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SemanticWeb
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheSemanticWebisacollaborativemovementledby
internationalstandardsbodytheWorldWideWebConsortium
(W3C).[1]Thestandardpromotescommondataformatsonthe
W3C'sSemanticWeblogo
WorldWideWeb.Byencouragingtheinclusionofsemanticcontent
inwebpages,theSemanticWebaimsatconvertingthecurrentweb,
dominatedbyunstructuredandsemistructureddocumentsintoa
"webofdata".TheSemanticWebstackbuildsontheW3C'sResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF).[2]
AccordingtotheW3C,"TheSemanticWebprovidesacommonframeworkthatallowsdatatobeshared
andreusedacrossapplication,enterprise,andcommunityboundaries".[2]ThetermwascoinedbyTim
BernersLeeforawebofdatathatcanbeprocessedbymachines.[3]
Whileitscriticshavequestioneditsfeasibility,proponentsarguethatapplicationsinindustry,biologyand
humansciencesresearchhavealreadyproventhevalidityoftheoriginalconcept.Scholarshaveexplored
thesocialpotentialofthesemanticwebinthebusinessandhealthsectors,andforsocialnetworking.[4]
Theoriginal2001ScientificAmericanarticlebyBernersLee,Hendler,andLassiladescribedanexpected
evolutionoftheexistingWebtoaSemanticWeb,[5]butthishasyettohappen.In2006,BernersLeeand
colleaguesstatedthat:"Thissimpleidea...remainslargelyunrealized".[6]

Contents
1History
2Purpose
2.1LimitationsofHTML
2.2SemanticWebsolutions
2.3Web3.0
3Challenges
4Standards
4.1Components
4.2Currentstateofstandardization
5Skepticalreactions
5.1Practicalfeasibility
5.2Censorshipandprivacy
5.3Doublingoutputformats
6Projects
6.1DBpedia
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6.2FOAF
6.3SIOC
6.4GoPubMed
6.5eaglei.net
6.6NextBio
7Seealso
8References
9Furtherreading
10Externallinks

History
TheconceptoftheSemanticNetworkModelwasformedintheearly1960sbythecognitivescientistAllan
M.Collins,linguistM.RossQuillianandpsychologistElizabethF.Loftusinvarious
publications,[7][8][9][10][11]asaformtorepresentsemanticallystructuredknowledge.Whenappliedinthe
contextofthemoderninternet,itextendsthenetworkofhyperlinkedhumanreadablewebpagesby
insertingmachinereadablemetadataaboutpagesandhowtheyarerelatedtoeachother.Thisenables
automatedagentstoaccesstheWebmoreintelligentlyandperformmoretasksonbehalfofusers.Theterm
"SemanticWeb"wascoinedbyTimBernersLee,[3]theinventoroftheWorldWideWebanddirectorof
theWorldWideWebConsortium("W3C"),whichoverseesthedevelopmentofproposedSemanticWeb
standards.HedefinestheSemanticWebas"awebofdatathatcanbeprocesseddirectlyandindirectlyby
machines".
ManyofthetechnologiesproposedbytheW3CalreadyexistedbeforetheywerepositionedundertheW3C
umbrella.Theseareusedinvariouscontexts,particularlythosedealingwithinformationthatencompasses
alimitedanddefineddomain,andwheresharingdataisacommonnecessity,suchasscientificresearchor
dataexchangeamongbusinesses.Inaddition,othertechnologieswithsimilargoalshaveemerged,suchas
microformats.

