Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CHAPTER SUMMARY
This chapter begins with an introduction to endocrine glands and a comparison of the roles of the nervous and endocrine
systems. The distinction between endocrine and exocrine glands is described. The mechanism of action of hormones is
explained. The major endocrine characteristics of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid
glands, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, the ovaries and testes, the pineal gland, and the thymus are described in detail.
The secretions of other endocrine tissues are summarized. The development of the endocrine system is portrayed. The
effects of aging on the endocrine system are explained. A glossary of key medical terms associated with the endocrine
system is provided. This chapter concludes with a thorough study outline, an excellent self-quiz, critical thinking
questions, and answers to questions that accompany chapter figures.
STUDENT OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
LECTURE OUTLINE
A. Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems (see Table 23.1): (p. 704)
1. The nervous and endocrine systems together coordinate functions of all body systems.
2. The nervous system controls homeostasis via nerve impulses that trigger release of neurotransmitter molecules
which act on other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.
3. The endocrine system controls homeostasis by secreting hormones, i.e., messenger molecules, into the
bloodstream for delivery to virtually all body cells.
4. The nervous and endocrine systems act as a coordinated supersystem called the neuroendocrine system: some
neurons stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones and some hormones promote or inhibit the initiation of
nerve impulses.
5. The nervous system causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete either more or less of their product; the
endocrine system affects virtually all body tissues by altering metabolic activities, regulating growth and
development, and influencing reproductive processes.
6. Nerve impulses typically produce their effects within several milliseconds and the effects are relatively brief in
duration; hormones may take seconds to hours to produce their effects and these effects are generally longer in
duration.
7. Endocrinology is the science concerned with the structure and functions of the endocrine glands and the
diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
iii. the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) develops from an outgrowth of ectoderm called the
hypophyseal (Rathkes) pouch, located in the roof of the mouth
The thyroid gland develops as a midventral outgrowth of endoderm called the thyroid diverticulum, from the
floor of the pharynx.
The parathyroid glands develop from endoderm as outgrowths from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches.
The adrenal cortex develops from intermediate mesoderm from the same region that produces the gonads.
The adrenal medulla develops from ectoderm, namely the neural crest.
The pancreas develops from two outgrowths of endoderm from the part of the foregut that later becomes the
duodenum; these two outgrowths eventually fuse to form the pancreas.
The development of the ovaries and testes is described in Chapter 27.
The pineal gland develops as an outgrowth between the thalamus and colliculi from ectoderm associated with
the diencephalon,.
The thymus develops from endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouches.