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Chapter 20
Superposition of waves
Worksheet
Worked examples
Practical 1: Determining the wavelength of microwaves
Practical 2: Stationary waves on a stretched string
End-of-chapter test
Marking scheme: Worksheet
Marking scheme: End-of-chapter test
Worksheet
Intermediate level
1
2
3
4
5
[1]
[2]
[1]
[2]
A
A
S
S11
S22
B
B
S
15.5
cm
S11BB===15.5
15.5cm
cm
S
14.0
cm
S22BB===14.0
14.0cm
cm
ax
D
[3]
Higher level
7
182
receiver
transmitter
4.0 cm
[3]
80 cm
slits
X
[1]
ii
[1]
20 Superposition of waves
75 cm
[3]
Extension
9
From OCR Module 2 you will be familiar with the idea that moving electrons
behave as a wave. The wavelength is given by the de Broglie equation. An atom of
hydrogen may be modelled as a positive nucleus with an electron wave trapped in
a small region of space. A very simplified model of the hydrogen atom is as follows.
The diagram below shows the fundamental frequency for the confined electron.
atom
a
b
[2]
h2
8mL 2
[3]
The diameter of the hydrogen atom is 1010 m. Determine the kinetic energy
of an electron within the hydrogen atom in electron-volts.
[3]
(m = 9.1 10
31
kg; h = 6.63 10
34
J s;
1 eV = 1.6 10
19
J.)
Total: Score:
36
20 Superposition of waves
183
Worked examples
Example 1
Two loudspeakers are connected in parallel to a signal generator set at 1000 Hz. A
student moving along a line at a distance of 5.0 m away from the loudspeakers notices
regions of loud and quiet sound. The distance between adjacent regions of loud sound is
2.1 m and the separation between the loudspeakers is 0.80 m. Use this information to
determine the speed of sound in air.
In order to determine the speed, we need to calculate the wavelength of the sound
emitted from the loudspeakers.
ax
D
a = 0.80 m
x = 2.1m
D = 5.0 m
0.80 2.1
= 0.336 m 0.34 m
5.0
Tip
You can derive a single equation for the speed of sound using v = f and =
ax.
D
fax
D
Example 2
The diagram shows a stationary (standing) wave in an open
tube. What is the frequency of the tuning fork? (Speed of
sound in air = 340 m s1.)
= 45
2
= 45 2 = 90 cm
45 cm
tuning
fork
(0.90 m)
antinodes) =
2
Therefore:
f=
340
380 Hz
0.90
184
20 Superposition of waves
Practical 1
Determining the wavelength of microwaves
Safety
Anyone with an artificial pacemaker must not get too close to the transmitter. Microwaves
are quite dangerous. Keep a safe distance between your eyes and the transmitter. Teachers
and technicians should follow their school and departmental safety policies and should
ensure that the employers risk assessment has been carried out before undertaking any
practical work.
Apparatus
two-slit arrangement
microwave transmitter
microwave receiver with output
displayed on a microammeter (100 A)
Introduction
In this experiment you will determine the wavelength of microwaves using the equation:
ax
D
Procedure
slits
receiver
microwave
transmitter
1
2
Move the receiver slowly along the length of the metre rule. The microammeter will
show a series of minima and maxima. Mark crosses on the rule at the points where
the receiver registers a maximum signal.
4
5
6
7
ax
D
How does your value compare with the actual value given by the manufacturer?
(The wavelength is typically 2.8 cm.)
185
Practical 2
Stationary waves on a stretched string
Safety
There are not likely to be any major hazards in carrying out this experiment. However,
teachers and technicians should always refer to the departmental risk assessment before
carrying out any practical work.
Apparatus
pulley
light string or rubber cord
3 N weight
Introduction
In this experiment you will use an arrangement known as Meldes experiment to
determine the speed of transverse waves on a stretched string. The arrangement of
the experiment is shown in figure 20.28 on page 184 of Physics 1.
Procedure
The speed v of the transverse wave on a stretched string is given by:
v = f
where f is the frequency of the mechanical vibrator or the frequency of the waves
produced on the string and is the wavelength of the transverse waves on the string.
For a stationary wave, the separation between adjacent nodes (or antinodes) is
equal to .
N
A
2
fundamental
overtones
Slowly increase the frequency of the signal generator until the fundamental pattern
is formed. Note the frequency f, measure the separation between two adjacent nodes
and determine the wavelength of the transverse wave on the string.
Repeat the procedure above for the first, second, third, etc. overtones. Record your
results in a table.
f (Hz)
(m)
v (ms1)
How is the frequency f of the stationary wave related to the number n of loops and
the fundamental frequency f0?
For each stationary wave pattern, determine the speed of the transverse wave on
the string using v = f.
The speed of the transverse wave on the string is independent of the wavelength or
the frequency. Do your results support this statement? What is the speed of the
transverse wave on the string?
186
20 Superposition of waves
End-of-chapter test
Answer all questions.
1
2
[2]
A taut string is fixed between two ends. The diagram below shows the string
displaced vertically.
plucked string
stationary wave
60 cm
[2]
Complete the diagram above to show the stationary wave created. Mark the
positions of the nodes (N) and the antinode (A).
[3]
[2]
ii
[2]
4.0 m
[1]
laser
laser light
[1]
slits
screen
The separation between the slits is 0.25 mm and the screen is at a distance
of 4.0 m from the slits. The separation between adjacent bright fringes is
1.0 cm. Determine the wavelength of the light from the laser.
[3]
The distance between the screen and the slits is decreased. Describe the
effect this has on the appearance of the fringes. Explain your answer.
[2]
Total: Score:
18
20 Superposition of waves
187
Marking scheme
Worksheet
1
Principle of superposition: When two waves meet, the net displacement at a point
is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual displacements at that point. [1]
A stationary wave is the result of the superposition of two waves [1] of the
same wavelength (and hence frequency) travelling in opposite directions. [1]
3
4
D 2.8 80
=
[1]; x = 56 cm [1]
a
4.0
ax
[1];
D
x=
D 1
; hence as a is halved, x is doubled (112 cm). [1]
a
a
ii
x=
D
D ; hence as D is doubled, x is doubled (112 cm). [1]
a
x=
Place a loudspeaker at the open end of the tube and connect it to a signal
generator. [1]
Adjust the frequency of the sound [1]
until you hear a loud sound coming from the tube. [1]
(As an alternative, you can use a selection of tuning forks.)
Length of tube =
v = f
188
so
so
75 =
v 340
f= =
[1];
3.0
20 Superposition of waves
L=
Ek =
mv 2 p2
=
[1];
2
2m
Ek
(h/)2
h2
h
=
2 (de Broglie equation: = ) [1]
2m
2m
p
Ek =
h2
8mL2
so
Ek =
(6.63 1034)2
[1]
8 9.1 1031 (1010)2
20 Superposition of waves
h2
h2
[1]
2=
2m(2L) 8mL2
6.04 1018
38 eV [1]
1.6 1019
189
Marking scheme
End-of-chapter test
1
Waves travel towards the fixed ends and are reflected. [1]
These reflected waves superimpose to produce a stationary wave pattern. [1]
A
N
60 cm
[1]
2
The laser light is diffracted at the narrow slits. The diffracted light then
interferes in the space beyond the slits. [1]
ax
[1]
D
a = 0.25 mm
=
d
D = 4.0 m
x = 1.0 cm
The separation between the dark (or bright) fringes decreases. [1]
This is because the fringe separation x is directly proportional to the distance D
between the slits and the screen. That is:
x=
190
D
D [1]
a
20 Superposition of waves