1

CHAPTER 03: PLANT KINGDOM

1.

INTRODUCTION
Look at the chart below to understand the plant hierarchy.

2.

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
Different systems of classification proposed from time to time have
been divided into three basic categories: ____ systems, ____
systems and ____ systems. Redford (1986) included ____ systems as
a fourth category.
artificial, natural, phylogenetic, mechanical

3.

Artificial system of classification

The artificial system of classification was introduced by ____, the
elder (28 79 AD). It is based on one or a few ____ resemblances
rather than on natural or evolutionary relationships.
Pliny, superficial

4.

The earliest system of classification used only gross superficial ____

characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc.

morphological
5.

The earliest systems of classification were based mainly on ____

characters or on the ____ structure (system given by Linnaeus).
Such systems were ____; they separated the closely related species
since they were based on a few characteristics.
vegetative, androecium, artificial

6.

The Greek naturalists classified animals according to similarities in

____ and ____.
habits, habitats

7.

____ (384 322 B.C.), who is known as the father of zoology, was
the first to adopt this system of classification.
Aristotle

8.

Aristotle identified a few thousand types and created only two

divisions: ____ and ____.
group, species

9.

____, regarded as the father of Ayurveda, listed about 340 plants

and 200 animals in his book on Indian medicine.
Charaka

10.

The book written by Charaka was ____ ____.

Charaka Samhita

11.

____ (370 285 B.C.), known as the father of botany, was a disciple
of Plato and later Aristotle. In his book De Historia Plantarum, he
classified about 500 kinds of plants into four major groups: trees,
shrubs, sub-shrubs and herbs.
Theophrastus

12.

Caius Plinius Secundus (23 79 AD) described the biological,

medicinal and agricultural aspects of plants in 37 volumes of

Natural History. He used the term ____ for the first time.
stamen
13.

Pedanios Dioscorides (62 128 AD) described about 600 plants of

medicinal importance in his book, ____ ____.
Materia Medica

14.

Parashara (250 120 B.C.) described plants in a scientific manner

in his book, ____, which means Science of Plant Life.
Vrikshayurveda

15.

Andrea Caesalpino (1519 1603) described 1520 species in 16

volumes of his book De Plantis libri grouped as herbs and trees. He
further classified plants based on ____ and ____ characters.
fruit, seed

16.

Carlos Linnaeus is known as the father of ____. He established

____ nomenclature.
taxonomy, binomial

17.

Carlos Linnaeus gave a system of classification based exclusively on

____ characters. In his book Genera plantarum, he described all the
plant genera known to him. Another work by him was ___ ___.
floral, Hortus cliffortianus

18.

The best known work of Carlos Linnaeus is ____ ____, which he

published in 1753. In this book he listed and described al species of
plants known to him.
Species plantarum

19.

The artificial systems of classification gave equal weightage to ____

and ____ characteristics.
vegetative, sexual

20.

The artificial systems of classification gave equal weightage to

vegetative and sexual characteristics. This is not acceptable since
we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily
affected by the ____.
environment

21.

Natural system of classification

The natural classification system was based on natural ____ among
the organisms and consider, not only ____ features, but also ____
features, like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology and ____.
affinities, external, internal, phytochemistry

22.

The English naturalist, ___ ___ (1627 1705) was the first
systematist to form elaborate ____ ___ as the basis of classification.
He was the first scientist to have a modern concept of a ____.
John Ray, structural likeness, species

23.

John Ray defined a species as an assemblage of individuals derived

from similar ____ and having the ability to pass ____
characteristics to the next generation.
parents, parental

24.

John Ray collected plants and animals and worked out a number of
groups for them. He used ___ and ___ characters in his
classification, thus making systematics a scientific discipline.
constant, well-defined

25.

John Ray published accurate description of over 18,000 plants in

his 3-volume book ____ ____ ____.
Historia Generalis Plantarum

26.

Phylogenetic system of classification

At present, _____ classification systems based on evolutionary

relationships between the various organisms are acceptable. This

assumes that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common
____.
phylogenetic, ancestor
27.

Numerical Taxonomy, which is now easily carried out using

computers is based on all ____ characteristics. Numbers and ____
are assigned to all the characters and the data are then processed.
In this way, each character is given equal ____ and at the same
time, hundreds of characters can be considered.
observable, codes, importance

28.

Cytotaxonomy is based on ____ information like chromosome

number, structure.
cytological

29.

Chemotaxonomy uses the ____ constituents of the plant to resolve

confusions.
chemical

30.

DIVISION THALLOPHYTA
The word thallophyta is derived from the Greek words ____
meaning undifferentiated and ____ meaning plant.
thallos, phyton

31.

Thallophyta comprises the simplest plants, which possess ____ or

thallus like form. ____ of roots, stems and leaves is also absent.
undifferentiated, Differentiation

32.

In thallophyta, the ___ stage as well as ____ and mechanical tissues

are absent. The reproductive organs are single-celled, ____ organs
called ____. Asexual reproduction by ____ spores is very common.
embryo, vascular, non-jacketed, gametangia, accessory

33.

Presently, thallophyta includes only ____.

algae

34.

ALGAE
Alga, in Latin, means ____ ____.
sea weed

35.

The term algae was given by ____. The study of algae is known as
____.
Linnaeus, phycology

36.

The father of phycology is ____. He has written the book _____.

Fristch, Structure and Reproduction of algae

37.

The father of Indian phycology is ____.

M.O.P. Iyengar

38.

Algae are ____-containing thallophytes. All the cells are fertile.

chlorophyll

39.

In Whittakers classification, algae are grouped in three kingdoms:

____, ____ and ____.
monera, protista, plantae

40.

CHARACTERISTIC OF ALGAE
Algae are usually ____, either marine or fresh water. Only a few
algae occur in moist ____ habitats like tree trunks, wet rocks, moist
soil, etc.
aquatic, terrestrial

41.

The form and size of algae is highly variable and ranges from the
microscopic unicellular forms like ____ to colonial forms like ____
and to the filamentous forms like ____ and ____. A few of the
marine forms such as ____ form massive plant bodies.

Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, kelps

42.

The plant body of algae is ____, i.e. a form without any

differentiation into root, stem and leaves.
thalloid

43.

____ describes a body-form where there is no differentiation into

root, stem and leaves.
Thalloid

44.

Algae, like other aquatic plants, are covered all over by ____, which
protects them from ____ growth and decaying effect of water. It
also prevents ____ if the algae get exposed on the shores during low
tide.
mucilage, epiphytic, desiccation

45.

In algae, ____ tissues are absent. Being aquatic, ____ conduction is

not required. However, some of the giant algae do have a system for
conduction of ____. For small algae, this is not required because of
the small ___ and the presence of ____ cells all over the body.
vascular, water, food, size, photosynthetic

46.

In algae, a ____ tissue is absent. The body is flexible. It helps the

algae to sway with the tide without being ____.
mechanical, torn

47.

In algae, the nutrition is ____. ____ are absent in the chloroplasts.

photosynthetic, Grana

48.

Algae contain chlorophyll-___, ____ and ____. Additional pigments

like ____, ____ occur in specific groups.
a, carotenes, xanthophylls, phycobilins, fucoxanthin

49.

___ and ____ are the universal pigments of algae.

Chlorophyll-a, -carotene
50.

In algae, ___ and ___ modes of reproduction are abundant. Asexual

spores are of two types: ____ and ____. They are easily dispersed in
aquatic habitat ____ if they are motile. If they are non-motile, they
are ____ dispersed by water currents.
vegetative, asexual, mitospores, meiospores, actively, passively

51.

Vegetative reproduction in algae is by ____.

fragmentation

52.

Vegetative reproduction in algae is by fragmentation. Each

fragment develops into a ____.
thallus

53.

Binary fission is found only in ____ algae.

unicellular

54.

Asexual reproduction in algae is by the production of different

types of ____, the most common being the ____. They are ___
(motile) and on germination gives rise to new plants.
spores, zoospores, flagellated

55.

In algae, zoospores are formed under favourable conditions

whereas ____, ____ and ____, etc. are formed under unfavourable
conditions.
aplanospores, hypnospores, akinete

56.

____ reproduction is absent in blue-green algae. It is present in

others.
Sexual

57.

The ____ algae is now no longer classified as algae. It is now known

as ____.

blue-green, cyanobacteria
58.

In algae, the male sex organ is called ____ while the female sex
organ is called ____.
antheridium, oogonium

59.

The sex organs of algae are ___ and ____.

unicellular, jacketless

60.

As an exception, the sex organ of the algae ____ are multi-cellular

and jacketed.
Chara

61.

The male organ of Chara is known as ____ while the female sex
organ is known as ____.
globule, nucule

62.

____ (algae) is known as stone wort.

Chara

63.

Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through the fusion of two

gametes. These gametes can be flagellated and similar in size as in
____ ____ or they may be non-flagellated (non-motile) but similar
in size as in ____. Such reproduction is called ____.
Chlamydomonas debaryanum, Spirogyra, isogamous

64.

Give four examples of algae showing isogamous reproduction.

Chlamydomonas debaryanum, Ulothrix, Ectocarpus, Spirogyra

65.

Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through the fusion of two

gametes. When these gametes are dissimilar in size, as in some
species of ____, the reproduction is called _____.
Chlamydomonas braunii, anisogamous

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66.

Sexual reproduction in algae takes place through the fusion of two

gametes. When the fusion is between one large, non-motile ____
gamete and a smaller, motile ___ gamete, the reproduction is called
____. Examples of this are: ____ and ____.
female, male, oogamous, Volvox, Fucus, Chlamydomonas coccifera,
Sargassum

67.

The plant body of algae is ____. Therefore, sexual reproduction

takes place through ____ ____, i.e. the first division of the zygote is
____, so that the embryo is not formed.
haploid, zygotic meiosis, meiosis

68.

Algae show various life-cycles: ____, ____ or ____.

haplontic, diplontic, diplohaplontic

69.

Algae are usually classified on the basis of their ___, ____ and ____
____. However, their classification is mainly based on ____.
pigmentation, flagellation, stored product, pigmentation

70.

The cell wall of algae is made up of ____ and ____. However,

mainly the cell wall is made up of ____, ____, ____ and minerals
like ____ ____.
cellulose, pectin, cellulose, galactans, mannans, calcium carbonate

71.