Purpose
ThemainpurposeoftheSemanticWebisdrivingtheevolutionofthecurrentWebbyenablingusersto
find,share,andcombineinformationmoreeasily.HumansarecapableofusingtheWebtocarryouttasks
suchasfindingtheGermantranslationfor"eightdays",reservingalibrarybook,andsearchingforthe
lowestpriceforaDVD.However,machinescannotaccomplishallofthesetaskswithouthumandirection,
becausewebpagesaredesignedtobereadbypeople,notmachines.Thesemanticwebisavisionof
informationthatcanbereadilyinterpretedbymachines,somachinescanperformmoreofthetediouswork
involvedinfinding,combining,andactinguponinformationontheweb.Itusesmetadataaswell.
TheSemanticWeb,asoriginallyenvisioned,isasystemthatenablesmachinesto"understand"andrespond
tocomplexhumanrequestsbasedontheirmeaning.Suchan"understanding"requiresthattherelevant
informationsourcesbesemanticallystructured.
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TimBernersLeeoriginallyexpressedthevisionoftheSemanticWebasfollows:
IhaveadreamfortheWeb[inwhichcomputers]becomecapableofanalyzingallthedataon
theWebthecontent,links,andtransactionsbetweenpeopleandcomputers.A"Semantic
Web",whichmakesthispossible,hasyettoemerge,butwhenitdoes,thedaytoday
mechanismsoftrade,bureaucracyandourdailyliveswillbehandledbymachinestalkingto
machines.The"intelligentagents"peoplehavetoutedforageswillfinallymaterialize.[12]
TheSemanticWebisregardedasanintegratoracrossdifferentcontent,informationapplicationsand
systems.Ithasapplicationsinpublishing,blogging,andmanyotherareas.
Oftentheterms"semantics","metadata","ontologies",and"SemanticWeb"areusedinconsistently.In
particular,thesetermsareusedaseverydayterminologybyresearchersandpractitioners,spanningavast
landscapeofdifferentfields,technologies,conceptsandapplicationareas.Furthermore,thereisconfusion
withregardtothecurrentstatusoftheenablingtechnologiesenvisionedtorealizetheSemanticWeb.
Gerber,Barnard,andVanderMerwecharttheSemanticWeblandscapeandprovideabriefsummaryof
relatedtermsandenablingtechnologiesinapaper.[13]ThearchitecturalmodelproposedbyTimBerners
Leeisusedasbasistopresentastatusmodelthatreflectscurrentandemergingtechnologies.[14]

LimitationsofHTML
Manyfilesonatypicalcomputercanalsobelooselydividedintohumanreadabledocumentsandmachine
readabledata.Documentslikemailmessages,reports,andbrochuresarereadbyhumans.Data,like
calendars,addressbooks,playlists,andspreadsheetsarepresentedusinganapplicationprogramwhichlets
thembeviewed,searchedandcombined.
Currently,theWorldWideWebisbasedmainlyondocumentswritteninHypertextMarkupLanguage
(HTML),amarkupconventionthatisusedforcodingabodyoftextinterspersedwithmultimediaobjects
suchasimagesandinteractiveforms.Metadatatagsprovideamethodbywhichcomputerscancategorise
thecontentofwebpages,forexample:

<metaname="keywords"content="computing,computerstudies,computer"/>
<metaname="description"content="Cheapwidgetsforsale"/>
<metaname="author"content="JohnDoe"/>

WithHTMLandatooltorenderit(perhapswebbrowsersoftware,perhapsanotheruseragent),onecan
createandpresentapagethatlistsitemsforsale.TheHTMLofthiscatalogpagecanmakesimple,
documentlevelassertionssuchas"thisdocument'stitleis'WidgetSuperstore' ",butthereisnocapability
withintheHTMLitselftoassertunambiguouslythat,forexample,itemnumberX586172isanAcme
Gizmowitharetailpriceof199,orthatitisaconsumerproduct.Rather,HTMLcanonlysaythatthe
spanoftext"X586172"issomethingthatshouldbepositionednear"AcmeGizmo"and"199",etc.There
isnowaytosay"thisisacatalog"oreventoestablishthat"AcmeGizmo"isakindoftitleorthat"199"is
aprice.Thereisalsonowaytoexpressthatthesepiecesofinformationareboundtogetherindescribinga
discreteitem,distinctfromotheritemsperhapslistedonthepage.
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SemanticHTMLreferstothetraditionalHTMLpracticeofmarkupfollowingintention,ratherthan
specifyinglayoutdetailsdirectly.Forexample,theuseof<em>denoting"emphasis"ratherthan<i>,which
specifiesitalics.Layoutdetailsareleftuptothebrowser,incombinationwithCascadingStyleSheets.But
thispracticefallsshortofspecifyingthesemanticsofobjectssuchasitemsforsaleorprices.
MicroformatsextendHTMLsyntaxtocreatemachinereadablesemanticmarkupaboutobjectsincluding
people,organisations,eventsandproducts.[15]SimilarinitiativesincludeRDFa,MicrodataandSchema.org.

