 lakhs
0.16 lakhs
9.76 lakhs
Yield Per batch: 4 kg/tray

Total mushroom yield from 400 trays: 1,600 kgs
Relevant Departments to approach for:
1) Department of Agriculture
2) Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural science and Technology, Kashmir.
3) Center of Research and Development, University of Kashmir.
4) Krishi Vigyan Kendras
Jammu and Kashmir

amoung the best
places for mushroom
cultivation
and processing
Checklist:
Land
Area: kanals
Lease deed, No Objection Certicate from Pollution Control Board.
Building
Size of different sheds: 25 X 20 (2 Rooms)
Equipment
1. Stacking Trays/Wooden Trays
2. Spray Pump with two attachments
3. Water Tank
4. Thermometer
5. Weighing Scale
6. Hot and Cold AC
7. Disposable Gloves
400
1
1
1
1
2
5
Raw Materials:
1.
Wheat/ rice bran
2.
Poultry waste
3.
Urea
4.
Potash
5.
Choker
6.
Oil cakes
7.
Molasses
8.
Gypsum
9.
Peat soil
10.
Soil
11.
Spawn
12.
Waste paper/newspapers
Investment
Buyers
Domestic Market like Households, Hotels and Restaurants.
National Market
Export Markets
designs /b7/info/p
Suppliers
-Registered dealers of:
- Equipments
- Chemicals
- Spawn
- Peat soil
- Molasses
- Gypsum
EDI
JKEDI
Starter's guide to beekeeping
Honey
you can do it
EDI

Jammu and Kashmir is said to be one of the most important and suitable beekeeping
places in India. Thanks to its vast diverse natural resources and favourable climatic
conditions that make the state as it should be for stationary as well as migratory bee
keeping.
Despite this, the state imports honey worth over Rs. 8.5 million from other states
annually because the potential for beekeeping in Jammu and Kashmir has not been
utilized fully. The state with a huge resources has a great potential for exporting honey
to the rest of India.
Here is a starter's guide for those who

want to taste this sweet success.
Market snapshot
Potential market size (Kashmir):

Rs. 77 crore or 770 metric tonnes
Potential market size (national):
Rs.190 crore
Local Production of raw honey in the Kashmir Valley:
250 metric tonnes
Honey processed locally:
75 metric tonne's (rest is sold outside for processing)
Imports:
Worth Rs 8.6 million (Processed honey)
Registered bee keepingcolonies in the Kashmir Valley:
25,000
Potential no of colonies in the valley:
250,000
Apiculturist:
200
Primary products:
High quality honey from hives

Non-pasteurized liquid and creamed honey
Secondary Products:
Bee wax
Candles
Chapsticks
Cosmetics etc
Financials involved for a hive of 20 colonies:
Sales rst year
Do
Speak to experts or beekeepers for an advice before setting up the venture

Start you business at an appropriate seasons not too early, not too late
Procure strong colonies and all the tools required to look after bee hives
Purchase quality wooden boxes for colonies
Select location with abundant flora
Avoid jerks and unnecessary noise in the area
Keep your initial purchases to the things you absolutely need to get started: hives, bees, a smoker and
protective gear
Don't
Hire or purchase land without proper legal documentation.
Construct colonies on marshy or swampy land
The place should not be crowded with people
Use excessive sugars
The trade by its nature is very sweet with low start-up cost and quick returns. However, it may cause some
bitterness if proper care is not taken.
Challenges you may face include
Extreme weather conditions can pose a significant threat as it can affect the rearing and production process.
Bee keeping is prone to diseases and attacks from mites and other insects. This can eventually destroy the
whole colony.
Opportunities
Lower start-up costs
Demand for quality honey especially Kashmir brand in the country is huge and increasing
High quality Kashmiri honey has major competitive advantage over other producers and greater scope for
export
Product diversification chances are high with bee wax, chapsticks, cosmetics and candles
Checklist:
Land
Area: Two kanals

Nature: Agricultural Land (area rich in fauna is ideal)
Land if not owned, legal Documentation required: Lease deed
Building
Shed 12X10 sq ft
Relevant government departments to

approach for
Equipment
Hive Tool
Smoker
Bee hive and veil
Department of Agriculture, Kashmir for expert

advice
Revenue department (for land documentation)
Hive stand
Comb Foundation Roller
Honey extractor
Wax sheet
Protective gear
Gloves
Frame gripper
Money
Check various financial schemes at JKEDI
Buyers
Households
Whole sellers & dealers
Mainly exported to outside market for further processing of honey products.
Suppliers
Registered Dealers of
Bee hive colonies
Medicine
Equipments
JKEDI
(Sources: Market survey done by Mercy Corps and interviews with beekeepers by JKEDI)
EDI
JAMMU & KASHMIR

INSTITUTE
a starters guide
Leather
A starter's guide to leather tannery

in the Kashmir Valley
EDI

snapshots to young aspiring entrepreneurs regarding viable business opportunities in the state.
People in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, particularly from the valley, are known to
be voracious meat eaters. Every year the state consumes around five million animalssheep, goats and cattle (as per the industry figures). This also generates a pile of raw
material for leather industry in the form of skins and hides.
But the raw material is not used to its full potential because the state doesn't have a full
fledged leather industry. That forces people in the trade to sell off these hides at
throwaway prices outside the side.
Market Snapshot
According to industry estimates, Kashmir leather industry has the potential to generate Rs.600 crore
annually to the state economy. But the potential has not been exploited fully.
On an average 3.5 million sheep and goat skins plus 1.2 million cattle hides are produced in the
market every year. These hides go out from Kashmir at an average price of about Rs.175 each and
return processed at the rate of Rs.700 per skin.
There are only a few tanneries in the state. Therefore, the market is primarily untapped.
Financials involved
How much does it cost to set up a leather tannery with processing capacity of
2,800 sq ft or 140 animal skins per day
Sales/earning
Note: The cost may vary with market fluctuations. The above costing has been done for a minimum capacity leather tanning unit (2800 sq ft)
which require four drums for soaking, liming and tanning of 1,100 kg each.
So you are up for having a leather tannery ?

Take a look at must dos and don'ts rst.
Do
Ensure adequate and suitable water, sewage, electrical, and transportation facilities at the plant site
Be sure that necessary raw materials are available in suitable quantity, quality
Check market prices as they fluctuate quite often
Don't
Open the unit near a residential area

Construct building structure on marshy or swampy land
Opportunities
Huge availability of land for leather tannery activities at state industrial areas
Hides sent outside to the state for tanning which results in loss of crores of rupees
Leather products are used across different industries like sports, furniture, garments and
accessories, shoes, automobile etc and therefore has a huge potential for employment and revenue
generation
Challenges
Skilled labour scarcity

Can cause environmental hazards in the absence of a proper effluent treatment plant
Is highly capital intensive activity and finances may pose a challenge
Getting people to tan the leather is difficult because it has perceived health issues
Spare parts for machinery are not easily available in the local market
Relevant Govt. departments to approach for

Industry and Commerce Department for tannery licensing
State Pollution Control Board for pollution free certificate
State Industrial Development Corporation (SIDCO) for land allotment in an industrial area
Checklist:
Land
Area: 05 kanals
Nature: Industrial area
Lease deed with SIDCO
Building
Size of different sheds
Shed for machinery

Raw material (sheep)
Raw material (cow)
Storage for wet blue leather
Office
: 35 X 25 sq ft
: 20 X 20 sq ft
: 20 X 20 sq ft
: 30 X 20 sq ft
: 10 X 10 sq ft
Equipment
Soaking drum
Liming drum
Tanning drums
Flashing machines
1 No
1 No.
2 No.
2 No.
Money
Check various finance schemes with JKEDI
Buyers
Leather and leather product manufacturing industries

designs /b9/info/p
Suppliers
Chemicals (from outside the state)
Machinery and equipments (from outside the state)
JKEDI
EDI
JAMMU & KASHMIR

INSTITUTE
A starters guide to
manufacturing of Corrugated boxes
Corrugated Packaging
An out of the box
business opportunity
EDI