Algae included under the plant kingdom by Whittaker are of three

types: ____ algae, ____ algae and ____ algae.
red, brown, green

72.

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

habitat.
Red Algae
Mostly marine

Brown Algae
Mostly marine

Green Algae
Mostly fresh water
and sub-aerial

11

73.

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

cells.
Red Algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Unicellular species Unicellular species Unicellular species
are fewer
are absent
are abundant.

74.

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

thylakoids.
Red Algae
Thylakoids
unstacked

75.

Brown Algae
Green Algae
are Thylakoids occur in Thylakoids
are
groups of threes
stacked in groups of 2
20.

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

chlorophyll.
Red Algae
a and d type

76.

Brown Algae
a and c type

Green Algae
a and b type

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

presence of fucoxanthin
Red Algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Fucoxanthin may be Fucoxanthin
is Fucoxanthin is
present
abundant
abundance

77.

in

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

12

the presence of phycobilins.

Red Algae
Phycobilins
present

78.

Brown Algae
Green Algae
are Phycobilins
are Phycobilins
are
absent
absent

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

reserve food.
Red Algae
Reserve
food
floridean starch.

79.

Brown Algae
is Reserve
food
laminarin.

Green Algae
is Reserve
food
starch.

is

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

motility.
Red Algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Motile stages are Motile. Two flagella Motile. 2 to 8 apical
absent
are present laterally and equal flagella are
and are unequal.
present.

80.

Differentiate between red, brown and green algae on the basis of

cell wall.
Red Algae
Cell wall contains
cellulose
and
sulphated
phycocolloids.

81.

Brown Algae
Green Algae
Cell wall contains Cell wall is made of
cellulose and non- cellulose.
sulphated
phycocolloids

Give three examples of green algae.

Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Chara

13

82.

Look at the figure below for some examples of green algae: Volvox,
Chlamydomonas and Chara.

83.

Give three examples of brown algae.

Laminaria, Fucus, Dictyota

84.

Look at the figure below for some examples of brown algae:

Laminaria, Fucus and Dictyota.

85.

Give two examples of red algae.

Porphyra, Polysiphonia

86.

Look at the figure below for some examples of red algae: Porphyra
and Polysiphonia.

14

87.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE

Some ___ species of algae are used as food. Name four such algae.
70, Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, Ulva

88.

____ (green alga) and ____ (blue green alga) are unicellular algae
rich in ____. They are used as food supplements even by ____
travellers.
Chlorella, Spirulina, protein, space

89.

Nearly ___% of the total photosynthesis or carbon-dioxide fixation

of the world is carried out by algae. Thus, they increase the level of
dissolved ___ in their immediate environment.
50, oxygen

90.

Algae are ____ producers of food in large bodies of fresh, brackish

and sea waters.
primary

91.

The cell walls of many algae contain ____ (algal colloids) that can
be extracted by hot water.
phycocolloids

92.

They phycocolloids are ____ (water holding substances).

hydrocolloids

15

93.

The three major phycocolloids are _____, ____ and ____.

alginates, agars, carrageenans

94.

____ are extracted primarily from brown seaweeds. ___ and ___
are extracted from red seaweeds.
Alginates, Agars, carrageenans

95.

The phycocolloid agar obtained from ____ and ____ is used as a

culture medium for microbes, in the canning of fish and meat and
in the sizing of textiles and paper.
Gelidium, Gracilaria

96.

The phycocolloid algin is obtained from ____, ____ and ____. It is

used in stabilising ____ (shaving creams, shampoos, ice creams,
jellies), ____ plastics, ____ glass and artificial fibres.
Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum, emulsions, flameproof, security

97.

The phycocolloid carrageenin (carrageenan?) is obtained from

the algae ____. This algae is also known as the ____ moss.
Carrageenin is used as an ____ and ____ agent (or a gelating
agent).
Chondrus, Irish, emulsifier, clearing

98.

The algae, ____, ____ and ____, are used in sewage disposal. They
provide ____ conditions for the disposal of sewage by decomposer
organisms.
Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scendesmus, aerobic

99.

Chlorellin antibiotic is obtained from ____.

Chlorella

100.

____ is also used as a source of oxygen by space travellers.

Chlorella

16

101.

____ algae remains parasitically in the leaves of the tea plant. It

causes the disease ___ ___.
Cephaleuros, red rust

102.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FUNGI AND ALGAE

Compare fungi and algae in respect of habitat.
Fungi
Live in aquatic, sub-aquatic and
terrestrial habitats

103.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of chlorophyll.

Fungi
Lack chlorophyll

104.

Algae
Absorb inorganic nutrients from
their environment

Compare fungi and algae in respect of illumination of habitat.

Fungi
Usually live in dark places.

106.

Algae
Usually have chlorophyll

Compare fungi and algae in respect of absorption of nutrients.

Fungi
Absorb organic nutrients from
their environment.

105.

Algae
Are, generally, not found in
terrestrial habitats.

Algae
Live in well lit areas.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of branching of filaments.

Fungi
Filaments are usually branched.

Algae
Filaments may be branched or
unbranched.

17

107.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of parenchyma.

Fungi
Parenchyma is seldom formed.
However, pseudoparenchyma
may be seen

108.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of cell wall.

Fungi
Made of chitin or fungus
cellulose.

109.

Algae
Parenchyma may be produced by
the division of cells in more than
one plane.

Algae
Made of true cellulose

Compare fungi and algae in respect of food reserve.

Fungi
Algae
Food reserve consists of glycogen Food reserve is starch and oil
and oil globules. Starch is never
globules.
formed.

110.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of motile spores/gametes.

Fungi
Motile spores (zoospores) and
motile gametes are rare.

111.

Algae
Motile spores/ gametes are
common.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of karyogamy/plasmogamy.

Fungi
In higher forms, karyogamy is
delayed after completion of

Algae
Plasmogamy is immediately
followed by karyogamy.

18

plasmogamy.

112.

Compare fungi and algae in respect of sexuality.

Fungi
There is progressive reduction of
sexuality in fungi.

Algae
There is progressive evolution of
sex amongst algae.

113.

RED ALGAE
Red algae are called ____. (Greek: ___ red, ____, plant)
Rhodophyta, rhodo, phyta

114.

The food reserve in red algae consists of ___. They have abundant
____. However, they lack ___ cells.
floridean, phycocolloids, flagellate

115.

Red algae are an ancient group of algae with ____ living species.
5000

116.

Red algae are ____ except for a few fresh water species. An
example of fresh water red algae is ____.
marine, Batrachospermum

117.

The red algae found on land is ____.

Porphyridium

118.

Majority of red algae are ____ with greater concentrations found in

the ____ areas. They occur in both well-lighted regions close to the
surface of water and also at great ____ in the oceans, where
relatively little light penetrates.
marine, warmer, depths

119.

Red algae is autotrophic with the exception of a few like ____,

19

which are colourless and parasitic on other red algae.

Harveyella
120.

The plant body of red algae varies from unicellular (e.g., ____),
filamentous

(e.g. ____), pseudoparenchymatous

(e.g. ____),

parenchymatous sheets (e.g. ____), ribbons (e.g. ____) to graceful

lace-like complex multi-cellular sea weeds (e.g. ____).
Porphyridium, Spermothamnion, Asterocystis, Porphyra, Chondrus,
Gelidium
121.

The cell wall of red algae possesses cellulose, pectic compounds and
contain mucopolysaccharides called ____. The latter is usually ___.
phycocolloids, sulphated

122.

The cell wall of red algae has other substances also: ____, ____,
____ ____ and ____ ____.
xylan, galactose, polyuronic acid, polysulphate esters

123.

Some red algae have an incrustation of ____ ____ over their cell
walls. They appear coral-like and are called ____(e.g. ____ and
____).
calcium carbonate, coralline, Corallina, Lithothamnion

124.

Coralline algae produce ____. They are important components of

____ formations along with corals.
limestone, reef

125.

The photosynthetic organelles called chromatophores have ___ or

___ thylakoids.
unstacked, single

126.

The photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a, carotenoids

and ____. Chlorophyll ____ has been reported in some cases.
phycobilins, d

20

127.

Phycobilins are water soluble pigments of two types: red coloured

____ and blue-coloured ____ as well as _____. Similar pigments
occur in ____.
r-phycoerythrin, r-phycocyanin, allphycocyanin, cyanobacteria

128.

The red colour of red algae is due to abundant formation of ____,

which absorbs blue-green wavelengths of light. Being shorter, these
wavelengths are able to reach the ____ (minimum/maximum)
depths of water. Therefore, red algae are found deep inside the
water where no other photosynthetic organism grows.
r-phycoerythrin, maximum

129.

Rhodophytes living in shallow waters do not appear reddish due to

lesser synthesis of ____.
r-phycoerythrin

130.

At the surface of the sea, the amount of ___ in red algae is more
while at depths, the amount of ____ is more.
r-phycocyanin, r-phycoerythrin

131.

Red algae are not always red. They may be ____ coloured also, for
example ____.
blue, Batrachospermum

132.

____ effect is also found in blue-green algae. This phenomenon is

defined as the variation of ___ in some cyanobacterias with respect
to change in wavelength of light. That is, as lights of different
wavelengths fall, the ____ of the cyanobacteria changes.
Gaudikovs, colours, colour

133.

The red thalli of most red algae are ____. Some of them have
complex body organisation.

21

multicellular
134.

The reserve food in red algae is ____ ____. In constitution, it is very

much similar to ____ and ____.
floridean starch, amylopectin, glycogen

135.

Red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by ____. They reproduce

asexually by ____ (motility) spores and sexually by ____ (motility)
gametes.
fragmentation, non-motile, non-motile

136.

Asexual reproduction in red algae takes place through a variety of

spores: ____ spores, ____, ____, ____ and ____.
neutral, monospores, tetraspores, carpospores, gemmae

137.

In red algae, sexual reproduction is ____ and is accompanied by

complex post-fertilisation developments. The male sex organ is
known as ____ or antheridium. It produces non-flagellate male
gamete known as ____.
oogamous, spermatangium, spermatium

138.

In red algae, the female sex organ is ____-shaped and is termed

____.
flask, carpogonium

139.

In red algae, the carpogonium possesses an elongated receptive

organ named ____. Spermatia are carried by ___ ____ to its tips for
effecting fertilization. The female sex organ remains attached to the
plant and forms a new structure called ____.
trichogyne, water currents, carposporophyte

140.

