CJCHE-00096; No of Pages 6

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering xxx (2014) xxxxxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CJCHE

Separation Science and Engineering

Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane
Zhongqi Ren , Xinyan Zhu, Wei Liu, Wei Sun, Weidong Zhang, Junteng Liu
Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 20 April 2013
Received in revised form 10 December 2013
Accepted 2 January 2014
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Aniline
Wastewater treatment
Hollow ber renewal liquid membrane
Mathematic model
Mass transfer

a b s t r a c t
Hollow ber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM) method was proposed based on the surface renewal theory for
removal of aniline from waste water. The system of aniline + D2EHPA in kerosene + HCl was used. Aqueous
layer diffusion in the feed phase is the rate-control step, and the inuence of lumen side ow rate on the mass
transfer is more signicant than that on the shell side. The resistance of overall mass transfer is greatly reduced
because of the mass transfer intensication in the renewal of liquid membrane on the lumen side. The driving
force of mass transfer can be considered as a function of distribution equilibrium, and the overall mass transfer
coefcient increases with the increase of pH in the feed solution, HCl concentration and D2EHPA concentration,
and decreases with the increase of initial aniline concentration. A mass transfer model is developed for HFRLM
based on the surface renewal theory. The calculated results agree well with experimental results. The HFRLM process is a promising method for aniline wastewater treatment.
2014 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Aniline and its derivatives are important intermediates in manufacture of dyes, rubbers, plastic, and paints [1,2]. Aniline is generally harmful
to public health and environment due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity
[3]. Its dissolution in water may reach 3.5%, causing water pollution and
threatening drinking water sources [4]. It is critical to treat the aniline
waste prior to its disposal.
Some efforts have been made to treat aniline wastewater, such as
liquidliquid extraction [5,6], adsorption [7], ligand exchanger [8], biological treatment [9], and photodecomposition [10]. These traditional
methods are associated with high cost, complex operation and secondary pollution, especially the low efciency in removing solutes from
dilute solutions. It needs to look for alternative methods with high efciency. Liquid membrane technique, based on extraction and stripping
processes, has been widely used in the aniline wastewater treatment
for its high selectivity, effectiveness, etc. [1116]. Datta et al. [17]
separated aniline in a mixed ow reactor, with the maximum aniline
removal of 98.53%. Devulapalli and Jones [4] removed aniline from an
aqueous solution with kerosene and sorbitan monooleate (span 80) as
the membrane phase and hydrochloric acid as the internal phase, with
the removal of 99.5%. However, lacking of long-time stability, liquid
membrane techniques have not been industrialized to a large scale [18].
Hollow ber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM) is a new technique
with good stability and high mass transfer rate proposed by Zhang et al.

and Ren et al. [1921], based on the surface renewal theory and integrates advantages of ber membrane extraction process, liquid lm permeation process, and other liquid membrane systems. In the process,
thinner liquid membrane forms on the internal wall of bers with the
wetting afnity of hydrophobic ber and organic phase, and the mass
transfer could be intensied by renewal effect, which is the exchange
between dispersed organic droplets and the organic lm. HFRLM technique has been successfully used for the removal and recovery of metal
ions [Cu(II), Cr(VI), etc.] from simulated wastewater containing a single
metal ion, and the removal efciency is higher than 99.7%.
In this study, HFRLM process is used to treat aniline wastewater.
The system of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in kerosene + HCl is used. The effects of operating conditions on the mass
transfer in the HFRLM are investigated. A mathematical model for
the process is developed based on the surface renewal theory.
2. Mathematical Model
The overall mass transfer coefcient based on the feed phase in the
hollow ber module is [18]
1
1
1
1

m :
K f mkR mkm
k
m0 s

The mass transfer coefcient on the shell side, ks, is correlated by

[22]
Supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-100210) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21076011 and 21276012).
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: renzq@mail.buct.edu.cn (Z. Ren).

!1

2
3
4r h ks
4r h us 3
v
0:245
DRNH2
DRNH2
v

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035
1004-9541/ 2014 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Z. Ren, et al, Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane, Chin. J. Chem. Eng.
(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035

Z. Ren et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering xxx (2014) xxxxxx

where v is the kinematic viscosity of the stripping phase, which is

1.06 10 6 m2s 1, and rh is the hydraulic radius of the shell side,
2

rh

R N r


ext 2

R Nr ext

The mass transfer coefcient on the membrane phase can be estimated by [23]
D
km  ext m int  :
=2
d d

