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2e
Chapter 4
Working with vectors
Worksheet
Worked examples
Practical 1: Using the triangle of forces to determine the
weight of an object (hammer)
Practical 2: Projectile motion
End-of-chapter test
Marking scheme: Worksheet
Marking scheme: End-of-chapter test
Worksheet
acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s2
Intermediate level
1
[2]
[2]
10 N
40 N
7.0N
20 N
80 N
20 N
10 N
5.0 N
[2]
[2]
[3]
2.5 ms1
river
bank
[2]
In each case below, resolve the vector into two perpendicular components in
the x and y directions.
a
b
y
10 N
40 N
85 N
45
70
20
x
[2]
[2]
[2]
Higher level
5
32
[1]
[4]
ii
[2]
180 N
weight
300 N
30
What is the net force in the horizontal direction? Hence determine the
magnitude of the resistive force acting on the roller.
[2]
Determine the vertical contact force acting on the roller due to the ground.
[3]
7 A marble is flicked off the edge of a platform. The marble has a horizontal
velocity of 2.5 m s1. The marble hits the ground after travelling a vertical
distance of 2.0 m. You may assume that air resistance has a negligible effect
on the motion of the marble.
a
How long does it take for the marble to travel from the edge of the platform
to the ground?
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[4]
T
Extension
5.0
5.0
82 kg
[3]
[2]
water-jet
2.5 m
30
R
garden hose
You may assume that air resistance has a negligible effect on the motion of
the water-jet. Use the information provided above to determine the speed V
of the water emerging from the pipe and the range R.
Total: Score:
59
4 Working with vectors
[6]
%
33
Worked examples
Example 1
A smooth, straight track of length 80 cm is placed at an angle of 30 to a horizontal
table. A marble is released from the top of the track. Calculate:
the acceleration of the marble along the track;
the time taken for the marble to reach the bottom of the track.
(Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m s2.)
marble
30
track
60
g
30
table
or
a = g cos 60
u=0
1 2
at
2
a = 4.9 m s2
therefore
s=
t=?
1 2
at
2
2 0.80
0.57 s
4.9
t=
2s
=
a
34
Example 2
rubber
contact
force R
ruler
W
(0.50 N)
62
F = W sin 62
F = 0.50 sin 62 0.44 N
Tip
The rubber is in equilibrium. We can therefore draw a triangle of forces to
represent the three forces acting on the rubber.
From the triangle, we have:
sin 62 =
F
0.50
F
0.50 N
35
Practical 1
Using the triangle of forces to determine the weight of
an object (hammer)
Safety
There are not likely to be any major hazards in carrying out this experiment. However,
teachers and technicians should always refer to the departmental risk assessment before
carrying out any practical work.
Apparatus
clamp stands
G clamps
two newtonmeters
hammer
string
protractor
Introduction
In this experiment you will determine the weight of an object (a hammer in our case) by
constructing a triangle of forces. When three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium,
we can construct a triangle of forces to represent the forces. This is described on page 40
of Physics 1.
Procedure
1
2
4
5
triangle of
forces
hammer
T (N)
F (N)
(degrees)
For each experiment, construct a triangle of forces. Determine the weight W of the
hammer. (This may either be done by a scale drawing or using trigonometry.)
What is the average value for the weight W of the hammer from your experiment?
How does your value compare with the actual weight of the hammer when
measured using a newtonmeter?
36
Practical 2
Projectile motion
Safety
There are not likely to be any major hazards in carrying out this experiment, but it is a
bit messy! However, teachers and technicians should always refer to the departmental
risk assessment before carrying out any practical work.
Apparatus
A3 paper taped onto a
wooden board (or drawing board)
clamp stand
marble
non-permanent ink
disposable gloves
ramp
Introduction
In this experiment you have the opportunity to investigate the projectile motion of
a marble.
Procedure
This is a simulation of projectile motion. The wooden board is tilted slightly. The
acceleration of the marble down the wooden board will be a component of the
acceleration of free fall g.
marble
marble
ramp
wooden board
wooden board
paper
1
2
3
Raise one end of the wooden board and tilt it to an angle of about 10.
Dip the marble in ink.