Multi-cellular forms of red algae have an alternation of ___ and

___ generations.

22

haploid, diploid
141.

The life cycle of Polysiphonia is ___ while that of Batrachospermum

is _____.
diplobiontic, haplobiontic

142.

Look at the figure below for some examples of red algae.

143.

COMMON RED ALAGE

(1) Gelidium
Gelidium is a stiff ____, ____ branched agar yielding red algae that
is attached to the substratum by a number of ____. It has a ____like appearance.
cartilaginous, pinnately, rhizoids, lace

144.

Gelidium is the major source of agar, which is obtained from its ___
___. Agar has been manufactured in Japan since ___.
cell wall, 1760

145.

(2) Porphyra
Porphyra is an edible, flat, ____, marine red alga. It is also known
as ____, ____ or ____.
thalloid, Laver, Nori, Amanari

146.

The thallus of Porphyra is made of ___ layers of cells covered on the

outside by a cuticle of ____ ____.
1-2, solidified gel

23

147.

Asexual reproduction in Porphyra occurs by means of ___ spores.

Sexual reproduction produces a ____ zygote, which on meiosis
forms ____ carpospores. Each carpospore grows into a filamentous
structure called ____ ____.
neutral, diploid, haploid, conchocelis stage

148.

In Porphyra, the conchocelis stage may multiply by means of ___.

Ultimately, the conchocelis stage produces the typical flat ____
thallus.
monospores, parenchymatous

149.

(3) Batrachospermum
Batrachospermum is fresh water ____ rhodophycean alga. It is
commonly known as ___ ___ alga. The colour of this alga depends
upon the depth at which it occurs blue-green to ___, ___ and
pink.
filamentous, frog spawn, purple, violet

150.

The filament of Batrachospermum gives a branched ____

appearance.
beaded

151.

The filament of Batrachospermum gives a branched beaded

appearance. The beads occur in region of nodes where whorls of
___ ____ or ____ occur.
short branches, glomerules

152.

Asexual reproduction in Batrachospermum takes place through

____.
monospores

153.

In

sexual

reproduction

in

Batrachospermum,

____

occurs

24

immediately after fertilization. A ____ carposporophyte or

cystocarp is formed. It produces ____.
meiosis, haploid, carpospores
154.

In Batrachospermum, the carpospore forms a highly branched

filamentous ____ stage. It is a juvenile stage, which can multiply by
____. The adult alga grows over the ___ stage.
chantransia, monospores, chantransia

155.

(4) Gracilaria
Gracilaria is an agar yielding red alga, which grows in ___. The
thallus is branched, ____, ____ or ___ ___. The plants are ____.
lagoons, cartilaginous, cylindrical, compressed cylindrical, unisexual

156.

(5) Polysiphonia
Polysiphonia is a small upright, bushy marine alga with ___, ___
structure. The plant is fixed to the substratum by rhizoids, ____ or
____ system.
feathery, multi-axial, holdfast, prostrate

157.

Polysiphonia bears two types of branches: ____ and ____.

dwarf, long

158.

Dwarf branches of Polysiphonia are ____. They develop sex organs.

The cells show ____ connections.
trichoblasts, pit

159.

In

Polysiphonia,

fertilization

produces

____

cystocarp

or

carposporophyte. The latter bear ___ carpospores. On germination,

each carpospore forms a ____, which resembles the gametophytic
plant in morphology.
diploid, diploid, tetrasporophyte
160.

In Polysiphonia, the tetrasporophyte develops ____ tetraspores,

25

which germinates to produce gametophytic plant body.

haploid
161.

The lifecycle of Polysiphonia is ____ and ____ with one

gametophytic (n) and two sporophytic (2n) phases.
diplo-diplohaplontic, triphase

162.

Look at the flow chart below to understand the lifecycle in

Polysiphonia.

163.

Polysiphonia has been one of the sources of ____.

bromine

164.

TRUE OR FALSE? Red algae are ancient algae.

True

165.

GREEN ALGAE
___ algae are the most advanced algae. They are believed to be the
ancestors of the higher plants. They are also called ____. They
resemble higher plants in having a ____ cell wall, ____ as food
reserve and both chlorophyll ___ and chlorophyll ____ as
photosynthetic pigments.
Green, chlorophyta, cellulosic, starch, a, b

166.

Green algae are ____ (habitat) in nature. Majority of green alga are
found in ____ water. Several members are ____. Strains of ____ can
bear moderate hot waters. Some like ____ and ____ live in snow or
frozen lakes.
cosmopolitan, fresh, sub-aerial, Chlorella, Scotiella, Hormidium

167.

Green algae are found in many forms. Name them.

Unicellular, Colonial, Multicellular filamentous, Multicellular thalloid

26

or Parenchymatous

168.

UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGAE

____ is a motile, unicellular alga. It moves with the help of flagella.
Chlamydomonas

169.

____ is a non-motile, unicellular alga.

Chlorella

170.

Calvin discovered the Calvin Cycle by experimenting on ____.

Chlorella

171.

____ is known as the umbrella plant. Hammerling experimented on

this alga.
Acetabularia

172.

____ is the largest unicellular plant. The diameter of its cell is ___
cm.
Acetabularia, 10

173.

According to the five kingdom system, unicellular alga could have

been placed in Kingdom Protista. However, since their ____ ____ is
similar to green algae, they are studied in Plantae.
life cycle

174.

COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE

Some green algae form a colony of cells. The number of cells in a
colony is fixed. A colony with fixed number of cells is called ____.
coenobium

175.

An example of a colonial green alga is ____. It forms a motile

colony.
Volvox
MULTICELLULAR FILAMENTOUS

27

176.

Most green alga are ____ and ____.

multicellular, filamentous

177.

Give two examples of green alga.

Ulothrix, Spirogyra

178.

The green alga, ____, is known as pond wool.

Ulothrix

179.

The green alga, ____, is known as pond silk.

Spirogyra

180.

Some green algae are ____, i.e. they have two types of branches:
___ and ___.
heterotrichous, prostrate, erect

181.

Give three examples of heterotrichous algae.

Fritschiella, Stigeoclonium, Coleochaete

182.

___ ____ has approach to the early land plants.

Fritschiella tuberose

183.

184.

MULTICELLULAR THALLOID OR PARENCHYMATOUS

Some algae are multi-cellular in ___ and ___. An example is ___.
length, width, Ulva
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
Green algae have chlorophyll ____ and chlorophyll ___. They also
have ____ carotene.
a, b,

185.

The xanthophylls present in green algae are ____ and ____, which
is yellow coloured.
Luteaxanthin, Violoxanthin

186.

Most green algae store their food as starch. Some also store food as

28

___.
oil
187.

One or more ____ are also present in chloroplast as storage bodies.

These bodies contain ____ besides starch.
pyrenoids, protein

188.

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GREEN ALGAE

Green algae are used as food. After Spirulina, ____ has the largest
amount of protein. This algae is used as a source of food and ____
by space travellers.
Chlorella

189.

The antibiotic, ____, is obtained from Chlorella.

chlorellin

190.

____ algae remains parasitically in the leaves of the tea plant and
causes the disease red rust.
Cephaleuros

191.

Sewage oxidation ponds contain a number of green algae:

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, ____.
Scenedesmus

192.

SOME COMMON GREEN ALGAE

(1) Chlamydomonas
The cell wall of Chlamydomonas consists of ____. Cellulose is
absent.
glycoprotein

193.

Asexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas occurs through formation

of zoospores, aplanospores, hypnospores and ___ ___.
palmella stage

194.

The palmella stage develops in response to ____ ____ and

29

unfavourable ___ conditions.

toxic chemicals, water

195.

(2) Volvox
Volvox is a fresh water green, hollow, ___-like colonial alga. The
cells of the colony are interconnected by ___ ___.
ball, cytoplasmic strands

196.

197.

____ is also called rolling alga.

Volvox
(3) Ulothrix
Ulothrix is an attached, unbranched, green, ____ alga living in
fresh aerated water.
filamentous

198.

Ulothrix are attached to a solid substratum by means of a ___

(colour) lowermost cell called ____. The remaining cells are ____
(colour).
colourless, holdfast, green

199.

200.

Vegetative reproduction takes place in Ulothrix through ____.

fragmentation
(4) Spirogyra
Spirogyra is an unbranched, ____ covered, green filamentous alga.
It is also called ___ ___, ___ ___ or ___ ___.
mucilage, pond scum, water silk, mermaid tresses

201.

Vegetative

reproduction

in

Spirogyra

is

by

____.

Sexual

reproduction occurs by ____.

fragmentation, conjugation
202.

Conjugation in Spirogyra occurs by two methods: ___ conjugation

and ____ conjugation.

30

scalariform, lateral

203.

(5) Chara
Chara is a green alga found growing at the ___ of shallow fresh
waters. It is also called ____ ____. Lime incrustation may occur in
some species. Hence it is also known as ____.
bottom, aquatic horsetail, stonewort

204.

The alga ____ is food for many aquatic animals and can also be
used as manure.
Chara

205.

Mosquito larvae do not occur in ____ (alga) waters.

Chara

206.

Chara is fixed to the substratum by means of highly branched

multicellular ____.
rhizoids

207.

BROWN ALGAE OR SEA WEEDS

Brown alga is also called ____.
phaeophyta

208.

Brown algae are multi-cellular, ____, found in ____ water. Unicellular forms are ____. These are the largest in size and measure
up to ____ m in length.
filamentous, absent, marine, 100

209.

Giant brown algae are known as ____. The largest brown algae is
____.
kelps, Macrocystis

210.

The vegetative cells of brown algae have a ____ cell wall usually
covered by a gelatinous coating of ____.
cellulose, algin

31

211.

The thallus of brown algae is divided into three parts. Name them.
Lamina, Stipe, Hold fast

212.

The lamina is also known as ____. It is the ___ part or the ___ part
of the brown algae.
frond, leafy, photosynthetic

213.

Conducting tubes or ___ ____ are present in the stipe. These tubes
conduct ____. They are usually seen in ____ brown algae or kelps.
trumpet hyphae, food, large

214.

Trumpet hyphae are analogous to ___ ___ of vascular plants. Due

to the lamina and stipe, brown algae look like ____.
sieve tubes, leaves

215.

The hold fast helps in ____ of the algae to the substrate.

attachment

216.

Cells of brown algae possess refractile vesicles called ___ ___. These
vesicles contain a chemical called ____.
fucosan vesicles, fucosan

217.

Fucoson is colourless inside water but becomes ____ or ____ on

exposure to air.
brown, black

218.

Give three examples of brown algae.

Fucus, Dictyota, Ectocarpus

219.

Brown algae contain chlorophyll ___ and chlorophyll ____. Brown

algae only have ____ carotene. Amongst the xanthophylls, ____ is
the main pigment present.
a, c, , fucoxanthin

32

220.

Fucoxanthin is ____ in colour whereas most xanthophylls are ___

in colour.
brown, yellow

221.

The amount of ____ is more in brown algae due to which these

algae are brown in colour.
Fucoxanthin

222.

Food is stored in brown algae as ____ and ____. Both of these are
derivatives of ____.
Laminarin, mannitol, carbohydrates

223.

Colloid like substances are present on the ___ ___ of brown algae.
These are called _____.
cell wall, phycocolloids

224.

Phycocolloids are copious in species of brown algae dwelling in ___

areas. Common amongst the phycocolloids are ____ ____, ____
____ and ____.
tidal, fucinic acid, alginic acid, fucoidin

225.

____ protect the brown algae from dessication during low tide,
____ under low temperature and ____ when beaten against rocks.
Phycocolloids, freezing , injury

226.

Phycocolloids are used in the preparation of ice-cream as a ___

agent.
thickening

227.

Alginates, salts of alginic acids, are used for ____ measurement.

dentury

228.

Alginates or alginic acid can be obtained from ____, ____, ____,

etc.

33

Laminaria, Fucus, Macrocystis

229.

Alginates are used in the manufacturing of ____, ice-cream, polish,

___ and ____.
soap, cream, plastic

230.

The life cycle of Ectocarpus and kelps are ____. The life cycle of
Fucus is ____.
diplohaplontic, diplontic

231.

Zoospores and gametes of brown algae are ____-shaped and have

two unequal laterally attached ____.
pear, flagella

232.

Sexual reproduction in brown algae my be _____, ____ or ____.

isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

233.

____ (brown algae) is known as Gulf weed because the algae is a

free floating algae.
Sargassum

234.

Sargassum grows rapidly in North Atlantic ocean and covers

thousands of hectares of area. Therefore, this region is called as
____ ____.
sargasso sea

235.

_____ (Kelps) is called Devils Apron.

Laminaria

236.

Iodine and Bromine are obtained from ____.

Laminaria

237.

_____ is known as devils apron.

Laminaria

34

238.

_____ is an antibacterial and antifungal extract obtained from

Sargassum.
Sarganine

239.

____ is a menace to shipping.

Sargassum

240.

HABITATS OF SOME IMPORTANT ALGAE

____ algae are found in moist soil and wall. An example is ____.
Terrestrial, Terrentofolia

241.

____ are algae present on plants (i.e. outside the plant body). An
example is ____.
Epiphytes, Protococcus

242.

____ are algae present inside plants. An example is ____. It grows

on the ____ plant.
Endophytes, Coleochaete nitelum, Nitella

243.

____ algae are present on animals. Examples are ____, which is

present on the ____ shell and ____ and ____ (BGA), which are
present on ___ ___.
Epizoic, Cladophora, mollusca, Cyanoderma, Trichophilus, sloth bear

244.

____ algae are present inside the body of animals. Examples are
___ and ____, which are present inside ____.
Endozoic, Zoochlorella, Zooxenthellae, hydra

245.

Algae found in hot water are called ____. An example is ____.

thermophilic, Chlorella

246.

Alga found in polar regions and in cold regions are called ___.
Some species of ____ occur in these regions. ___ ___ develops red
snow in polar region.
cryophytes, Chlamydomonas, Haematococcus nivalis

35

247.

248.

____ grow on the bark of trees.

Epiphloephytes
MORE ON THALLOPHYTA
The term thallophyta was given by ____. According to the two
kingdom classification, all algae, fungi and prokaryotes were
placed in thallophyta because their plant body is ____.
Endlicher, thallus

249.

In thallophyta, the male sex organs are called ____ while the female
sex organs are called ____. The sex organs are ____ (hint: number
of cells) and ____.
antheridia, oogonia, unicellular, jacketless

250.

Sex organs in thallophyta are jacketless. Jacket refers to a layer of

____ cells.
sterile

251.

Sexual reproduction in thallophyta is ____, ____ and ____.

isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

252.

In thallophyta, sexual reproduction takes place through ____ ____.

Hence, the embryo is not formed.
zygotic meiosis

253.

DEMERITS OF TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

TRUE OR FALSE? In two kingdom classification, prokaryotes and
eukaryotes are placed in the same group.
True

254.

In the two kingdom classification, photosynthetic green algae and

non-photosynthetic fungi are placed in the same group: ____.
plantae

36

255.

TRUE OR FALSE? In the two kingdom classification, unicellular

and multi-cellular organisms are placed together.
True

256.

In the two kingdom classification, bacteria were placed in plantae

on the basis of ____ ____.
cell wall

257.

In the two kingdom classification, the position of ____ was not

fixed.
Euglena

258.

BRYOPHYTA
The term Bryophyta was proposed by ___ ___. The study of
bryophyte is known as ____.
Robert Braun, Bryology

259.

____ is considered to be the father of Bryology. But, according to

some scientists, ____ is the father of Bryology.
Hedwig, Cavers

260.

The father of Indian Bryology is _____.

Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap

261.

Bryophytes are the first land plant. It is believed that they

originated from ____ plants and they came on land through water.
This is because some bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic
plants for example, presence of ___ ___.
aquatic, air canal

262.

Bryophytes are known as ____ of the plant kingdom because these

plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for ___.
amphibians, fertilization

37

263.

Bryophytes are not considered as successful land plants because

___ ____ is absent and they need water for fertilization.
vascular tissue

264.

Due to the absence of vascular tissues, bryophytes do not grow very

____. The process of water conduction in bryophytes takes place
with the help of ____, which is a living tissue.
tall, parenchyma

265.

Bryophytes do not have ____. Stem-like and leaf-like structures of

bryophytes are functionally similar to the stem and leaves of higher
plants.
roots

266.

Bryophytes are ____ - they prefer to grow in moist (wet) and shady
places.
sciophytes

267.

LIFE CYCLE OF BRYOPHYTA

The main plant body of bryophyta is ___ (haploid/diploid). It
produces gametes. Therefore, it is called a ____.
haploid, gametophyte

268.

In bryophyta, sex organs are formed on the ____. Sex organs are
____ (number of cells) and ____ (non-jacketed/jacketed). The male
sex organ is called ____ while the female sex organ is called ___.
The female sex organ is ____-shaped.
gametophyte, multi-cellular, jacketed, antheridium, archegonium, flask

269.

The male gametes of bryophytes are ___ (motile/non-motile). These

male gametes are called ____.
motile, antherozoids

270.

Bryophyta: Antherozoids are usually ___-shaped and ____ (hint:

38

number of flagella). The female gamete is called ____.

comma, biflagellate, egg
271.

In bryophyta, fertilization is performed by ____, i.e. the male

gamete ___ into water to reach the female gamete and fertilizes it.
zoodiogamy, swims

272.

____ type of fertilization is found in bryophytes. As a result of the

fertilisation, a ___ (haploid/diploid) zygote is formed. They zygote
does not undergo ____ (mitosis/meiosis) immediately. This zygote
initiates the ___ ____, which is a diploid stage.
Oogamous, diploid, meiosis, sporophytic generation

273.

Bryophyta:

The

zygote

forms

sphorophyte

by

____

(mitosis/meiosis), which is known as ____. The cell present in the

sporophyte functions as the spore ___ ___.
mitosis, sporogonium, mother cell
274.

Bryophyta: ____ (Mitosis/Meiosis) takes place in the spore mother

cell. As a result, ___ (haploid/diploid) spores are formed. The
germination of spores is ____ or _____.
Meiosis, haploid, direct, indirect

275.

Bryophyta: The germination of spores is direct or indirect. In ____

and ____, the germination is direct, i.e. each spore forms a
gametophyte ____ (after/before) germination, i.e. each spore forms
one ____.
liverworts, hornworts, after, thallus

276.

Bryophyta: The germination of spores in ____ is indirect.

moss

277.

In moss, a ___ (hint: number of cells) filament is formed after the

39

germination of spores. This filament is known as ____.

multi-cellular, protonema
278.

Bryophyta: ____ are formed on the protonema. Each of these

develops and forms a ___ plant.
Buds, gametophyte

279.

Bryophyta: ____ (Direct/Indirect) germination is best for survival.

Indirect

280.

Mosses are ____ in nature because they appear in group.

gregarious

281.

Protonema that develop from spores are called ___ protonema

while those that develop from other parts are known as ___
protonema.
primary, secondary

282.

Sexual reproduction in bryophytes is of the ____ type. The life cycle

is ____ type.
oogamous, haplodiplontic

283.

Look at the figure below to understand the lifecycle of bryophyta.

40

284.

285.

Bryophyta is divided into three classes. Name them.

Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida, Bryopsida or Musci
HEPATICOPSIDA LIVERWORTS
All bryophytes included in the class hepaticopsida are shaped like
the ____ (for example, ____) or they are flat (for example, ____).
Hence, they are known as ____.
liver, Marchantia, Riccia, liverworts

286.

The plant body of hepaticopsida is ___-like and ____. Rhizoids and

scales are present on the ____. Rhizoids are ____ (hint: number of
cells) and ____ (branched/unbranched). Scales are ___ (hint:
number of cells)
thalloid, dorsiventral, thallus, unicellular, unbranched, multi-cellular

287.

The ____ members of hepaticopsida have tiny leaf-like appendages

in ____ (number) rows on the stem like structures. For example,
____.
leafy, two, Porella

288.

The sporophyte of liverworts is completely dependant on the ___

on which it is dependant for food, water and habitat. Thus, it is
parasitic on the ____.
gametophyte, gametophyte

289.

The sporophyte of liverworts is made up of ____, ___ and ____.

However, ___ ___ is made up of only the capsule.
foot, seta, capsule, Riccia sporophyte

290.

____ are present in sporophyte of some members of liverworts.

They are ____ and they help in the dispersal of spores.
Elaters, hygroscopic

41

291.