Generally, the mass transfer coefcient on the tube side is described

by the Lvque correlation. In a HFRLM process, the stirred mixture of
feed phase and organic phase at a high w/o ratio is pumped through
the lumen side of the hollow ber module, and the droplets are distributed in the tube uid, so the mass transfer coefcient in the tube is
imited by the Lvque correlation. Due to the exchange of organic droplets and internal organic lm in the liquid membrane renewal process,
the mass transfer is intensied. The amount of organic droplets in the
tube is a key factor for the mass transfer. Based on the Lvque correlation, the surface renewal theory, and the inuence of the amount of
organic droplets, a correlation is proposed for mass transfer on the
tube side
Sh 0:91

0:7

0:23

Re


0:33
di
 Sc
L

where Sh is the Sherwood number, Sc is the Schmidt number, Re is the

Reynolds number, and is the hold-up of dispersed organic phase.

Table 2
Characteristic of the hollow ber module
Shell characteristics
Material
Length, L/cm
Internal diameter, di/cm
Outer diameter, do/cm
Fiber characteristics
Material
Number of bers, N
Effective length, L/cm
External diameter, dext/m
Internal diameter, dint/m
Effective surface area, A/m2
Membrane tortuosity,
Membrane porosity,

Glass
30.2
2.60
2.80
Polypropylene
1000
30.0
450
350
0.42
2.00
0.82

The overall mass transfer coefcient based on the feed phase is

Kf


in
Q f C out
f C f

A  C

where

 

0
0
m out
m in
C f C out
Cs
C in
f
f
m
m
C
:
m0 out
in
C f Cs
m
ln
m0 in
C
C out

f
m s

3.3. Analysis

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials
Table 1 gives all chemicals employed in this work.
3.2. Experimental procedure
All experiments were conducted in self-designed systems. The hydrophobic bers were pre-wetted with organic phase at least 48 h for
lling the pores of bers with organic phase. The stirred mixture of
feed phase and organic phase at a high w/o ratio was pumped through
the lumen side of the hollow ber module. The stripping phase was
pumped through the shell side counter-currently. Both sides are in single path mode. The hollow ber modules are self-assembled in small
laboratory scale, with two 0300.0 dm3 peristaltic pumps and owmeters. The polypropylene hollow ber membranes are supplied by Hangzhou Qiushi Membrane Technology Ltd. The specication of these
hollow ber membranes and modules is listed in Table 2. The experimental set-up is the same as that in reference [21].

Table 1
Chemicals, stated purities, and suppliers
Chemical

Purity (mass percentage)

Supplier

Aniline

N99.5%

D2EHPA

N96.0%

Sodium hydroxide
HCl
Kerosene

N96.0%
36.0%38.0%
Laboratory reagent grade

GuangFu Chemical Reagents

Company
Tianjin Jinke Institute of
Fine Chemicals
Beijing Chemical Works
Beijing Chemical Works
Tianjin Fuchen Chemical
Reagent Plant

Aniline concentration was determined by spectrometric absorption

measurements (UV-2000) at 230 nm. The samples were diluted and analyzed at pH 7 adjusted by a phosphate buffer. A digital precision
ionometer model PXS-450 (Shanghai Dapu Co. Ltd.) with a combined
glass electrode was used for pH measurements ( 0.01 pH). The
meter was standardized against 4.01, 6.85, and 9.14 standard buffer
solutions.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Inuence of operation mode
Two operation modes were used to study the mass transfer mechanism in the HFRLM process, as listed in Table 3.
The resistances in the HFRLM process are from the diffusion in
the renewal process of liquid membrane layer on the lumen side
RR, diffusion in the membrane phase Rm and the aqueous layer diffusion on the shell side Rs. The total resistance of mass transfer is
R = RR + Rm + R s [17]. The calculated resistances are listed in
Table 4. The total resistance with Mode 1 is lower than that with
Mode 2. The overall mass transfer in operation Mode 1 is higher,
as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The resistance of mass transfer is mainly
on the lumen side in operation Mode 1, while in operation Mode 2

Table 3
Operation mode of HFRLM
Operation mode

Shell side

Tube side

Mode 1
Mode 2

Stripping phase
Feed phase

Feed + D2EHPA-kerosene
Stripping + D2EHPA-kerosene

Please cite this article as: Z. Ren, et al, Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane, Chin. J. Chem. Eng.
(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035

Z. Ren et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering xxx (2014) xxxxxx

Table 4
Mass transfer resistances for treatment of aniline wastewater by HFRLM
ut 103/ms1
Mode 1
1.7
2.6
3.3
4.9
Mode 2
1.0
1.7
2.3
3.5
5.2