SemanticWebsolutions
TheSemanticWebtakesthesolutionfurther.Itinvolvespublishinginlanguagesspecificallydesignedfor
data:ResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF),WebOntologyLanguage(OWL),andExtensibleMarkup
Language(XML).HTMLdescribesdocumentsandthelinksbetweenthem.RDF,OWL,andXML,by
contrast,candescribearbitrarythingssuchaspeople,meetings,orairplaneparts.
Thesetechnologiesarecombinedinordertoprovidedescriptionsthatsupplementorreplacethecontentof
Webdocuments.Thus,contentmaymanifestitselfasdescriptivedatastoredinWebaccessible
databases,[16]orasmarkupwithindocuments(particularly,inExtensibleHTML(XHTML)interspersed
withXML,or,moreoften,purelyinXML,withlayoutorrenderingcuesstoredseparately).Themachine
readabledescriptionsenablecontentmanagerstoaddmeaningtothecontent,i.e.,todescribethestructure
oftheknowledgewehaveaboutthatcontent.Inthisway,amachinecanprocessknowledgeitself,instead
oftext,usingprocessessimilartohumandeductivereasoningandinference,therebyobtainingmore
meaningfulresultsandhelpingcomputerstoperformautomatedinformationgatheringandresearch.
Anexampleofatagthatwouldbeusedinanonsemanticwebpage:

<item>blog</item>

Encodingsimilarinformationinasemanticwebpagemightlooklikethis:

<itemrdf:about="http://example.org/semanticweb/">SemanticWeb</item>

TimBernersLeecallstheresultingnetworkofLinkedDatatheGiantGlobalGraph,incontrasttothe
HTMLbasedWorldWideWeb.BernersLeepositsthatifthepastwasdocumentsharing,thefutureisdata
sharing.Hisanswertothequestionof"how"providesthreepointsofinstruction.One,aURLshouldpoint
tothedata.Two,anyoneaccessingtheURLshouldgetdataback.Three,relationshipsinthedatashould
pointtoadditionalURLswithdata.

Web3.0
TimBernersLeehasdescribedthesemanticwebasacomponentof"Web3.0".[17]

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PeoplekeepaskingwhatWeb3.0is.Ithinkmaybewhenyou'vegotanoverlayofscalable
vectorgraphicseverythingripplingandfoldingandlookingmistyonWeb2.0andaccessto
asemanticWebintegratedacrossahugespaceofdata,you'llhaveaccesstoanunbelievable
dataresource...
TimBernersLee,2006
"SemanticWeb"issometimesusedasasynonymfor"Web3.0",[18]thougheachterm'sdefinitionvaries.