In ___, the nurse cells are modified into elators.

Marchantia

292.

Give six examples of liverworts.

Riccia, Marchantia, Cryptothallus, Riella, Pellia, Porella

293.

In bryophytes, the sporophyte of ___ is the simplest.

Riccia

294.

Asexual (vegetative) reproduction in liverworts take place by the

fragmentation of the ___ or by the formation of specialised
structures called ____.
thalli, gemmae (singular: gemma)

295.

Gemmae are ____ (colour), multi-cellular, asexual ____, which

develop in small receptacles called ___ ___ located on the thalli.
The gemmae detach from the parental body and germinate to form
new individuals. For example, ____.
green, buds, gemma cups, Marchantia

296.

Hepaticopsida: During sexual reproduction, male and female sex

organs are produced either on the same or different ____.
thallus

297.

In ___, the male and female sex organs are produced on the same
thallus while in ____, they are produced on different thallus.
Riccia, Marchantia

298.

ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA (HORNWORTS)
The plant body of this group is also ___-like. ___ are absent but ___
are present on thallus. Rhizoids are ___ and ___.
thallus, Scales, rhizoids, unicellular, unbranched

299.

The sporophyte of hornworts is divided into ___ and ___.

foot, capsule

42

300.

The sporophyte of hornworts is not completely dependant on its

gametophyte, i.e. it is ____. Its sporophyte is ____ and, therefore,
can manufacture its own food. So, the sporophyte does not depend
on the gametophyte for food. It depends on it only for ___ and ___.
semi-parasitic, photosynthetic, water, habitat

301.

In hornworts, on the basal part of capsule, a special type of ___ is

present. Due to its activity, the capsule grows ____ (slowly/rapidly).
The capsule grows like the ___ of animals.
meristem, rapidly, horn

302.

303.

Examples of hornworts are ___ and ___.

Notothylus, Anthoceros
BRYOPSIDA OR MUSCI MOSSES
All mosses are included in the class Bryopsida. The plant body of
mosses is made up of stem-like, leaf-like ____.
rhizoids

304.

The rhizoids present in bryopsida are ____ (number of cells), ___

(branched/unbranched) and ____ septate.
multi-cellular, branched, obliquely

305.

Bryopsida: The presence of ____ in gametophyte is the unique

character of moss because in the plant kingdom, gametophtes do
not have ___.
leaves, leaves

306.

Bryopsida: The gametophyte consists of ___ slender axis bearing

___ arranged leaves.
upright, spirally

307.

Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by ____ and ____ in the

43

secondary protonema. During sexual reproduction, the sex organs

are produced at the ____ of leafy shoots.
fragmentation, budding, apex
308.

The sporophyte of ____ in bryophyta is highly developed while the

sporophyte of ____ is the simplest.
moss, liverwort

309.

The sporophyte of moss is divided into ____, ____ and ____.

foot, seta, capsule

310.

The sporophyte of moss is also a ____ like that of hornworts, i.e. it

is photosynthetic. Moss has an elaborate mechanism for ___ ____.
semi-parasite, spore dispersal

311.

Give three examples of mosses.

Funaria, Polytrichum, Dawsonia

312.

The moss, ____, is called Rope Moss or Cord Moss.

Funaria

313.

The moss, ____, is called hair cap moss.

Polytrichum

314.

____ is an Australian moss. It is also the highest bryophyte

standing at ____ cm.
Dawsonia, 45

315.

____ is a saprophytic moss. Photosynthesis is absent.

Buxbaumia

316.

____ is called peat moss.

Sphagnum

317.

Peat moss is a fossil fuel that is obtained from bog. The formation

44

of peat takes place by the fossilization of Sphagnum. Sphagnum

grows in ____ bog. The number of bacteria is less in the bog due to
which the ____ of dead cell does not take place. Hence, it is present
in the form of ____.
acidic, degradation, fossil
318.

___ ___ is a type of Sphagnum moss that floats on water.

Quaking bog

319.

___ ___ likes to grow on acidic bog.

Bog moss

320.

___ ___ or ___ ___ spreads like a carpet on bog due to which the
swamp cannot be easily seen.
Carpet moss, Turf moss

321.

Sphagnum can absorb ____ in very high amount. Therefore, it is

used in the form of ____ ____ in Europe.
water, absorbent cotton

322.

Bryophytes, in general, are of little economic importance but some

mosses provide ____ for herbaceous animals.
food

323.

____ along with lichens, are the first organisms to colonise rocks
and, hence, are of ecological importance. They ____ rocks making
the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants.
Mosses, decompose

324.

Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of
falling rain and prevent ____ ____.
soil erosion
PTERIDOPHYTA

45

325.

The term Pteridophyta was proposed by ____. The study of

pteridophytes is known as ____. Pteridophytes are known as ___ of
the plant kingdom. Pteridophytes are also called ____ ___.
Haeckel, pteridology, reptiles, vascular cryptogams

326.

Pteridophytes are ____ (seed?), ___ (hint: reproduction related)

producing, cryptogamic vascular plants.
seedless, spore

327.

Pteridophyta are vascular plants, i.e. ____ and ____ are present in
it.
xylem, phloem

328.

In pteridophytes, ____ in xylem and ___ ____ in phloem are absent.

However, as an exception, ____, ____ and ___ contain ___ ____.
vessels, companion cells, Pteridium, Selaginella, Marsilea, false
vessels

329.

____ ____ is absent in pteridophytes since _____ is absent.

Secondary growth, cambium

330.

Pteridophyta: As an exception, secondary growth is present in the

stem of ____.
Isoetes

331.

Pteridophytes are used for ____ purpose and as soil ____. They are
also grown as ____ plants.
medicinal, binders, ornamental

332.

____ are called as the first successful terrestrial plants.

Pteridophytes

333.

Pteridophytes are more adapted terrestrial plants as compared to

bryophytes. This is because of the presence of ____ and ___ ___.

46

roots, vascular tissues

334.

Pteridophytes are not completely successful terrestrial plants

because they need water for ____. So, Pteridophytes grow in shady
and moist places.
fertilization

335.

In pteridophyta, the plant body is completely differentiated into

____, ____ and ____.
root, stem, leaves

336.

In pteridophyta, the ____ root remains alive only for a short

period. After some time, it is replaced by ____ roots.
primary, adventitious

337.

In pteridophyta, the stem may be ____ or ____. When the stem is

underground, it is known as ____.
erect, prostrate, rhizome

338.

On the basis of leaves, pteridophytes are of two types.

Pteridophytes in which the stem is smaller while the leaves are
larger are known as ___ pteridophytes. Pteridophytes in which the
stem is larger while the leaves are smaller are called ____
pteridophytes.
macrophyllous, microphyllous

339.

Give three examples of macrophyllous pteridophytes.

Pteridium, Pteris, Marsilea

340.

Give three examples of microphyllous pteridophytes.

Equisetum, Lycopodium, Selaginella

341.

Pteridophyta: Leaves bearing sporangia are called ____. The

gametophyte is small or ____. It is usually ____.

47

sporophylls, inconspicuous, independent

342.

Sex organs are multi-cellular and ___ (jacketed/non-jacketed).

Sperms are ___ or ____flagellated. Embryo stage is ___
(present/absent).
jacketed, bi-, multi-, present

343.

LIFE CYCLE OF PTERIDOPHTA

Pteridophyte is a ____, i.e. diploid.
sporophyte

344.

Most pteridophytes are ____, i.e. only one type of spore is formed
during reproduction.
homosporus

345.

Give seven examples of homosporus pteridophyta.

Psilotum, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Pteridium, Dryopteris, Adiantum,
Pteris

346.

Some pteridophyta are ____, i.e. two types of spores are formed:
___ and ___.
heterosporus, microspores, megaspores

347.

Give eight examples of heterosporus pteridophyta.

Selaginella, Isoetes, Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla, Stylites, Pillularia,
Regnellidium

348.

The leaves on which sporangia are formed are called ____

(reproductive leaves). Normal photosynthetic leaves are called ___
(vegetative leaves).
sporophylls, tropophylls

349.

Sporangia are present in groups. These groups are called ____.

They are found on sporophylls.

48

sorus (Plural: sori)

350.

In pteridophyta, sporophylls are also ____. This is a unique

character of pteridophytes.
photosynthetic

351.

Spore ____ cells are present in sporangia. Spores are formed in

these cells by ___. These spores start the ____ generation.
mother, meiosis, gametophytic

352.

In pteridophyta, the germination of spores is ____, i.e. germination

takes place outside the sporangia in the ____.
exosporic, soil

353.

Pteridophyta: In soil, a gametophyte is formed by the germination

of each spore, which is known as ____. The formation of
gametophyte takes place in the soil. Therefore, it is free (____) and
mostly ____.
prothallus, independent, photosynthetic

354.

Pteridophyta: The gametophyte require cool, damp, shady places

to grow. Because of this specific restricted requirement and the
need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living pteridophytes is
limited and restricted to narrow ____ regions.
geographical

355.

Pteridophyta: There is no relation between the main sporophytic

plant and the ____.
prothallus

356.

The prothallus (gametophyte plant) is made up of ____ and ____. It

is ____.
thallus, rhizoids, non-vascular

49

357.

NOTE: In the plant kingdom, the gametophyte is always ____

(vascular/non-vascular).
non-vascular

358.

In homosporus pteridophytes, the gametophyte is always ____. But,

in heterosporus pteridophytes, the gametophyte is ____.
monoecious, dioecious

359.

In heterosporus pteridophytes, ____ form the male gametophyte

while ____ form the female gametophyte.
microspores, megaspores

360.

Pteridophyta: The formation of sex organs takes place on the

gametophte. Male sex organs are called ____ while female sex
organs are called ____. The formation of male gametes takes place
in ____, which are called ____.
antheridium, archegonium, antheridia, antherozoids

361.

Pteridophyta: Antherozoids are ____ (shape) and ____-flagellate

(hint: number). However, the antherozoid of ____ are spindleshaped and in ____, they are curved (comma)-shaped and ___flagellate (hint: number). The egg is formed in the ____.
spiral, multi, Selaginella, Lycopodium, bi, archegonium

362.

Pteridophyta: Fertilization takes place by ____ and zygote is

formed as a result of fertilization. The zygote develops and forms
an ____. The embryo develops and forms a sporophytic plant with
root, stem and leaf.
zoodiogamy, embryo

363.