RR 106/sm1

Rm 104/sm1

2.4
2.1
2.0
1.8

3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3

2.7
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8

3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3

Rs 105/sm1

R 106/sm1

RR/R

Rm/R

Rs/R

7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3

3.1
2.9
2.8
2.6

0.754
0.735
0.724
0.704

0.011
0.012
0.012
0.013

0.235
0.253
0.264
0.283

29.1
29.1
29.1
29.1
29.1

5.6
5.3
5.1
4.9
4.7

0.275
0.244
0.228
0.201
0.277

0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.007

0.719
0.750
0.766
0.792
0.716

it is mainly on the shell side. In a HFRLM process, the renewal effect

could intensify the mass transfer and reduce the mass transfer resistance on the tube side. With Mode 2, the renewal effect reduces the
mass transfer resistance of aniline transport from the liquid membrane
to the stripping phase, which is not dominant. In operation Mode 1, the
diffusion of aniline through the aqueous boundary layer of feed phase is
intensied by the renewal effect of liquid membrane. Thus the diffusion
of aniline through aqueous boundary layer of feed phase is the ratecontrolling step.
4.2. Inuence of ow rates
The ow rates on both sides are important hydrodynamic operation
factors in a HFRLM process, which determine the mechanism of mass
transfer and rate-controlling steps in HFRLM process. Figs. 3 and 4
show that the inuence of ow rate on the lumen side is more signicant than that on the shell side. It also indicates that the diffusion of
aniline through aqueous boundary layer of feed phase on the tube side
is a dominant step in the whole transport processes.
4.3. Inuence of pH in the feed phase
The pH in feed solution has a direct impact on the form of aniline in
aqueous solutions. When pH b 7, aniline is in the form of anilinium
cations, when pH N 7, aniline is basically in molecular form. The pH in
the feed phase has signicant effect on the extraction of aniline from
aqueous and organic solution of D2EHPA-kerosene. As shown in Fig. 5,
the overall mass transfer coefcient increases with pH in the feed
solution, mainly because the distribution coefcient of aniline between
organic and aqueous phases increases with pH in the feed solution. At
higher pH, the media become alkaline, favoring the formation of aniline,

which is of benet to the reaction of D2EHPA with aniline, so the overall

mass transfer coefcient increases.
4.4. Inuence of initial aniline concentration in the feed phase
Fig. 6 shows that the overall mass transfer coefcient of aniline decreases with the increase of initial aniline concentration in the feed
phase, mainly because the interface between feed phase and membrane
phase is limited under the condition. The liquid membrane is saturated
and the transport of aniline across the membrane phase is limited.
4.5. Inuence of HCl concentration in the stripping phase
The HCl concentration in the stripping phase has a signicant effect
on the transport of aniline from feed phase to stripping phase. Fig. 7
shows the effect of HCl concentration in the stripping phase on the
mass transfer of HFRLM process in the range of 0.025 molL1 to
0.25 molL 1. As the HCl concentration in stripping phase increases
from 0.025 molL1 to 0.15 molL1, the overall mass transfer coefcient of aniline increases. When the concentration of HCl increases
from 0.15 molL1 to 0.25 molL1, the overall mass transfer coefcient changes little. In this work, the mass transfer driving force is aniline concentration gradient between feed phase and stripping phase.
The increase of HCl concentration in the stripping phase leads to higher
transport capacity, because aniline turns to form anilinium cations,
which increases the mass transfer driving force in HFRLM process. As
shown in Fig. 7, the effect of HCl concentration in the stripping phase
on the mass transfer coefcient is small. Thus a low HCl concentration
in the stripping phase is enough for the facilitated transport process of
aniline by HFRLM.

-7

-7

8.00x10

6.00x10

-7

-7

-7

-1

6.00x10

-7

Kf / m.s

Kf / m.s-1

5.00x10
4.00x10
3.00x10

2.00x10

-7

1.00x10
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

-7

4.00x10

-7

Mode 1
Mode 2
Kf, Cal

-7

2.00x10

Mode 1
Mode 2
Kf, Cal

0.30

-1

us/ cm.s

Fig. 1. Effect of operation mode on mass transfer coefcient of HFRLM. ([D2EHPA] =

0.3 molL1, o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1; Mode 1: ut = 5.0 mlmin1, Mode 2:
ut = 10.0 mlmin1).

0.00
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

-1

ut / m.s

Fig. 2. Effect of operation mode on mass transfer coefcient of HFRLM at lower ow rates.
([D2EHPA] = 0.3 molL1, o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1; Mode 1: us =
4.2 mlmin1, Mode 2: us = 9.0 mlmin1).

Please cite this article as: Z. Ren, et al, Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane, Chin. J. Chem. Eng.
(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035

Z. Ren et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering xxx (2014) xxxxxx

-7

-7

8.00x10

8.00x10

Kf, Exp
-7

7.00x10

Kf / m.s

-1

-1

Kf / m.s

Kf, Cal

-7

6.00x10

-7

6.00x10

-7

4.00x10

Kf, Exp

-7

5.00x10

Kf, Cal

-7

2.00x10

-7

4.00x10

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.00
2

uf / m.s -1

10

12

pH

Fig. 3. Effect of lumen side ow rate on mass transfer. ([D2EHPA] = 0.3 molL1,
o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1, us = 4.2 mlmin1).

4.6. Inuence of membrane liquid composition

As in a carrier-facilitated transport process, D2EHPA concentration
in organic phase plays a signicant role in HFRLM process, which has
an important inuence on the facilitated transport capacity, the thickness
of liquid membrane layer, mass transfer driving force, chemical reaction
equilibrium, the renewal rate of dispersion, etc. Fig. 8 shows the inuence
of D2EHPA concentration on transport process in D2EHPA concentration
range from 0.05 molL1 to 0.6 molL1. As the D2EHPA concentration
in the membrane phase increases from 0.05 molL1 to 0.4 molL1,
the overall mass transfer coefcient increases. Higher D2EHPA concentration leads to higher facilitated transport capacity, mainly because the distribution coefcient of aniline between organic phase and aqueous phase
increases with D2EHPA concentration in membrane phase. The driving
force of mass transfer from the distribution equilibrium increases with
the D2EHPA concentration, so the mass transfer increases. However, at
even higher D2EHPA concentration, the overall mass transfer coefcient
changes little. The facilitated transport of aniline in the membrane is diffusion controlled, and higher D2EHPA concentration in the membrane
phase results in higher viscosity, increasing the diffusion resistance of aniline complex in the membrane phase. Moreover, higher concentration of
D2EHPA in the membrane phase would increase the risk of emulsication
in the HFRLM process.

Fig. 5. Effect of pH in the feed phase on overall mass transfer coefcient. ([D2EHPA] =
0.3 molL1, o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1, ut = 3.7 mlmin1, us = 4.4 mlmin1).

feed solution consisting of 500 ml with an initial aniline concentration

of 1000 mgL1 and 10 ml 0.3 molL1 D2EHPA-kerosene was mixed
and owed on the tube side at the volumetric rate of 50 mlmin1.
The stripping solution of 250 ml 0.1 molL1 HCl was circulated and
counter-currently owed through the shell side at the volumetric rate
of 50 mlmin1.
Fig. 9 shows an up-hill effect occurred after 30 min. At about 5 h,
the removal efciency of aniline reached 99.9%, and the recovery efciency reached 94%, indicating an almost complete facilitated transport
from teed phase to stripping phase. The treatment of wastewater and
the recovery of aniline are simultaneously achieved in the HFRLM.
Therefore, it is a promising method for dealing with aniline wastewater.
4.8. The comparison of calculated and experimental results
The diffusivity of aniline in aqueous solution, Daq, is estimated by the
WilkeChang equation as 1.0 109 m2s1. The diffusivity of anilineD2EHPA in membrane phase, Dm, is 4.3 1010 m2s1.
As shown in Fig. 10, calculated results agree well with experimental
results. The weighted standard deviation is calculated by

S:D:

v
2
uX
n 
.
u
K f ;Cal
u
1
t
K f;Exp
i1

n1

4.7. Recycling experiments of HFRLM

In order to explore the transport result in the HFRLM process,
0.3 molL 1 D2EHPA-kerosene was used as liquid membrane. The

 100%

where n is the number of experimental data, subscripts Cal and Exp

are the calculated and experimental values, respectively. The weighted
standard deviation is less than 10%, validating the proposed model.
-7

8.00x10

-7

6.00x10

Kf, Exp

-7

7.00x10

Kf, Cal

-7

-7

-1
Kf / m.s

-1
Kf / m.s

5.00x10

-7

4.00x10

6.00x10

-7

5.00x10

-7

4.00x10

Kf, Exp

-7

3.00x10

Kf, Cal

-7

3.00x10

-7

2.00x10
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

-1

us / m.s

Fig. 4. Effect of shell side ow rate on mass transfer. ([D2EHPA] = 0.3 molL1,
o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1, ut = 5.0 mlmin1).