Challenges
SomeofthechallengesfortheSemanticWebincludevastness,vagueness,uncertainty,inconsistency,and
deceit.Automatedreasoningsystemswillhavetodealwithalloftheseissuesinordertodeliveronthe
promiseoftheSemanticWeb.
Vastness:TheWorldWideWebcontainsmanybillionsofpages
(http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/).TheSNOMEDCTmedicalterminologyontologyalone
contains370,000classnames,andexistingtechnologyhasnotyetbeenabletoeliminateall
semanticallyduplicatedterms.Anyautomatedreasoningsystemwillhavetodealwithtrulyhuge
inputs.
Vagueness:Theseareimpreciseconceptslike"young"or"tall".Thisarisesfromthevaguenessof
userqueries,ofconceptsrepresentedbycontentproviders,ofmatchingquerytermstoproviderterms
andoftryingtocombinedifferentknowledgebaseswithoverlappingbutsubtlydifferentconcepts.
Fuzzylogicisthemostcommontechniquefordealingwithvagueness.
Uncertainty:Thesearepreciseconceptswithuncertainvalues.Forexample,apatientmightpresenta
setofsymptomswhichcorrespondtoanumberofdifferentdistinctdiagnoseseachwithadifferent
probability.Probabilisticreasoningtechniquesaregenerallyemployedtoaddressuncertainty.
Inconsistency:Thesearelogicalcontradictionswhichwillinevitablyariseduringthedevelopmentof
largeontologies,andwhenontologiesfromseparatesourcesarecombined.Deductivereasoningfails
catastrophicallywhenfacedwithinconsistency,because"anythingfollowsfromacontradiction".
Defeasiblereasoningandparaconsistentreasoningaretwotechniqueswhichcanbeemployedtodeal
withinconsistency.
Deceit:Thisiswhentheproduceroftheinformationisintentionallymisleadingtheconsumerofthe
information.Cryptographytechniquesarecurrentlyutilizedtoalleviatethisthreat.
Thislistofchallengesisillustrativeratherthanexhaustive,anditfocusesonthechallengestothe"unifying
logic"and"proof"layersoftheSemanticWeb.TheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C)IncubatorGroup
forUncertaintyReasoningfortheWorldWideWeb(URW3XG)finalreport
(http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/urw3/XGRurw320080331/)lumpstheseproblemstogetherunderthe

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singleheadingof"uncertainty".ManyofthetechniquesmentionedherewillrequireextensionstotheWeb
OntologyLanguage(OWL)forexampletoannotateconditionalprobabilities.Thisisanareaofactive
research.[19]

Standards
StandardizationforSemanticWebinthecontextofWeb3.0isunderthecareofW3C.[20]

Components
Theterm"SemanticWeb"isoftenusedmorespecificallytorefertotheformatsandtechnologiesthat
enableit.[2]Thecollection,structuringandrecoveryoflinkeddataareenabledbytechnologiesthatprovide
aformaldescriptionofconcepts,terms,andrelationshipswithinagivenknowledgedomain.These
technologiesarespecifiedasW3Cstandardsandinclude:
ResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF),ageneralmethodfordescribinginformation
RDFSchema(RDFS)
SimpleKnowledgeOrganizationSystem(SKOS)
SPARQL,anRDFquerylanguage
Notation3(N3),designedwithhumanreadabilityinmind
NTriples,aformatforstoringandtransmittingdata
Turtle(TerseRDFTripleLanguage)
WebOntologyLanguage(OWL),afamilyofknowledgerepresentationlanguages
RuleInterchangeFormat(RIF),aframeworkofwebrulelanguagedialectssupportingrule
interchangeontheWeb
TheSemanticWebStackillustratesthearchitectureoftheSemanticWeb.Thefunctionsandrelationships
ofthecomponentscanbesummarizedasfollows:[21]
XMLprovidesanelementalsyntaxforcontentstructurewithindocuments,yetassociatesno
semanticswiththemeaningofthecontentcontainedwithin.XMLisnotatpresentanecessary
componentofSemanticWebtechnologiesinmostcases,asalternativesyntaxesexists,suchas
Turtle.Turtleisadefactostandard,buthasnotbeenthroughaformalstandardizationprocess.
XMLSchemaisalanguageforprovidingandrestrictingthestructureandcontentofelements
containedwithinXMLdocuments.
RDFisasimplelanguageforexpressingdatamodels,whichrefertoobjects("webresources")and
theirrelationships.AnRDFbasedmodelcanberepresentedinavarietyofsyntaxes,e.g.,
RDF/XML,N3,Turtle,andRDFa.[22]RDFisafundamentalstandardoftheSemanticWeb.[23][24][25]
RDFSchemaextendsRDFandisavocabularyfordescribingpropertiesandclassesofRDFbased
resources,withsemanticsforgeneralizedhierarchiesofsuchpropertiesandclasses.
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OWLaddsmorevocabularyfordescribingpropertiesandclasses:amongothers,relationsbetween
classes(e.g.disjointness),cardinality(e.g."exactlyone"),equality,richertypingofproperties,
characteristicsofproperties(e.g.symmetry),andenumeratedclasses.
SPARQLisaprotocolandquerylanguageforsemanticwebdatasources.
RIFistheW3CRuleInterchangeFormat.It'sanXMLlanguageforexpressingWebruleswhich
computerscanexecute.RIFprovidesmultipleversions,calleddialects.ItincludesaRIFBasicLogic
Dialect(RIFBLD)andRIFProductionRulesDialect(RIFPRD).