Introduction
Industrially pre-fabricated boxes are primarily used for packaging goods and materials. It is one of
the fast growing industries in all over India and also in our state. The business has witnessed a
signicant jump in the last decade because of huge growth in processed food, fruits and
vegetables, electronic and consumer durables industries.
Market snapshot: India is the world's third largest apple producing country only behind China and
the United States. The major portion of the produce comes from our state.
However, rude packaging in wooden boxes is telling upon the industry that forms the backbone
of the state's economy.
Other states where apples are grown are using corrugated cardboard boxes. However, most of
growers in Jammu and Kashmir still use wooden boxes to pack the fruit, even as the trend has
started shifting.
The packaging tool has turned out to be the most popular goods transporting container. Industry
experts in the state are of the view that it will soon become indispensable for the Rs.4,500 crore
horticulture industry of Jammu and Kashmir, which houses Asia's second largest fruit market
and employs thousands of farmers and people related to the sector.
Opportunities
-
It's a huge industry and growing: Corrugated packaging is a Rs.2 billion a year
industry in India. In another ve years, over 90 percent of all products in India would
be delivered or displayed in corrugated. It is an industry that will survive well into the
next century, and beyond.
It's everywhere and everybody needs it: People outside the state have occupied the
space but in Jammu and Kashmir the vacuum remains unlled. Everybody wants it
because it is cost-effective, lightweight, functional, versatile and sustainable.
Corrugated is "green": Corrugated is the most recovered form of packaging, with

91 percent of all containers produced being reclaimed for recycling.
The process
The process of manufacturing boxes or containers constitutes ve operations.
i)
Slitting and longitudinal cutting
ii)
Creasing
iii)
Slotting
iv)
Flap or corner cutting
v)
Stitching
After passing the sheet through these operations, a box or container is ready. Slitting and creasing
operations can be simultaneously carried over a four bar rotary cutting and creasing machine.
The trimmed and creased sheet is slotted and ap cut on an eccentric slotted machine. Finally, it is
either stitched over a stitching machine or glued/taped manually. For partition boxes the half
slotted boards are used which can conveniently be produced over a partition spotter machine.
Types of corrugated board:
1.
Single face/two ply
2.
Single wall/3-ply
3.
Double wall/5-ply
4.
Triple wall /7-ply
Raw materials used:

1.
Kraft paper/duplex paper
2.
Gum/adhesive
3.
Binding cloth
4.
Adhesive tape
5.
Stitching wire
6.
Printing ink
Economics of the project

Basis & Presumptions:No. of working days/year
300
No. of shifts/day
Single
No. of working hours/shift
Production capacity per annum
450,000 Boxes
Total Capital Cost

a) Land
b) Building (5800sq.ft)
Rs. 57.00 lakh

Owned/Leased/Hired
Rs. 22.00 lakh
Rs. 35.00 lakh
Operational Cost (For 1 Month)

Grand Total
Rs.10.00 lakh
Rs. 67.00 lakh
Revenue department (Tehsildar, Local Body)
District Industries Centre (DIC)
State Industrial Development Corporation(SIDCO) for Land Allotment
Small Scale Industrial Development Corporation Limited (SICOP)
State Pollution Control Board
Power Development Department (PDD)
Public Health Engineering (PHE)
Bureau of Indian Standards
Checklist:
1.

Area: 1.5 - 2 kanals
Nature: Industrial Estate is usually preferred
2.
3.
Building
Processing hall
50 X 70 ft.
Raw material store
20 X 40 ft
Finished goods store
50 X 30 ft.
Machinery Required:
1.Heavy Duty H/S Single Facer Paper (Oblique Type) Bearing Mounted . (Size: 52)
2.Reel to Sheet Cutter Machine. (Size: 54)
3.Sheet Pasting Machine. (Size: 75)
4.Sheet Pressing Machine. (Size: 65x75)
5.4 Bar Rotary Slittering & Creasing Machine.(Size: 75)
6.Eccentric Slotting Machine. (Size: 75)
7.Box Stitcher Straight/ Angular Machine. (Size: 42)
8.Die, Punching and Creasing Machine. (Size: 39x52)
9.Double Colour Paper Flexo Printer Machine. (Size: 52x72)
4.
1 no
1 no
1 no
1 no
1 no
1 no
1 no
1 no
1 no
Finances
Check various schemes at nancial institutes like J&K Bank and DIC and JKEDI
5.
Suppliers
Equipment
Machinery
Raw materials
6.
Buyers
Dealers
Manufacturing units
Packaging units
designs /b9/info/p
Exporters of fruits like apple, strawberry and walnut
EDI
JKEDI
A starters guide to
Hollow Block manufacturing
EDI

