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inflection point
pH
a
b
Volume of NaOH added
Note that at the inflection point the curve changes from positive curvature (i.e.
curvature (i. e.
) to negative
. )The pH at the inflection point is called the stoichiometric point pH (point, above)
a
and the volume of NaOH at the inflection point is called the stoichiometric point volume (point, babove).
a1
a2
Now, rotate the tracing paper by 180o and lay it over the bottom half of the titration curve.
a1
The EXACT stoichiometric point pH will be halfway between the two approximate values, a1 and a2.
After finding the exact stoichiometric point pH you can quickly read the exact stoichiometric point volume
off the graph.
If the titration curve is NOT symmetric about the inflection point, the following procedure should be
used.
extrapolated line
A
E
B
F
C
extrapolated line
Draw line AB perpendicular to the upper extrapolated line, and draw line CD perpendicular to the lower
extrapolated line. E is the midpoint of line AB; F is the midpoint of line CD. Draw a line from E to F. The
point at which line EF intersects the titration curve will be the stoichiometric point. The pH and volume at
the stoichiometric point can then be read off the graph in the usual way. (Incidentally, this method will also
work with symmetric curves.)
3. Find and record on each graph the exact pH and volume for each stoichiometric point using either the
symmetric or nonsymmetric method discussed in #2, above.
a) Mark every stoichiometric point on each graph with a cross, as shown below.
There should be two separate stoichiometric points on the H3PO4 graph (the third stoichiometric
point, corresponding to the removal of the last proton, is not observed with the low concentrations of
NaOH you used). The graph for the titration of the cola beverage may show one or two stoichiometric
points.
b) Write the pH and volume at the stoichiometric points on each graph.
c) Determine the pH and volume at the halfvolume points of acetic acid and phosphoric acid,
as follows. After determining the volume of NaOH used at the stoichiometric point, divide this volume
by two and mark this half-volume point on the curve.
pH
half volume
H1
V1
H2
V2
IMPORTANT: You must mark the volume and pH coordinates of the half-volume points and the
stoichiometric points on each graph. NOTE: H2 lies exactly halfway between V1 and V2 .
IX. CALCULATIONS
1. Calculating the Concentrations of the Acids by Using Stoichiometric Point Data
Average the concentration values if the [H3PO4] found for the first and second stoichiometric points do
not agree exactly (they should be close).
b) Calculating the Concentration of H3PO4 in a Cola Beverage
The calculation of the [H3PO4] in the cola beverage is based on the assumption that the first inflection
point on your graph corresponds to
H3PO4 + NaOH
NaH2PO4 + H2O .
Calculate the [H3PO4] in your cola beverage using the data recorded in DATA OBTAINED FROM
GRAPHS. YOU MUST ALSO NAME the brand of cola you titrated.
has been reacted to form H2PO4 . Hence, at this first half volume
[H3PO4] = [ H2PO4 ]
Ka (H3PO4) =
[H 3O ][H2PO4 ]
= [H3O+]
[H3PO4 ]
Ka (H3PO4) = [H3O+] .
Calculate the Ka value for H3PO4 from the DATA OBTAINED FROM GRAPHS.
At the start of the titration, the solution is mainly H3PO4. The small amount of H3PO4 that
[ H2PO4
[H3O+]INIT
]
[H 3O ]2INIT
[H3PO4 ]
[H 3O ]2INIT
[H3PO4] =
Ka
Calculate the [H3PO4] from the DATA OBTAINED FROM GRAPHS. This value for the
concentration of H3PO4 may not agree exactly with the value found in part 1 (c).
H2PO4 + OH
HPO 2
4 + H2O .
At the second halfvolume point, half of the NaOH required to get from the first to the second
stoichiometric point is added. At this point, half of the H2PO4 present at the first stoichiometric
2
point remains unreacted and half has reacted to form HPO 4 . Hence, at this second half volume
[ H2PO4 ] = [ HPO 4 ]
and the Ka expression
simplifies to
Ka =
[H 3O ][HPO 2
4 ]
[H2PO 4 ]
= [H3O+]
Ka = [H3O+]
Calculate the Ka value for H2PO4 from the DATA OBTAINED FROM GRAPHS.
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Cola:
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