-7

2.00x10
0.00

1000.00

2000.00

3000.00

4000.00

-1

C/ mg. L

Fig. 6. Effect of initial aniline concentration in the feed phase. ([D2EHPA] = 0.3 molL1,
o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1, ut = 3.8 mlmin1, us = 4.6 mlmin1).

Please cite this article as: Z. Ren, et al, Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane, Chin. J. Chem. Eng.
(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035

Z. Ren et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering xxx (2014) xxxxxx

-7

-7

8.00x10

-7

6.00x10

8.00x10

-7

-1

KExp /m.s

Kf / m.s-1

6.00x10

-7

4.00x10

Kf, Exp
Kf, Cal

-7

2.00x10

0.00
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

-7

4.00x10

-7

2.00x10

0.30

0.00
0.00

-1

CHCl/ mol. L

-7

-7

-1
Kf / m.s

-7

6.00x10

-7

8.00x10

Fig. 10. The comparison of calculated value and experimental value.

5. Conclusions

6.00x10

-7

4.00x10

Kf, Exp
Kf, Cal

-7

2.00x10

0.00
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-1

CD2EHPA/mol. L

Fig. 8. Effect of concentration of D2EHPA in membrane liquid phase on mass transfer coefcient in HFRLM. (o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1, ut = 3.7 mlmin1, us =
4.4 mlmin1).

The deviation may result from experimental error, the simplication on

the model with the inuence of non-ideality on the shell side on the
mass transfer ignored, and the accuracy of model parameters, especially
for m and m.

2500.00
2000.00
Cf,Cal

1500.00

Cs,Cal

1000.00

Cf,Exp
Cs,Exp

500.00

-7

4.00x10

-1

8.00x10

0.00

-7

2.00x10

KCal /m.s

Fig. 7. Effect of HCl concentration in the stripping phase. ([D2EHPA] = 0.3 molL1,
o/w = 1:50, ut = 3.7 mlmin1, us = 4.4 mlmin1).

-1
C/mg.L

50

100

150

200

250

300

t/ min
Fig. 9. The aniline concentration in the feed phase and stripping phase. ([D2EHPA] =
0.3 molL1, o/w = 1:50, [HCl] = 0.1 molL1, ut = 50.0 mlmin1, us = 50.0 mlmin1).

HFRLM was used for the treatment of aniline wastewater with di(2ethylhexly)-phosphoric acid and kerosene as liquid membrane phase,
and HCl solution as stripping phase.
Aqueous layer diffusion in the feed phase is the rate-controlling step.
When the mixture of feed and D2EHPA-Kerosene is on the lumen side,
the resistance for overall mass transfer is greatly reduced because
the mass transfer is intensied by the renewal effect of the liquid membrane. The inuence of lumen side ow rate on the mass transfer is
greater than that on the shell side, and the overall mass transfer coefcient increases with the ow rate on the lumen side. The overall
mass transfer coefcient increases with pH value in the feed solution,
mainly because the distribution coefcient of aniline between organic phase and aqueous phase increases with pH. The overall mass
transfer coefcient of aniline decreases with the increase of initial
aniline concentration, mainly because the interface between feed
phase and membrane phase is limited under the condition, leading
to the saturation of liquid membrane and limiting the aniline transport. The recycling experiment shows that HFRLM can avoid the pollution by wastewater and recover aniline, so it is a promising method
for aniline wastewater treatment.
The results from the mass transfer model for HFRLM based on the
surface renewal theory agree well with experiment results.
Nomenclature
A
effective mass transfer area, m2
C
concentration, mgL1
D
diffusivity, m2s1
d
diameter, m
Kf
overall mass transfer coefcient base on the feed phase,
ms1
k
mass transfer coefcient, ms1
L
effective length, m
m
distribution coefcient of extraction process
m
distribution coefcient of back-extraction process
Q
volumetric ow rate, m3s1
R
resistance of mass transfer, sm1
Re
Reynolds number
r
radius of hollow ber, m
rh
hydraulic diameter, m
Sc
Schmidt number
Sh
Sherwood number
u
velocity, ms1
v
kinematic viscosity, m2s1

porosity of hollow ber membrane support

Please cite this article as: Z. Ren, et al, Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane, Chin. J. Chem. Eng.
(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035

Z. Ren et al. / Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering xxx (2014) xxxxxx

tortuosity of hollow ber membrane support

dispersed phase hold-up

Superscripts
ext
external
in
inside
int
internal
out
outside
Subscripts
f
feed phase
m
membrane phase
R
renewal
s
shell side
t
tube side

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Please cite this article as: Z. Ren, et al, Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane, Chin. J. Chem. Eng.
(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.035