Introduction
Hollow concrete blocks are substitutes for conventional bricks and stones in
building construction. They are lighter than bricks, easier to place and also
confer economics in foundation cost and consumption of cement. In
comparison to conventional bricks, they offer the advantages of uniform
quality, faster speed of construction, lower labour involvement and longer
durability. In view of these advantages, hollow concrete blocks are being
increasingly used in construction activities.
Market Snapshot
Hollow concrete blocks can be used for (a) exterior load bearing walls, (b)
interior walls, (c) Panel walls, (d) columns, (e) retaining walls and (f)
compound walls. In view of their versatile uses and properties, hollow
concrete blocks are in demand not only for household constructions but
departments/agencies engaged in construction including PWD, Housing
Boards and Urban Development Corporations, RoadTransport
Corporation and Forest Departments use hollow blocks because of cost
effectiveness.
Plant Capacity:
A small unit with a production of 800 blocks per day
The standard size of hollow concrete blocks is
(a) 4X8X16 inches
(b) 6X8X16 inches
(c) 8X8X16 inches
Production: 100 blocks /Hr
Duration of shift: 8 hours/day.
Daily production: 100*8= 800 blocks
Working days/year: 260
Annual production: 20.08 lakh blocks
Raw Materials:
The required raw material for such unit is:
1. Cement
2. Crusher Bajre and
3. Crusher dust
The annual requirement of raw materials for the production of

2.08 lakh hollow concrete blocks per year is as follows:
1. Cement: 270 tons
2. Bajre: 6 lakh sq feet
3. Crusher Dust: 4.8 lakh sq feet
Opportunities
1.
2.
3.
4.
The product demand is high

Units are eco friendly as compared to brick kilns
Future belongs to hollow blocks and can replace bricks because of
low cost and high strength
?????
Challenges
1. To keep up with the fast changing technology and machinery
2. Stiff competition in the market as more and more hollow block
units are being established in the market
3. Product designs are highly dependent upon machinery
4. Lack of skilled labourers
Relevant Govt. departments to approach for
Industries and Commerce Department

Pollution Control Board
State Industrial Development Corporation (SIDCO)
Financials of a unit with a production capacity of 800 blocks per day

Total capital cost
a) Land
b) Building
c) Machinery/equipments
(in Rs)
Owned/leased
Rs. 2.80 lakh
Rs.7.72 lakh
Operational cost per month Costs for

Production of 2,4000 blocks
Grand Total
1.11 lakh
11.63 lakh
Sales/Earning
Sale of Blocks (24000 blocks) @ Rs 30
7.2 lakh
7.2 lakh
Checklist:
1. Land
Area: 1 kanal land for production purpose with concrete bed for laying
hollow Blocks.
Nature: Industrial area
Lease deed, No Objection Certicate from Pollution Control Board.
3.
Building
Size of different sheds
Shed
Open Storage area
Equipment
Concrete Block Making Machine
Cement Mixer with motor
Ramming moulds of following sizes
(a) Cavity 100 x 200 x 400mm
(b) Cavity 150 x 200 x 400mm
(c) Solid 200 x 200 x 400mm
Tipping Borrows
Generator
Water motor
2000 sqt feet

400 sqt feet
1 No
1 No.
4.
Money
Check various schemes at JKEDI.
5.
Buyers
Locals: - Local population consists of major portion of the sales.
construction companies
Exports: - till date we are not exporting anything from it but we import
the heavy items of concrete nature like Cement Pole, Cement Tiles
(Finished and Un Finished), Cement Bricks
6.
Suppliers
Locals: - Main Suppliers are cement Manufacturers like SAIFCO,
TCI MAX, KHYBER, CEMTAC, JK CEMENT, STAR Cement etc and Crusher
machines are supplying the BAJRE and DUST.
Imports: - cements like ACC, AMBUJA
Others: - 100 % Machines are imported but are available at local with
their distributors.
EDI
JKEDI
designs /b8/info/p
2.
A starters guide to
manufacturing of wire nails
YOUR SUCCESS
EDI

Introduction
Jammu and Kashmir, particularly the valley, is witnessing a construction boom particularly in
suburban areas. This has hugely increased the demand for building materials, including wire nails,
which is expected to keep up with the upward trajectory for many decades to come.
According to industry inputs, only four percent of the total demand in met by local production
and for the rest, the state depends on outside produce for the unsatised demand.
There are about 300 designs of nails around the world but in our state square nails are in vogue.
They nails are made from coils of metal wire which is fed into a nail-making machine that
produces up to 700 nails per minute. The nails are then further twisted or formed, cleaned,
nished, and packaged.
Market snapshot for Kashmir
According to the industry, the Kashmir Valley, where people popularly use wood frames for door,
windows and cupboards, alone consumes nails worth Rs.30 crore every year. Of this, the domestic
production accounts for just Rs.1 crore. That leaves a huge gap for new players to foray into.
In the valley, there are industries barbed wire, chain link fencing, crate mesh and wire nails. There
are thirty units across the Valley producing these items, out of which only few units manufacture
wire nails.
Opportunities:
There is a yawning gap between demand and supply

Corrugated tin roong in the valley has no alternative
A huge wood work is prevalent
Since construction in the valley is at a boom nails are also required for shuttering purposes
Challenges:
Less availability of raw material

It is a capital and labour intensive industry
Management of scrap and waste material is difcult
Dearth of highly technical people to run the unit
Retention of technical people
Investment cost for setting up a of 32-ton per month capacity unit

Capital Cost
a) Land
b) Building
c) Machinery/equipments
Rs.20.00 lakhs
Leased/rented
Rs.8.10 lakhs
Rs.11.90 lakhs
Operational Cost
Grand Total
Rs.17.20 lakhs
Rs.37.20 lakhs
Sales per month

By sale of 30.4 ton @ Rs.75000/ton(with 2%-5% wastage) (current market rate) Rs.22.80 lakhs
Rs.22.80 lakhs
Revenue department (Tehsildar, Local Body)

District Industries Centre (DIC)
State Industrial Development Corporation(SIDCO) for Land Allotment
Small Scale Industrial Development Corporation Limited (SICOP)
State Pollution Control Board
Checklist:
1.

-Area: 1 kanal
-Nature: Industrial Estate is usually preferred.
2.
-
Building (Civil engineering)

Processing shed
Finished goods shed
Raw material shed
Washroom
40X30 ft.
20X20 ft.
20X20 ft.
10X10 ft
3.
-
Machinery and Equipments

Nail making machine
Polishing drum
Tools and dies
Nail cutter grinder
5
1
10
1
4.
-
Finances
5. Suppliers
-Registered Dealers of
Equipments
Machinery
Raw Materials
Jute Bags
Buyers
Dealers
Retail hardware stores
Contractors and suppliers
designs /b8/info/p
6.
-
EDI
JKEDI

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a starters guide

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Pasture fields have shrunk due to illegal encroachment and occupation

e interested in raising sheep

Rs. 4.90 lakh

Rs. 0.23 lakh

Financials for setting

There are certain strict dos and don'ts

Start the venture without proper planning and experience

Relevant government departments to approach for

Department of Sheep Husbandry for registration and expert advice

Check various schemes at JKEDI

Hard coke iron bukharis

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12.85 lakh tonnes per year

Costs involved to set up a 10-cow unit

Approximate sales per year

By sale of gunny bags and manure

Rs. 0.3 lakh

But, look before you leap into the trade

Relevant government departments to approach for

Department of Animal Husbandry, Kashmir for expert advice on breed selection

Shed for cows : 40 X 14 sq ft

Dairy Utensils(bucket, milk pails)

Check various schemes at JKEDI

Source: Department of Animal Husbandry

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A quick look at the fundamentals

Dos and Don'ts

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Opportunities and Challenges

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However, you may face stumbling blocks also

Less availability of suitable land

not a tough nut to crack

The document is part of a series of information products providing

The state enjoys a near monopoly in the

Total walnut production in the state: 3.5 lakh quintals

Local consumption (including tourists):

10-15 per cent of the total production.

Walnut processing units needed in the state:

Total capital cost

Pre-owned, leased or hired

What are the costs and

Grand Total: Rs.10 lakh

Size = one kanal

Check various schemes at JKEDI

Seed Capital Fund Scheme

Local farmers, local vendors,

Local: Vendors or people associated

Parameters: 50 feet by 30 feet by 13 feet (LxBxH)

Challenges and opportunities

Machines are to be imported from outside the state. 100% dependency.

But there is brighter side to it also

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