9.

Emotion As a Way of knowing:

Knowing our emotions:

Can be caused externally and internally

No distinct definition/categorization of emotion
`connects us with others in ways affected by cognition and culture
Motivates us to think and act and make decision
Your expression of emotions is because your direct experiential knowledge
leads you to this conclusion
When you are describing your emotions, you are moving into shared
knowledge of language, and maybe even sense perception and reason
Knowing our own emotions, as personal knowledge, involves he knowledge
we share with others
Interpersonal intelligence: understanding other people and their
motivations and implies being able to work in collaboration.
Intrapersonal intelligence: similar abilities turned inwards towards oneself
to be able to recognize ones own emotions and be able to control them
appropriately

Emotion: and sense perception

Our words refer only roughly to the emotional experiences and bring them
into shared communication in an approximate way
Naming emotions is hard as it changes constantly (shifting reality) and they
may mix together (ex: love and hate)
Geneva emotion wheel, uses pairs of words to indicate a family of emotions
and diff sizes of circles to emulate the intensity
Diff languages reflect and reinforce particular feelings
Our senses allow us to observe and our reasoning allows us to infer (POK:
misinterpretation)
Observation of others can help u recognize your own emotions
Emotions are affected/created by our physical state and our physical state is
affected by our emotions
Categorizing emotions has implications (ex: diagnosing mental disorders
based on certain emotions)

Emotion and reason:

Emotions can cloud reasoning as we lose control to think clearly

Many of our swift emotional responses are also associated with intuition
(during danger)
Slower processing of reasoning can help us judge if an emotional reaction
makes sense in its context

It can help evaluate potential consequences of responding to emotion and

even check impulsive actions
Many of our normal decision making capabilities are affected by the
emotional pleasure responses in our brain
Confirmation bias (tendency to reinforce what we already believe) blends our
WOKS before we are conscious of thinking
Reason and emotion allow us to build our beliefs but also reinforce them, and
these beliefs have a reciprocal effect on what we perceive through the
different WOKS

Emotion and culture:

Our sense of self is influenced by our cultures and that our way of
conceptualizing ourselves affects our experience of emotions (ex:
independence vs interdependence)
In independence, they are more likely to experience anger but also express
themselves while in interdependence, they are more likely to experience
sympathy and shame while inhibiting expression
We are educated by our societies towards certain norms of emotion
expression and behavior
When you direct emotions, you are also removing from the raw experience of
emotion
Emotions can be based on gut feelings or when you try to feel for something
based on others perspective s(empathy)

Fallacies: Misleading appeals

1) Appeal to pity: when we present ourselves as victims to gain support and
compassion. Pity itself is not fallacious. This appeal is a fallacy is its that it distracts
attention from reaching a sound conclusion.
2)Appeal to anxiety or fear: When fear/anxiety is exploited to persuade or reach
a conclusion.
3)Appeal to belonging: plays on the fear of rejection. Ex: advertisers encourage
us to buy things to fit in
4)Appeal to the speaker or source: is a fallacy when the only justification given
for a claim is the source.
5) Borrowed associations: creating an emotional association in our minds
between the product and something desirable. Ex: using celebrities to endorse
products. Also used to discredit a group/ideology. Persuades based on an emotion
that replaces the argument altogether

12. Intuition As a way of knowing

 Knowledge from within (falls under System 1)

The interpretation of intuition is relevant to our abilities to use our bodies, including
our brains
Our inborn capacity to use language, a capacity that develops in response to
the particular language communities within which we grow up.
With rapid cognition we act before we are consciously aware
Intuitions are the judgments, solutions and ideas that pop into consciousness
without our being aware of the mental processes that led to them
Unconscious skills:

Intuition is responsible for our automatic skills such as typing

These skills are stored in our procedural memory but it is memory that is
allowing us to do it
If intuition is considered to be preconscious processing then it is also drawing
on procedural memory in retrieval and activation of skills

Making decisions:

Our intuitive decisions are often matter of preferences and taste ( without
looking at pros and cons) ie emotion
Sometimes we reach conclusion without knowing how (EX; knowing which
colours to make the painting look good)
Intuition could also be just processing our sense perceptions quickly.
We use intuition socially as well to judge a person by the way they act/look
The greater the expertise, the more reliable the intuition (Ex: chess) but is
also based on its domain (ex chess players intuition may not help in hockey)
Intuitions are also a source of our moral judgments
Moral intuitions are where feelings of approval or disapproval pop into
awareness as we hear about something someone did or as we consider
choices for ourselves

Heuristics and cognitive biases:

Heuristics: strategies in decision making and problem solving that serve us

well under many circumstances esp when info is incomplete or problems are
complex
System 1 quickly proposes intuitive answers and stystem 2 monitors the
quality of these proposals.
The judgments that are eventually expressed are called intuitive if they retain
the hypothesized initial proposal without much modification
When reason doesnt override our shortcut heuristics, we commonly
demonstrate cognitive biases (systematic errors)