Place the marble on the ramp and release it so that it travels parallel to the top
edge of the paper. The marble will leave a trace of its path on the paper.
The path of the marble should be parabolic. When you double the horizontal
distance x, then the vertical drop y should increase by a factor of 4. Is this true?
Try releasing the marble at different initial speeds. The range R of the marble
should increase when the initial speed of the marble is increased.
Increase the angle of tilt of the wooden board. This is equivalent to increasing
the vertical acceleration of the marble. How does this affect the path described
by the marble?
37
End-of-chapter test
Answer all questions.
acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m s2
80 km h1
[1]
[2]
45
The diagram below shows a stage light of mass 5.2 kg attached by two supporting
cables A and B.
ceiling
A
T1
28
B
T2
wall
weight
[1]
[2]
[2]
[2]
The diagram shows forces acting on a ball moving horizontally through the air.
a
b
drag
[2]
1.2 N
The ball has a mass of 330 g. Use the vector diagram from a
to determine:
i
[2]
ii
[2]
3.2 N
A bullet is shot from a rifle at a horizontal velocity of 150 m s1. It hits a target
at a horizontal distance of 30 m. You may assume that the effect of air resistance
is negligible.
a
[1]
Explain why the impact speed of the bullet is not 150 m s1.
[1]
[2]
Total: Score:
20
38
weight
Marking scheme
Worksheet
1
40 km
R = 49 + 25 = 8.6 N [1]
R = 10 + 20 [1];
3.0 ms1
[1]
2.5 ms1
tan =
2.5
= 0.833 [1]
3.0
i
[1]
T
mg
180 N
ii
tan =
180
= 0.525 [1]; = tan1 (0.525) 28 [1]
343
39
The net force is zero, because the roller is moving at constant velocity. [1]
Resistive force 260 N to the left. [1]
contact force
150 N
260 N
components
of 300 N force
mg
7 a Vertically
s = 2.0 m
s = ut +
b
a = 9.81 m s2
u=0
1 2
at
2
(u = 0) [1];
t=
2s
=
a
t=?
2 2.0
0.64 s [1]
z9.81
Horizontally
u = 2.5 m s1
t = 0.64 s (from a)
8 a Vertically
s = 120 m
s = ut +
1 2
at
2
u=0
[1]
Horizontally
u = 15 m s1
distance = ut [1];
c
t=?
2 120
= 4.946 s 4.9 s [1]
9.81
2s
=
a
t=
a = 9.81 m s2
u=0
Vertically
u=0
2
s = 120 m
15 ms1
a = 9.81 m s2
v=?
v = u + 2as [1]
48.5 ms1
V 51 m s1 [1]
82 9.81
4.6 103 N (4.6 kN) [1]
2 sin 5.0
82 9.81
[1]
2 sin
As the angle becomes equal to zero, the tension T becomes infinite. The rope
will snap. [1]
40
s = 2.5 m
a = 9.81 m s2
v = 0 [1]
v = u + 2as
0 = (V sin 30)2 (2 9.81 2.5) [1]
(0.5V)2 = 2 9.81 2.5
V=
2 9.81 2.5
14 m s1 [1]
0.52
where
v = 7.0 m s1
a = 9.81 m s2
t=?
7.0 7.0
= 1.43 s [1]
9.81
Horizontally
range = (V cos 30)t = 14 cos 30 1.43 [1];
41
Marking scheme
End-of-chapter test
1
The net force is zero because the stage light is in equilibrium. [1]
T1 cos 28 = 51 [1]
51
= 57.8 N 58 N [1]
cos 28
T1 =
d
mg = 51 N
28
T2
3.2 N
1.2 N
ii
a=
a 10.4 m s2 [1]
30
= 0.20 s [1]
150
Time =
Apart from the horizontal component 150 m s1 the bullet also has a vertical
component because of the acceleration due to gravity. The resultant velocity is
greater than 150 m s1. [1]
Vertically
s=?
s = ut +
s=
42
F
3.42
=
[1];
m 0.330
u=0
1 2
at
2
a = 9.81 m s2
t = 0.20 s (from a)
(u = 0) [1]
1
9.81 0.202 = 0.196 0.20 m [1]
2