Currentstateofstandardization
Wellestablishedstandards:
Unicode
UniformResourceIdentifier
XML
RDF
RDFS
SPARQL
WebOntologyLanguage(OWL)
RuleInterchangeFormat(RIF)
Notyetfullyrealized:
UnifyingLogicandProoflayers
Theintentistoenhancetheusability
andusefulnessoftheWebandits
interconnectedresourcesthrough:
Serverswhichexposeexisting
datasystemsusingtheRDFand
SPARQLstandards.Many
converterstoRDF
TheSemanticWebStack.

(http://esw.w3.org/topic/ConverterToRdf)existfromdifferentapplications.Relationaldatabasesare
animportantsource.Thesemanticwebserverattachestotheexistingsystemwithoutaffectingits
operation.
Documents"markedup"withsemanticinformation(anextensionoftheHTML<meta>tagsusedin
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today'sWebpagestosupplyinformationforWebsearchenginesusingwebcrawlers).Thiscouldbe
machineunderstandableinformationaboutthehumanunderstandablecontentofthedocument(such
asthecreator,title,description,etc.)oritcouldbepurelymetadatarepresentingasetoffacts(suchas
resourcesandserviceselsewhereonthesite).Notethatanythingthatcanbeidentifiedwitha
UniformResourceIdentifier(URI)canbedescribed,sothesemanticwebcanreasonaboutanimals,
people,places,ideas,etc.Semanticmarkupisoftengeneratedautomatically,ratherthanmanually.
Commonmetadatavocabularies(ontologies)andmapsbetweenvocabulariesthatallowdocument
creatorstoknowhowtomarkuptheirdocumentssothatagentscanusetheinformationinthe
suppliedmetadata(sothatAuthorinthesenseof'theAuthorofthepage'won'tbeconfusedwith
Authorinthesenseofabookthatisthesubjectofabookreview)
Automatedagentstoperformtasksforusersofthesemanticwebusingthisdata
Webbasedservices(oftenwithagentsoftheirown)tosupplyinformationspecificallytoagents,for
example,aTrustservicethatanagentcouldaskifsomeonlinestorehasahistoryofpoorserviceor
spamming

Skepticalreactions
Practicalfeasibility
Critics(e.g.,WhichSemanticWeb?(http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?
id=900051.900063&coll=ACM&dl=ACM&CFID=29933182&CFTOKEN=24611642))questionthebasic
feasibilityofacompleteorevenpartialfulfillmentofthesemanticweb.CoryDoctorow'scritique
("metacrap")isfromtheperspectiveofhumanbehaviorandpersonalpreferences.Forexample,peoplemay
includespuriousmetadataintoWebpagesinanattempttomisleadSemanticWebenginesthatnaively
assumethemetadata'sveracity.ThisphenomenonwaswellknownwithmetatagsthatfooledtheAltavista
rankingalgorithmintoelevatingtherankingofcertainWebpages:theGoogleindexingenginespecifically
looksforsuchattemptsatmanipulation.PeterGrdenforsandTimoHonkelapointoutthatlogicbased
semanticwebtechnologiescoveronlyafractionoftherelevantphenomenarelatedtosemantics.[26][27]
Core,specializedcommunitiesandorganizationsforintracompanyprojectstendedtopracticallyadopt
semanticwebtechnologiesgreaterthanperipheralandlessspecializedcommunities.[28]Thepractical
constraintstowardadoptionhaveappearedlesschallengingwheredomainandscopeismorelimitedthan
thatofthegeneralpublicandtheWorldWideWeb.[28]

Censorshipandprivacy
Enthusiasmaboutthesemanticwebcouldbetemperedbyconcernsregardingcensorshipandprivacy.For
instance,textanalyzingtechniquescannowbeeasilybypassedbyusingotherwords,metaphorsfor
instance,orbyusingimagesinplaceofwords.Anadvancedimplementationofthesemanticwebwould
makeitmucheasierforgovernmentstocontroltheviewingandcreationofonlineinformation,asthis
informationwouldbemucheasierforanautomatedcontentblockingmachinetounderstand.Inaddition,
theissuehasalsobeenraisedthat,withtheuseofFOAFfilesandgeolocationmetadata,therewouldbe
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verylittleanonymityassociatedwiththeauthorshipofarticlesonthingssuchasapersonalblog.Someof
theseconcernswereaddressedinthe"PolicyAwareWeb"project[29]andisanactiveresearchand
developmenttopic.

Doublingoutputformats
Anothercriticismofthesemanticwebisthatitwouldbemuchmoretimeconsumingtocreateandpublish
contentbecausetherewouldneedtobetwoformatsforonepieceofdata:oneforhumanviewingandone
formachines.However,manywebapplicationsindevelopmentareaddressingthisissuebycreatinga
machinereadableformatuponthepublishingofdataortherequestofamachineforsuchdata.The
developmentofmicroformatshasbeenonereactiontothiskindofcriticism.Anotherargumentindefense
ofthefeasibilityofsemanticwebisthelikelyfallingpriceofhumanintelligencetasksindigitallabor
markets,suchasAmazon'sMechanicalTurk.
SpecificationssuchaseRDFandRDFaallowarbitraryRDFdatatobeembeddedinHTMLpages.The
GRDDL(GleaningResourceDescriptionsfromDialectsofLanguage)mechanismallowsexistingmaterial
(includingmicroformats)tobeautomaticallyinterpretedasRDF,sopublishersonlyneedtouseasingle
format,suchasHTML.

Projects
ThissectionlistssomeofthemanyprojectsandtoolsthatexisttocreateSemanticWebsolutions.[30]

DBpedia
DBPediaisanefforttopublishstructureddataextractedfromWikipedia:thedataispublishedinRDFand
madeavailableontheWebforuseundertheGNUFreeDocumentationLicense,thusallowingSemantic
WebagentstoprovideinferencingandadvancedqueryingovertheWikipediaderiveddatasetand
facilitatinginterlinking,reuseandextensioninotherdatasources.[31]

FOAF
ApopularvocabularyonthesemanticwebisFriendofaFriend(orFOAF),whichusesRDFtodescribe
therelationshipspeoplehavetootherpeopleandthe"things"aroundthem.FOAFpermitsintelligentagents
tomakesenseofthethousandsofconnectionspeoplehavewitheachother,theirjobsandtheitems
importanttotheirlives[32]connectionsthatmayormaynotbeenumeratedinsearchesusingtraditional
websearchengines.Becausetheconnectionsaresovastinnumber,humaninterpretationoftheinformation
maynotbethebestwayofanalyzingthem.
FOAFisanexampleofhowtheSemanticWebattemptstomakeuseoftherelationshipswithinasocial
context.

SIOC

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TheSemanticallyInterlinkedOnlineCommunitiesproject(SIOC,pronounced"shock")providesa
vocabularyoftermsandrelationshipsthatmodelwebdataspaces.Examplesofsuchdataspacesinclude,
amongothers:discussionforums,blogs,blogrolls/feedsubscriptions,mailinglists,sharedbookmarksand
imagegalleries.