Pteridophyta: The type of sexual reproduction in pteridophyta is

____. Their life cycle is ____ type.

50

oogamous, diplo-haplontic
364.

The unique character of life cycle of pteridophyta is ____ ____ ___

____, i.e. sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each
other.
Independent alteration of generation

365.

Look at the flow chart below for the lifecycle of pteridophyta.

366.

Pteridophyta is divided into four classes. Name them.

Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteropsida

367.

PSILOPSIDA
The most ancient vascular plants are placed in the class ____.
Plants in this class may have primitive characters.
Psilopsida

368.

The body of psilopsida is differentiated into stem (____), ___ leaves

and ____.
rhizome, scaly, rhizoids

369.

Only one living genus is present in the class psilopsida: ____, which
is a living fossil
Psilotum

51

370.

____ and ____ are fossil plants.

Rhynia, Horneophyton

371.

LYCOPSIDA
___ ___ (a moss) is placed in the class lycopsida.
Club moss

372.

Lycopsida: The plant body of club mosses is differentiated into

root, stem and leaves. The leaves are green and photosynthetic and
known as ___.
tropophylls

373.

Lycopsida: Sporophylls are present in groups at the ___ of the

plant. These groups are called ____ or ____.
tip, strobilus, cone

374.

____ is the common club moss. It is also known as ___ ___ or ___
___.
Lycopodium, Ground pine, Trailing evergreen

375.

Lycopodium is a medicinal plant. It is used as ____ in homeopathic

medicines.
tonic

376.

____ (a moss) is also known as little club moss. It is also known as

____ moss, or ___ ___ moss or ____ plant.
Selanginella, spike, Birds nest, Resurrection

377.

378.

The Lycopsida, ____ ____, is known as sanjeevani.

Selaginella bryopteris
SPHENOPSIDA
____ ____ are included in the class sphenopsida.
Horse tails

52

379.

Sphenopsida: The plant body of horse tails are differentiated into

root, stem or ____ and ___ leaves.
rhizome, scaly

380.

Sphenopsida: ____ is present in the epidermis of stem and leaves.

Due to the ____ surface, the leaves become rough. If two horse tail
plants collide, then there is a dangerous change of ___ ___.
silica, silicated, forest fire

381.

Sphenopsida: The formation of sporangia takes place on special

branches of the stem called ____.
sporangiophores

382.

Sphenopsida: Sporangiophores are arranged in a group and form a

long and ___ cone. This cone is formed at the ____ part of aerial
stem.
condensed, apical

383.

An example of sphenopsida: is _____ (____)

Equisetum, Pipe

384.

PTEROPSIDA
____ is the largest group of pteridophytes.
Pteropsida

385.

Pteropsida are commonly called ___. Most of the Pteropsida are

____.
ferns, ferns

386.

Ferns are ____ (macrophyllous), i.e. the rhizome is small and the
leaves are comparatively larger. These leaves are known as ____.
megaphyllous, Fronds

387.

Pteropsida: Multicellular hair are present on the young leaf and

53

young rhizome of ferns, which are called _____.

ramenta
388.

Pteropsida: There is no difference between ____ and ____ in fern,

i.e. every leaf of fern forms ____ at the time of reproduction.
Therefore, ___ are not produced in ferns.
tropophylls, sporophylls, sporangia, cones

389.

The fern, ____, is called Braken fern or Sun fern.

Pteridium

390.

The fern, ____, is called Brook shield fern.

Dryopteris

391.

The fern, ____, is known as the Walking fern.

Adiantum

392.

The walking fern is named so due to their rapid ___ ___, which
takes place by means of ____ ____. It spreads very fast.
vegetative reproduction, leaf tip

393.

____ is known as the Royal fern or flowering fern.

Osmunda

394.

____ is known as Adders tongue fern.

Ophioglossum

395.

____ is known as the pepper wort fern.

Marsilea

396.

____ is an aquatic fern. It is the smallest pteridophyta and also acts

as a ____.
Azolla, biofertiliser

397.

Two other examples of ferns are ____ and ____.

Pteris, Salvinia

54

398.

PTERIDOPHYTA: SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

In heterosporus pteridophytes ____ and ____, the female
gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable
periods.
Selaginella, Salvinia

399.

Pteridophyta: The development of the zygote into young embryos

takes place within the ____ gametophyte.
female

400.

Genera

like

____

and

____

possess

partially

endosporic

development of the embryo. This event is a precursor of ___ habit,

which is considered an important step in evolution.
Selaginella, Salvinia, seed
401.

The leaves of Selaginella are ____ (tongue-shaped).

ligulate

402.

Pteridophyta: The ligule is a ____ structure, which secretes water

and keeps the sporangium and the young leaf ____.
secretory, moist

403.

In some pteridophytes, the sporangia is not formed on the ____

surface of sporophylls.
lower

404.

In some pteridophytes, sporangia are formed at the axil of the leaf.

For example, ____.
axil, Selaginella

405.

In some pteridophytes, the sporangia are formed in the spike. For

example, _____.
spike, Ophioglossum

55

406.

In some pteridophytes, the sporangia are formed in the sporocap.

For example, ____, ____ and ____.
Marsilea, Azolla, Salvinia

407.

In some

pteridophytes, the prothallus is saprophytic. In

heterosporus pteridophytes like ____ and ____, the gametophytes

are not called prothallus. (?? not well written)
Selaginella, Salvinia

408.

GYMNOSPERMS
The word gymnosperm is derived from the words gymnos
meaning ____ and sperma meaning ____.
naked, seed

409.

Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovule is not enclosed by any

___ ___. It remains exposed, both before and after ____.
ovary wall, fertilization

410.

The study of gymnosperm is known as ____.

Gymnospermology

411.

The main plant body of gymnosperms is divided into root, stem

and leaves. The roots are generally ____ roots.
tap

412.

Roots in some gymnosperms have fungal association in the form of

____ (as in ____). In some others, like ____, small specialised roots
called ____ roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
mycorrhiza, Pinus, Cycas, coralloid

413.

The stems of gymnosperms may be branched as in ____ or they

may be unbranched as in ___ and ___.
Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus

56

414.

The leaves of gymnosperms may be simple or compound. In Cycus,

the ____ leaves persist for a few years.
pinnate

415.

The leaves of gymnosperms are well-adapted to extreme conditions.

In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the ___ ___. Their thick
___ and sunken ____ also help reduce water loss.
surface area, cuticle, stomata

416.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively included under

____, i.e. seed bearing plants.
spermatophyte

417.

Gymnosperms are naked-seed plants, i.e. no ___ formation takes

place in these plants. However, ___ and seed formation does take
place.
seed, embryo

418.

Gymnosperms are very limited in distribution. They are mainly

found in ____ regions. In India, gymnosperms are found on the
____. Gymnosperms occur on slopes of mountains in cold regions.
Therefore, they are ____.
cold, Himalayas, xerophytes

419.

All gymnosperms are vascular plants. Therefore, vascular tissues

xylem and phloem are present. However, the xylem lacks ____
and phloem lacks ___ ___.
vessels, companion cells

420.

As an exception, true vessels are present in the gymnosperms ____,

____ and ____.
Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

57

421.

Secondary growth takes place in gymnosperm stems. Hence,

gymnosperms stems are ____.
woody

422.

Most of the gymnosperms are ____ (tree-like). However, some are

present as shrubs. For example, ____ is a shrub.
arborescent, Ephedra

423.

Some gymnosperms are ____ (woody climbers). For example ___

___.
liana, Gnetum ula

424.

LIFECYCLE OF GYMNOSPERMS
In gymnosperms, the main plant body is ____ (diploid). All
gymnosperms are ____, i.e. male and female plants are separate. As
an exception to this, ___ is monoecious.
sporophyte, dioecious, Pinus

425.

All gymnosperms are ___ (homosporus/heterosporus). At the time

of reproduction, two types of spores are formed. ____ form the
male gametophyte while ____ form the female gametophyte.
heterosporus, Microspores, megaspores

426.

In gymnosperms, the two types of spores are formed on different

sporangia. Microspores are formed in ____ while megaspores are
formed in the ____. The ____ megasporangia are also called ovule.
microsporangia, megasporangia, integumented

427.

In angiosperms, both types of sporangia are formed on different

sporophylls. The microsporangia are formed on ____ while the
megasporangia are formed on ____.
microsporophylls, megasporophylls

58

428.

In angiosperms, both types of sporophylls are found in groups and

form the male cone (____/____) and the female cone (____).
strobilus, microsporangiate, macrosporangiate

429.

Angiosperms: Meiosis takes place in the cells of microsporangium

and megasporangium, and form ____ and ____, respectively.
microspore, megaspore

430.

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the germination of spores is

____, i.e. the germination of the spore takes place within the
sporangia.
endosporic

431.

Gymnosperms: The male gametophyte is formed ___ (before/after)

the germination of microspore. The male gametophyte is also
known as ___ ___. The male gametophyte forms the male gamete.
after, pollen grain

432.

In lower gymnosperms, the male gametes are ____ and ____. But,
in higher gymnosperms and angiosperms, the male gametes are
non-motile due to the absence of ____ and ___. The male gametes
do not require water for ____.
motile, multi-ciliate, cilia, flagella, fertilisation

433.

In gymnosperms, the main body of the ovule is made up of a

diploid tissue called ____.
nucellus

434.

Gymnosperms: A cell of nucellus acts as ____ ___ ____, which

undergoes meiosis and forms ___ haploid megaspores. Out of these,
only one remains functional while the others ____.
megaspore mother cell, four, degenerate

59

435.

Gymnosperms: The megaspore that remains functional, develops

into the female gametophyte or ____.
endosperm

436.

Gymnosperms: The cells of the endosperm behave like ____ ____

and form two or more ____. The ___ forms the egg.
archegonial initials, archegonia, archegonia

437.

Gymnosperms: The pollen grains reach the ____ of the ovule by

wind. This is called ____ (wind pollination). After pollination, the
pollen grains are stored in the ____ ____ of the ovule.
micropyle, anemophily, pollen chamber

438.

Two types of fertilisation takes place in gymnosperms. Name them.

Zoodio-siphonogamy, siphonogamy

439.

Angiosperms: Zoodio-siphonogamy occurs in ___ angiosperms.

The male gametes are ___ and are transferred to the female gamete
by ___ ___.
lower, motile, pollen tube

440.

Gymnosperms: Siphonogamy occurs in ___ gymnosperms. The

non-motile male gametes are transferred to the female gamete by
___ ___. After pollination, the male and female gametes fuse and
form a ___ zygote.
higher, pollen tube, diploid

441.

In gymnosperms, ____ fertilisation takes place. So, only the ___ is

formed during fertilisation. In angiosperms, ___ fertilisation takes
place. Hence, both the ___ and the ____ are formed after
fertilisation.
single, zygote, double, zygote, endosperm

60

442.

In gymnosperms, the endosperm is formed ___ (before/after)

fertilization by the megaspore. Hence, it is ____. But, in
angiosperms,

the

endosperm

is

formed

___

(before/after)

fertilization by ___ fusion. So, the endosperm is ___ [Sec. nucleus

(2n) + male gamete (n)].
before, haploid, after, triple, triploid
443.

In angiosperms, fertilization takes place by ____.

siphonogamy

444.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are together called ____.

Siphonogama

445.

Look at the lifecycle of gymnosperms below.

61

446.

The flow chart below shows fertilisation in gymnosperms.

447.

Gymnosperms: The embryo is formed by the development of the

___ (haploid/diploid) zygote. After the embryo is formed, the ovule
changes to the ___.
diploid, seed

448.

Seeds are not formed in pteridophyta (?) because of germination of

spore is ____, i.e. the embryo develops outside the sporangia.
exosporic

449.

Gymnosperms: The embryo is enclosed inside the seed, which

62

absorbs water and bursts. The embryo germinates and forms a new
____ plant.
diploid
450.

Different types of polyembryony are found in gymnosperms, i.e. in

a single seed, more than one ____ are produced.
embryos

451.

The life cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms is ____ because the

gametophytic generation is short lived. The gametophyte is very
___ and depends on its ____.
diplontic, reduced, sporophyte

452.

Antheridia

is

___

(present/absent)

in

gymnosperms

and

angiosperms. That means that ___ is the last group having

antheridia.
absent, pteridophyta
453.

During evolution, the gametophyte has been ____ while the

sporophyte has become ____ ____. Thus, the gametophyte is very
reduced in____ while it is well developed in ____. Also, the
sporophyte is very reduced in ____ and is well developed in ____.
reduced, well developed, angiosperms, moss, thallophyta, angiosperms

454.

Gymnosperms are divided into two groups. Name them.

Cycadophyta
(lower
gymnosperm),
Coniferophyta

(higher

gymnosperm)

455.

CYCADOPHYTA
Plants of cycadophyta are ____ or ____ with ____ vernation.
megaphyllous, macrophyllous, circinate

456.

In cycadophyta, ____, which are thin scales that cover the stems
and leaves of ferns, are present.

63

ramenta
457.

In cycadophyta, the ____ gamete is motile.

male

458.

Cycadophyta are divided into three orders. Name them.

Cycadofillicales (or Pteridospermae), Benettitales, Cycadales

459.

CYCADOFILLICALES (OR PTERIDOSPERMAE)

The order ____ of cycadophyta is completely extinct. Plants of this
order are known as ___ ___.
cycadofillicales, seed fern

460.

461.

An example of cycadofillicales is ____, the fossil plant.

Lyginopteris
BENETTITALES
The order ____ of the group cycadophyta is also completely extinct.
An example of this is ___, the fossil plant. Fossils of this plant were
discovered by Prof. ___ ____.
benettitales, Williamsonia, Birbal Sahani

462.

CYCADALES
Living cycadophytes in present times are included in this order:
___. All plants of this group are ____ ____.
cycadales, living fossils

463.

The smallest gymnosperm is ____ ____.

Zamia pygmea

464.

____ is known as the Fern palm or Sago palm.

Cycas

465.

Sago is obtained from the stem of ____.

Cycas

64

466.

Cycas: The diameter of its ovules is ___ cm. Its ovule, male
gametes, egg and male cone are the ____ (smallest/largest) in the
plant kingdom. The embryo of cycas has two ____.
7, largest, cotyledons

467.

468.

469.

In Cycas, the male gamete is ____-shaped. The ___ cone is absent.

top, female
CONIFEROPHYTA
Four orders are included in the group coniferophyta. Name them.
(i) Ginkgoales (ii) Cordaitales (iii) Coniferales (iv) Gnetales
GINKGOALES
___ is the oldest order of coniferophyta. Most of the plants of this
group are ____.
Ginkgoales, extinct

470.

____ ____, a living fossil, is also known as Maiden hair tree.

Ginkgo biloba

471.

Ginkgo biloba belongs to higher gymnosperms. However, its male

gametes are ___.
motile

472.

473.

CORDAITALES
Cordaitales are completely ____. An example is ____.
extinct, Cordaites
CONIFERALES
____ are included in the group coniferales. It is the ____
(smallest/largest) group of gymnosperms.
Conifers, largest

474.

Turpentine, a resin used in varnish, is obtained from ____ ____.

Pinus species

65

475.

____ ____ is known as chilgoza pine.

Pinus gerardiana

476.

____ ____ is known as chirpine.

Pinus roxburghii

477.

____ is known as deodar.

Cedrus

478.

_____ is known as the Yew tree. An anti-cancer medicine, ____, is

obtained from its bark.
Taxus, Taxol

479.

____ ____ has the thickest stem in the plant kingdom.

Taxodium maxicanus

480.

The resin, Canada balsam is obtained from ____ ____. It is used

to manufacture ____ ____ in biology laboratory.
Abies balsamea, permanent slides

481.

An oil Cedar wood oil is obtained from the tree, ____ ____. It is
used as ___ ___ in biology laboratory. The oil is also used in the
microscope to increase its ____ ____. The oil is used as ___ ___
remover.
Juniperus virginiana, cleansing fluid, resolving power, nail polish

482.

____ ____ is the name of the Christmas tree. It is an ornamental

plant.
Araucaria excelsa

483.

____ ____ is known as the Monkey puzzle tree. It is an ornamental

plant.
Araucaria araucana

484.

Gymnosperms: Plants in the genus, ___ ____ are heavy. Therefore,

66

they are called the father of forest.

Sequoia species
485.

____ ____ is called the Redwood tree or Sherman tree. It is the

____ (smallest/largest) gymnosperm.
Sequoia giganteum

486.

There is only one tree of Sequoia giganteum in the world and that is
in ____.
California

487.

488.

___ is a living fossil. This plant is present in China valley.

Metasequoia
GNETALES
____ are the most advanced gymnosperms. As an exception,
members of this group have ____ in xylem.
Gnetales, vessels

489.

Archegonia is ____ (absent/present) in gnetales. As an exception,

archegonia is present in ____.
absent, Ephedra

490.

Give two examples of gnetales.

Gnetum, Welwitschia

491.

____, a medicinal plant, is commonly found in Rajasthan. A

medicine Ephedrine, is obtained from it. It is an effective medicine
in ____. ____ misuse it, so ephedrine is restricted for them.
Ephedra, asthma, Athletes

492.

MISCELLANEOUS
Cycadofillicales were the first ____ plants. In general, seeds
originated from those ____, which are now extinct. These ___ were
ancestors of cycadofillicales.

67

seeded, pteridophytes, pteridophytes

493.

Some heterosporus pteridophytes ____ and ___ show origin of seed

habit.
Selaginella, Salvinia

494.

There are two main requirements for seed formation. These are: (a)
Plants should be _____; and (b) The germination of megaspore
should be ____.
heterosporus, endosporic

495.

ALLEN QUESTIONS
Which algal groups have similarity in pigment composition?
(a) Red algae and brown algae.
(b)Green algae and blue green algae.
(c) Kelps and diatoms.
(d)Diatoms and euglenoids.
(c) Kelps and diatoms

496.

Sea lettuce is the name given to: (a) Laminaria (b) Fucus (c)
Sargassum (d) Ulva
(d) Ulva

497.

Acetabularia, a largest unicellular plant, belongs to: (a) Chlorphyta

(b) Rhodophyta (c) Pyrrophyta (d) Phaeophyta.
(a) Chlorophyta

498.

Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of:

(a) Rhodophyta and phaephyta
(b) Rhodophyta and Pyrophyta
(c) Pyrophyta and Cyanophyta
(d) Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta
(d) Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta

68

499.

Which of the following plant groups have similar pigment

composition?
(a) Rhodophyta and phaeophyta
(b)Chlorophyta and phaeophyta
(c) Rhodophyta and cyanophyta
(d)All
(c) Rhodophyta and cyanophyta

500.

Polyuronic acid and polysulphate esters are characteristic in cell

wall of (a) Brown algae (b) Red algae (c) Dinoflagellates (d)
Diatoms.
(b) Red algae

501.

Irish moss is a member of (a) True moss (b) Lichen (c) Algae (d)
Bryophyte.
(c) Algae

502.

Which of the following is a colourless parasitic red algae? (a)

Cephaleuros (b) Harveyella (c) Polysiphonia (d) Laminaria.
(b) Harveyella

503.

Pyrenoids are characteristically found in algae. A pyrenoid consists

of
(a) Core of starch surrounded by protein.
(b) Core of protein surrounded by starch.
(c) Core of fatty acids covered by starch.
(d) Nucleic acid and protein.
(b) Core of protein surrounded by starch.

504.

Unique character of thallophyta is:

(a) Thalloid body.

69

(b)Absence of vascular tissue.

(c) Zygotic meiosis.
(d)All the above.
(c) Zygotic meiosis
505.

Which of the following best explains the evolution of sexual

reproduction? (a) Chlamydomonas (b) Ulothrix (c) Puccinia (4)
Albugo.
(a) Chlamydomonas

506.

Cepalleuros, which causes red rust of tea is a (a) Red Algae (b)
Brown Algae (c) Dinoflagellate (d) Green Algae.
(d) Green Algae

507.

Heterotrichous habit is common among (a) Brown algae (b) Red

algae (c) Yellow green algae (d) Green algae.
(d) Green algae

508.

Gametes are non-motile in (a) Blue Green Algae (b) Red Algae (c)
Both (a) and (b) (d) Green Algae.
(b) Red algae

509.

Carrageenin is obtained from (a) Chondrus crispus (b) Laminaria

(c) Gelidium (d) Macrocystis.
(a) Chondrus crispus

510.

