DNA Fingerprinting By Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

DNA profiling is a method usually employed in forensic science to support identification of

individuals by their DNA profiles. DNA profiles are coded letter sets that represent a persons DNA
makeup that can be used as an individuals identifier. DNA profiling is commonly used for criminal
investigation or parental testing.
Even Though 99.9% of human DNA sequence is identical in every individual, enough DNA is unlike,
possible to discriminate one individual from another, excluding the case of monozygotic twins. DNA
profiling process uses repetitive arrangements that varied highly and are called variable number
tandem reports (VNTRs). VNTR loci are comparable only between closely related persons, otherwise
so variable that distinct individuals are very unlikely to have same VNTRs.
This new technology initially aimed at humans, was soon applied for numerous other organisms such
as plants. This method allowed for the first time discriminating between humans, plants, animals or
other organisms on a discrete level using what can be called DNA markers.
The technique was first reported in 1986 by Sir Alec Jeffreys. It begins by collecting an individuals
DNA sample. Scientists collect sample of semen/blood/saliva or any other suitable fluid from personal
samples (e.g. razor, toothbrush). It is also possible to use DNA profiling as evidence of genetic
relationship, although such indication varies in strength. A numerical measure of how strongly a match
at a particular marker shows paternity is paternity index.
While the first stage of DNA fingerprinting was ruled by RFA or restriction fragment analysis, the
arrival of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the late 1980s gave way to the progress in PCR-based
single or multi loci profiling methods. Many applications of plant DNA fingerprinting still depend on
PCR-based markers.
Many botanical disciplines rely on the capacity to discriminate among various plant genotypes and to
estimate the extent of diversity or relatedness in a given set of genotypes. An independent instrument
was offered by isoenzymes based molecular markers. Isozymes are those enzymes that vary in amino
acid sequence, but catalyze the same chemical reaction and consequently also vary in the speed taken
in travelling through an electrophoretic gel.
The DNA molecule when compared with proteins is very healthy and easy to work with, and the
possibility of yielding polymorphic data is virtually infinite. The advent of the DNA-based RFLP
(restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique in the 1970s, allowed botanists to examine
samples collected from floras growing almost anywhere. Samples, usually leaves, were dried on silica
gel and then transferred to the laboratory, where they might be kept freeze till DNA isolation. RFLP
procedure was therefore useful mainly for economically vital crop plants. In such crops, RFLP
markers were considered highly appreciated tools for the creation of genetic maps, and occasionally
for studies of genetic connections.
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RAPD, unlike traditional PCR analysis, does not need any precise information of the DNA
arrangement of target organism the identical primers (10-mer) may or may not amplify a DNA
segment, dependent on locations that are complementary to the primers' order. No portion is created if
primers hardened far apart or the 3' ends of primers are not facing one another. Thus, if the mutation
occurred in the template DNA at previously complementary site to the primer, a PCR creation may not
be produced, that may result in the different pattern of the amplified DNA segments on gel.
Mahendra Trivedi performed RAPD analysis on Cashew leaves to detect polymorphism between
Treated (A1) & Treated (G1) samples. He also performed RAPD analysis on mango leaves using six
RAPD primers to find polymorphism between control and four treated leaves under PCR conditions.
Mahendra Trivedi Reviews on his analysis are highly appreciated throughout the world.
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