GoPubMed
GoPubMedisaknowledgebasedsearchengineforbiomedicaltexts.TheGeneOntology(GO)and
MedicalSubjectHeadings(MeSH)serveas"Tableofcontents"inordertostructurethemillionsofarticles
oftheMEDLINEdatabase.[33]Thesearchengineallowsitsuserstofindrelevantsearchresults
significantlyfasterthanPubmed.

eaglei.net
eagleiisanopensource,semanticwebplatformforenteringandpublishinginformationaboutresources
usedinbiomedicalresearch.[34]TheplatformconsistsoftheSemanticWebEntryandEditingTool
(SWEET),anRDFdatabase,andaSearchtool.Allcomponentsoftheeagleiplatformaredrivenbya
centralontologytopromoteuniformityandinteroperabilitywithotherplatforms.[35][36]Theeaglei
software,documentation,andinformationareaccessiblethroughHarvardmedicalschool'sopen.med
website.[37]Theeagleiprojectstartedasaconsortiumofnineuniversities(Harvard,OregonHealth&
ScienceUniversity,Dartmouth,JacksonState,MontanaState,UniversityofPuertoRico,Morehouse
College,UniversityofAlaska,andUniversityofHawaii),butisnowbeingusedbymorethanthirty
universities.[38]

NextBio
Adatabaseconsolidatinghighthroughputlifesciencesexperimentaldatataggedandconnectedvia
biomedicalontologies.Nextbioisaccessibleviaasearchengineinterface.Researcherscancontributetheir
findingsforincorporationtothedatabase.Thedatabasecurrentlysupportsgeneexpressionorprotein
expressiondataandsequencecentricdataandissteadilyexpandingtosupportotherbiologicaldatatypes.

Seealso
Agris:InternationalInformationSystemfortheAgriculturalSciencesandTechnology
Businesssemanticsmanagement
Computationalsemantics
Conceptualinteroperability
CorporateSemanticWeb
Entityattributevaluemodel
EUOpenDataPortal
InternetofThings
Linkeddata
Listofemergingtechnologies
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Ontologylearning
Semanticadvertising
Semanticcomputing
SemanticSensorWeb
SemanticWebServices
SmartM3
SocialSemanticWeb
SemanticSocialNetwork
Web3.0
WebEngineering
WebOntologyLanguage
Webscience
WebsiteParseTemplate

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15. ^Allsopp,John(March2007).Microformats:EmpoweringYourMarkupforWeb2.0.FriendsofED.p.368.
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18. ^IntroducingTheConceptofWeb3.0(http://www.tweakandtrick.com/2012/05/web30.html)
19. ^Lukasiewicz,ThomasUmbertoStraccia."Managinguncertaintyandvaguenessindescriptionlogicsforthe
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1&_user=147018&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&vie
w=c&_acct=C000012179&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=147018&md5=8123c273189b1148cadb12f95b87
a5ef).
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25. ^Allemang,D.,Hendler,J.(2011)."RDFThebasisoftheSemanticWeb.In:SemanticWebfortheWorking
Ontologist(2ndEd.)".MorganKaufmann.doi:10.1016/B9780123859655.100032
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB9780123859655.100032).
26. ^Grdenfors,Peter(2004).HowtomaketheSemanticWebmoresemantic.FormalOntologyinInformation
Systems:proceedingsofthethirdinternationalconference(FOIS2004)(IOSPress).pp.1734.
27. ^TimoHonkela,VilleKnnen,TiinaLindhKnuutilaandMariSannaPaukkeri(2008)."Simulatingprocesses
ofconceptformationandcommunication"(http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903999101).
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JournalofEconomicMethodology.
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DHaendel,M(2012)."Researchresources:curatingtheneweagleidiscoverysystem.".Database:thejournal
ofbiologicaldatabasesandcuration2012:bar067.doi:10.1093/database/bar067
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RogerChaffin:"TheconceptofasemanticRelation".In:AdrienneLehreru.a.(Hrsg.):Frames,
Fieldsandcontrasts.Newessaysinsemanticandlexicalorganisation,Erlbaum,Hillsdale,N.J.1992,
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HermannHelbig:DiesemantischeStrukturnatrlicherSprache.WissensprsentationmitMultiNet,
Springer,Heidelberg2001,ISBN3540677844.
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BehavioralScience12(1967),S.410430.
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Springer,Heidelberg2010,ISBN3642043143.
JohnF.Sowa:Principlesofsemanticnetworks.Explorationsintherepresentationofknowledge,
MorganKaufmann,SanMateo,Cal.1991,ISBN1558600884.

Furtherreading
AaronSwartz'sAProgrammableWeb:AnunfinishedWorkdonatedbyMorgan&Claypool
PublishersafterAaronSwartz'sdeathinJanuary2013.
LiyangYu(January6,2011).ADeveloper'sGuidetotheSemanticWeb
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web

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(http://www.amazon.com/DevelopersGuideSemanticWeb/dp/3642159699/ref=sr_1_1?
ie=UTF8&qid=1321027111&sr=81).Springer.ISBN9783642159695.
GrigorisAntoniou,FrankvanHarmelen(March31,2008).ASemanticWebPrimer,2ndEdition
(http://www.amazon.com/SemanticPrimerCooperativeInformationSystems/dp/0262012421/).The
MITPress.ISBN0262012421.
DeanAllemang,JamesHendler(May9,2008).SemanticWebfortheWorkingOntologist:Effective
ModelinginRDFSandOWL(http://www.amazon.com/SemanticWebWorkingOntologist
Effective/dp/0123735564/).MorganKaufmann.ISBN9780123735560.
JohnDavies(July11,2006).SemanticWebTechnologies:TrendsandResearchinOntologybased
Systems(http://www.amazon.com/SemanticWebTechnologiesResearchOntology
based/dp/0470025964/).Wiley.ISBN0470025964.
PascalHitzler,MarkusKrtzsch,SebastianRudolph(August25,2009).FoundationsofSemantic
WebTechnologies(http://www.semanticwebbook.org).CRCPress.ISBN142009050X.
ThomasB.Passin(March1,2004).Explorer'sGuidetotheSemanticWeb
(http://www.amazon.com/ExplorersGuideSemanticThomasPassin/dp/1932394206/).Manning
Publications.ISBN1932394206.
LiyangYu(June14,2007).IntroductiontoSemanticWebandSemanticWebServices
(http://www.amazon.com/IntroductionSemanticWebServices/dp/1584889330/).CRCPress.
ISBN1584889330.
JeffreyT.Pollock(March23,2009).SemanticWebForDummies
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470396792).ForDummies.ISBN0470396792.
MartinHilbert(April2009)."TheMaturingConceptofEDemocracy:FromEVotingandOnline
ConsultationstoDemocraticValueOutofJumbledOnlineChatter"
(http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a911066517).JournalofInformation
Technology&Politics(Taylor&FrancisGroup)6(2):87110.doi:10.1080/19331680802715242
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F19331680802715242).
"TimBernersLeeGivestheWebaNewDefinition"(http://computemagazine.com/manwho
inventedworldwidewebgivesnewdefinition/)
Folmer,ErwinOudeLuttighuis,PaulHillegersberg,Josvan(April2011)."Dosemanticstandards
lackquality?Asurveyamong34semanticstandards"
(http://www.springerlink.com/content/h03q2454x7330574/).ElectronicMarkets21(2):99111.
doi:10.1007/s125250110058y(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs125250110058y).Retrieved
20120519.

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web

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linkscollection(http://www.semanticoverflow.com/questions/1/wherecanilearnaboutthe
semanticweb)onSemanticOverflow
HowStuffWorks:TheSemanticWeb(http://www.howstuffworks.com/semanticweb.htm)
XMLLondon(http://xmllondon.com/)AnannualconferencewhichisfocusedonXMLandthe
SemanticWeb.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Web&oldid=637012745"
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