CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

1. Definition:
CRUDE BIRTH RATE is the number of resident live births for a specified geographic area (nation, state,
county, etc.) during a specified period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total population (usually
mid-year) for that area and multiplied by 1,000.
2. Calculation:
(Number of resident live births / Number of total population) x 1,000
Total Resident Live Births X 1,000
Total Population
3. Examples:
180,000 live births in calendar year 2005 among state residents
12,300,000 estimated population in calendar year 2005 for state residents
(180,000/12,300,000) x 1,000 = 14.6 live births per 1,000 state residents in 2005
CRUDE DEATH RATE(CDR)
1. Definition:
CRUDE DEATH RATE is the total number of deaths to residents in a specified geographic area (country,
state, county, etc.) divided by the total population for the same geographic area (for a specified time
period, usually a calendar year) and multiplied by 100,000.
2. Calculation:
Total Resident Deaths X 100,000
Total Population
3. Examples:
15,231 total deaths in New Mexico during calendar year 2006.
2,010,787 = estimated 2006 mid-year population for New Mexico.
(15,231 / 2,010,787) x 100,000 = 757.5 resident deaths per 100,000 population in 2006 in New
Mexico
119,110 total resident deaths in Kentucky during calendar years 2003, 2004, 2005.
12,427,524 = sum of estimated 2003, 2004, 2005 mid-year populations.
958.4 deaths per 100,000 population (person-years at risk) during calendar years 2003, 2004,
2005 in Kentucky.
5,364 average annual all-cause deaths in Salt Lake County, Utah during calendar years 2006 &
2007. 1,007,639 average annual estimated 2006, 2007 mid-year populations. 532.3 deaths per
100,000 population (person-years at risk) in Salt Lake County, Utah during calendar years 2006
& 2007.

TOTAL BIRTH RATES (TBR)

The birth rate (technically, births/population rate) is the total number of births per 1,000 of a
population in a year. The rate of births in a population is calculated in several ways: live births from a
universal registration system for births, deaths, and marriages; population counts from a census, and
estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate (along with mortality and
migration rate) are used to calculate population growth.
The crude birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people per year. Another term used
interchangeably with birth rate is natality. When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth
rate, the result is the rate of natural increase (RNI). This is equal to the rate of population change
(excluding migration).
The total (crude) birth rate (which includes all births)typically indicated as births per 1,000
populationis distinguished from an age-specific rate (the number of births per 1,000 persons in an age
group). The first known use of the term "birth rate" in English occurred in 1859.
In 2012 the average global birth rate was 19.15 births per 1,000 total population .compared to 20.09 per
1,000 total population in 2007.The raw birth rate (not births/population rate) is 4.3 births/second for the
world (2014 est.).
INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live
births. The rate for a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the
number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000.
Forms of infant mortality:

Perinatal mortality is late fetal death (22 weeks gestation to birth), or death of a newborn up to
one week postpartum

Neonatal mortality is newborn death occurring within 28 days postpartum. Neonatal death is
often attributed to inadequate access to basic medical care, during pregnancy and after delivery.
This accounts for 4060% of infant mortality in developing countries.

Postneonatal mortality is the death of children aged 29 days to one year. The major contributors
to postneonatal death are malnutrition, infectious disease, and problems with the home
environment.

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

The Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000
live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management
(excluding accidental or incidental causes).
CHILD MORTALITY RATE (CMR)

Child mortality, also known as under-5 mortality and "Baby death", refers to the death of infants
and children under the age of five. In 2013, 6.3 million children under five died, down from 6.9 million in
2010, 8.2 million in 2005, and 12.7 million in 1990.
The under-5 mortality rate is the number of children who die by the age of five, per thousand live
births per year. In 2013, the world average was 46 (4.6%), down from 90 (9.0%) in 1990. The average
was 6 in developed countries and 50 developing countries, including 92 in Sub-Saharan Africa. The
highest rate in the world was 167, in Angola. Likewise, there are disparities between wealthy and poor
households in developing countries. According to a Save the Children paper, children from the poorest
households in India are three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those from the
richest households. However, there are also limitations in calculating an accurate rate in developing
countries, especially in rural areas. An ethnographic study in Pacatuba, Brazil, found that the under-5
mortality rate only accounted for 44.4% of the actual deaths that occurred in the community. High travel
costs, lost labor and a withdrawal of socio-economic benefits are factors as to why deaths may not be
reported to government vital statistics agencies within a country.

Mortality rate
Death Rate =

Number of deaths in the population during a specified time period

The number of persons in the population during the specified time period

Morbidity rates
Incidence rate =

Number of new cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specified time period
Number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that period of time

Prevalence = Number of cases of disease present in the population at a specified period of time
Number of persons at risk of having the disease at that specified time

Drop out rates

The calculation of dropout rates varies according to how the concept is defined. Studies show that a variety of
definitions are used (Hammack, 1986; MacMillan, Balow, Widaman, Borthwick-Duffy, & Hendrick, 1990, Thurlow,
Johnson, & Sinclair, 2002). Areas contributing to definitional confusion include:

Variation in grade levels or age of students who can be classified as dropouts. For example, some figures
include only tenth through twelfth grades, whereas others include data from ninth through twelfth grades.
Variation in the length of time that a student is required to miss school before they are considered a dropout
(ranges from 15 to 45 days of unexcused absence).
Variation in the length of the accounting period during which dropout is calculated.
Exclusion of some groups of students from the calculation of dropout rates (e.g., those who receive special
education services).

Variation in defining which programs count toward enrollment. Some calculations include students enrolled
in GED programs, night school, or other alternative programs, and some only include those enrolled in
traditional day schools.

In addition, clerical problems and accounting procedures for students as they transfer in and out of programs add to
the difficulty of obtaining an accurate picture of the dropout rate. The lack of effective communication and tracking
procedures between public and private schools, and within school districts and across districts, leads to
misidentification and inaccurate calculations. For students with emotional/behavioral disabilities who change
schools often, accurate documentation of exit and entrance into schools over time may be especially challenging
(Sinclair, Christenson, Thurlow, & Evelo, 1994).

Dropout rate: Simple formulae for calculating dropout rate between different doses of BCG to Measles
vaccines. Those formulae are given below:

Measuring the gender inequality in Full immunization used simple ratio of immunization rates for boys
and girls multiplied by 100. The index is given below:

Works Cited
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https://naphsis-web.sharepoint.com/about/Documents/CRUDE_BIRTH_RATE_Mark_Final.pdf
https://naphsis-web.sharepoint.com/about/Documents/Mortality_Crude_Final_Lois.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortality
http://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/Regional%20Variation%20in%20child
%20immunization%20in%20Maharashtra,%20India%20(Dronacharya%20Wankhede).pdf