Spermatia are male gametes of (a) Red algae (b) Diatoms (c)
Spermatophyta (d) Euglena.
(a) Red algae

511.

Which of the following algae produces

carpospores? (a)

Chlamydomonas (b) Green algae (c) Chlorella (d) Red algae.

(d) Red algae

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512.

Bryophyta includes (a) Mosses (b) Club mosses (c) Spike mosses (d)
All the above.
(a) Mosses

513.

Mosses are gregarious because they

(a) Have vascular tissue.
(b)Have indirect germination of spores.
(c) Have direct germination of spores.
(d)Have spore mother cells.
(b) Have indirect germination of spores.

514.

Aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is evidenced by:

(a) Their green colour.
(b)Algae like protonema.
(c) Many aquatic bryophytes.
(d)Flagellated male gametes.
(d) Flagellated male gametes.

515.

Moss sporophyte is differentiated by

(a) Stem and leaves.
(b)Root, stem and leaves.
(c) Rhizoids, stem and leaves.
(d)None of these.
(d) None of these

516.

Oblique septa are found in which part of moss?

(a) Rhizoids of sporophyte.
(b)Rhizoids of gametophyte.
(c) Leaves.
(d)Stem.
(b) Rhizoids of gametophyte.

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517.

Leaves of mosses and ferns are:

(a) Analogous and homologous both.
(b)Analogous but not homologous.
(c) Homologous but not analogous.
(d)None of the above.
(b) Analogous but not homologous.

518.

Which structure produces the gamete bearing plant of moss? (a)

Spore (b) Bud (c) Protonema (d) Zygote.
(b) Bud

519.

The sporophyte of moss absorbs water from gametophyte with the

help of (a) Capsule (b) Seta (c) Foot (d) Haustoria.
(c) Foot

520.

Sporophyte with indefinite growth occurs in (a) Liver worts (b)

Horn worts (c) Mosses (d) Fern.
(b) Horn worts

521.

Stem and leaves of bryophyta plants are:

(a) Analogous to stem and leaves of higher plants.
(b)Homologous to stem and leaves of higher plants.
(c) Both analogous and homologous.
(d)None.
(a) Analogous to stem and leaves of higher plants.

522.

Aquatic ancestry of bryophyta is best indicated by:

(a) Some bryophyta are still aquatic.
(b)Flagellated male gametes.
(c) Aerenchyma in stem
(d)All the above.
(b) Flagellated male gametes.

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523.

Bryophyta are not tall plants due to:

(a) Absence of meristem.
(b)Absence of vascular tissues.
(c) Presence of root system.
(d)All of the above.
(b) Absence of vascular tissues.

524.

Riccia is a bryophyte due to:

(a) Thalloid
(b)Rhizoids
(c) Alternation of generations.
(d)Dependent sporophyte.
(d) Dependent sporophyte.

525.

In bryophyta, organs are referred to as Leaf like and Stem like

and not the true leaf and stem because:
(a) They lack vascular tissues.
(b)They are non-green.
(c) They do not function as leaf and stem.
(d)All the above.
(a) They lack vascular tissues.

526.

The structures for dispersal of spores in bryophyta are: (a) Elaters

(b) Pseudoelaters (c) Peristomeal teeth (d) All the above.
(d) All the above

527.

In which bryophyta germination of spore is indirect. (a) Riccia (b)

Rhizopus (c) Puccinia (d) Funaria.
(d) Funaria

528.

Seed habit was first established in (a) Pteridophytes (b)

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Gymnosperms (c) Angiosperms (d) None of the above.

(a) Gymnosperms
529.

Most

conspicuous

alteration

of

generation

occurs

in

(a)

Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta (c) Pteridophyta (d) Spermatophyta.

(c) Pteridophyta
530.

Rhizoid containing sporophytic plants are characteristic of (a)

Bryopsida (b) Spenopsida (c) Cycadophyta (d) Psilopsida.
(d) Psilopsida

531.

Which group includes green leaf microphyllous plants: (a)

Lycopsida (b) Sphenopsida (c) Psilotopsida (d) Pteropsida.
(a) Lycopsida

532.

Cryptogamic plants are: (a) Seedless (b) Embryoless (c) Leafless

(d) Rootless.
(a) Seedless

533.

Cone bearing pteridophyta are:

(a) Lycopsida and Psilopsida
(b)Filicinae and Lycopsida
(c) Filicinae and Sphenopsida
(d)Lycopsida and Sphenopsida
(a) Lycopsida and Psilopsida

534.

In Lycopodium, the antherozoids are: (a) Biflagellate (b)

Multiflagellate (c) Multiciliate (d) Non-motile.
(a) Biflagellate

535.

Sporangia are found in fruiting structures in aquatic ferns. Which

of the following is aquatic fern? (a) Azolla (b) Selaginella (c)
Pteridium (d) Equisetum.
(a) Azolla

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536.

The antherzoids of ferns are: (a) Uniflagellate (b) Biflagellate (c)

Quadriflagellate (d) Multiflagellate.
(d) Multiflagellate

537.

Spindle shaped male gametes are found in (a) Lycopodium (b)

Pteris (c) Pteridium (d) Selaginella.
(d) Selaginella

538.

Presence of motile stage in lifecycle and requirement of water as a

medium to complete lifecycle is diagnostic characters of (a)
Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta (c) Pteridophyta (d) Cryptogams.
(d) Cryptogams

539.

Young fern leaves and rhizome are protected by (a) Root cap (b)
Ramenta (c) Roots (d) Leaf bases.
(b) Ramenta

540.

In ferns, the permanent roots are (a) Tap root (b) Adventitious
roots (c) Tuberous roots (4) Rhizome
(b) Adventitious roots

541.

Independent alteration of generations is found in (a) Pteridophyta

(b) Spermatophyta (c) Thallophyta (d) Bryophyta.
(a) Pteridophyta

542.

Gametophytes of pteridophytes are:

(a) Short lived, free living and sexual organ bearing.
(b)Heart shaped, dependent on sporophyte and sex organ bearing.
(c) Fibre like, dependent on sporophyte and sex organ bearing
(d)Semi parasite on sporophyte.
(a) Short lived, free living and sexual organ bearing.

543.

Stem distinctly differentiated into node and internode in (a)

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Pslopsida (b) Lycopsida (c) Sphenopsida (d) Pteropsida

(c) Sphenopsida
544.

Gymnosperm plants lack (a) Vessels (b) Fruits (c) Companion cells
(d) All the above.
(a) Vessels

545.

Gymnosperm plants do not produce fruits because they do not

have (a) ovary (b) gametes (c) fertilization (d) None of these
(a) ovary

546.

Cones in gymnosperm plants are (a) Bisexual (b) Unisexual (c)

Sterile (d) Any of the above.
(b) Unisexual

547.

Eggs do not occur in archegonia in (a) Bryophyta (b) Pteridophyta

(c) Angiosperms (d) Spermatophyta
(c) Angiosperms

548.

In gymnosperms, pollination is:

(a) Anemophilous micropylar
(b)Anemophilous stigmatic
(c) Entomophilous micropylar
(d)Entomophilous - stigmatic
(a) Anemophilous - micropylar

549.

Heterosporous-Archegoniatae is a name for: (a) Ferns (b)

Gymnosperms (c) Angiosperms (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Gymnosperms

550.

Male gamete of Cycas is largest in plant kingdom is (a) Non-motile

(b) Biflagellate (c) Multiciliate (d) Uniflagellate
(c) Multiciliate

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551.

Which of the following order of gymnosperms is totally become

extinct:

(a)

Cycadales

(b)

Ginkgoales

(c)

Gnetales

(d)

Cycadofilicales
(a) Cycadales
552.

Which of the following remained unchanged for the last many

million years: (a) Pinus (b) Rice (c) Acacia (d) Ginkgo
(d) Ginkgo

553.

Which of the following is commonly known as Chilgoza pine? (a)

Pinus roxburghii (b) P. strobus (c) P. gerardiana (d) P. sylvestris
(c) P. gerardiana

554.

If the haploid number of chromosomes in gymnosperm is 12, what

will be the number of chromosomes in its root and endosperm:
(a) 12, 12
(c) 24, 12

555.

(b) 12, 24

(c) 24, 12

(d) 24, 36

In Cycas, the microspongia are born on which side of

microsporophyll? (a) Adaxial (b) Abaxial (c) Lateral (d) Terminal
(b) Abaxial

556.

Which one has the maximum power of adaptation? (a) Bryophyta

(b) Pteridophyta (c) Gymnosperm (d) Angiosperm
(d) Angiosperm

557.

Most gymnosperms have:

(a) Both archegonia and antheridia
(b)Antheridia but no archegonia
(c) Archegonia but no antheridia
(d)No antheridia or archegonia
(c) Archegonia but no antheridia

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558.

Multiciliate male gametes are found in (a) Pinus (b) Cycas (c)
Gentum (d) Mango
(b) Cycas

559.

Which of the following plant form seed and have pollen tube? (a)
Angiosperm (b) Pteridophytes (c) Gymnosperm (d) Siphonogama
(a) Angiosperm

560.

Seeds of gymnosperms have three generations that is

(a) Two sporophytic and one gametophytic generation
(b)Two gametophytic and one sporophytic
(c) All the three sporophytic generations
(d)All the three gametophytic generations
(a) Two sporophytic and one gametophytic generation

561.

Fossils of Williamsonia were first discovered by (a) Williamson (b)

Seward (c) Birbal Sahani (c) Kashyap
(d) Birbal Sahani
DINESH: VOL. I: PAGE 245
2. The colour of red snow is due to
A. Ulothrix
B. Spirogyra
C. Chlamydomonas
D. All the above

3. Pyrenoids store food as

A. Glycogen
B. Fats
C. Oil globules
D. Starch

78

4. Thin-walled resting spores produced by Chlamydomonas in dry

conditions of environment are
A. Meiospores
B. Aplanaospores
C. Hypnospores
D. Zygospores

6. During zoospore formation of Chlamydomonas

A. Develops a very thick wall
B. Loses the chloroplast
C. Loses flagella
D. All the above

7. During favourable conditions, the most common mode of

multiplication in Chlamydomonas is by producing
A. Gametes
B. Zoospores
C. Aplanospores
D. Hypnospores

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