Certificate

This is ti certify that this project submitted by Mohd Aleem Class 11th
science to department of Physics, Sir Bilal school Firozabad was varied
under my guidance and supervision of Mr. Rajkumar Katara during the
academic year 2014-15

Teacher In- Charge

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It has been a highly enlightening experience to study In Sir Bilal School,
Firozabad during 2014-15. It has been possible to achieve the perfect
blend of the valuable experience gained from the school and the
indispensable Knowledge gathered from theoretical studies. Moreover, the
much discipline and culture have been collected carefully over the period of
my schooling. I thank Mr. Rajkumar Katara for choosing me to undertake
this project and for his guidance to overcome difficulties faced by me while
completing the project.
My special gratitude to Mrs. Sheeba, Principal Sir Bilal School, Whose
constant encouragement to undertake special assignment not only inspired
me to complete this project but also made me proud student of the school.
I am also thankful to my parents for helping and guiding me in completing
this project successfully without whose valued help this project could not
have been completed
- Mohd Aleem

Index
. Introduction
. Principle
. Construction
. Theory
. Cyclotron Frequency
. Maximum Energy of the positive lons

Introduction
An accelerator is used for accelerating charges particle so that they
acquire energy large enough to carry out the nuclear reaction.
Historically linear accelerator was develop accelerate charge particles
but its main drawback is that it length has to very large. If the charge
particle are to be accelerated to a very high energy. It is because the
cylindrical tubes of increasing lengths have to be used as a charged
particle gains more and energy.
Cyclotron was designed by Lawrence and Livingstone in 1931 in
order to overcome the drawback of the linear accelerator. It is suitable
for accelerating heavy charged particles such as proton, - particles
and positive ions. In a cyclotron the positive ions cross again and again
the same alternating [radio frequency]
Electric field and thereby gain the energy. It is achieved by making
them to move along spiral circular paths under the action of a strong
magnetic field. It is also known as magnetic resonance accelerator.

Principal
It is based on the principal that a positive ion can acquire
sufficiently large energy with a comparatively smaller alternating
potential difference by making it to cross the same electric field time
and again by making use of a strong magnetic field.

CONSTRUCTION
It consists of two D-shaped hollow semicircular metal chamber
D1 and D2 called dees. The two dees are placed horizontally with
a small gap separating them. The dees are connected to the
source of high frequency electric field. The dees are containing a
gas at a low pressure of the order of 10-3 mm mercury. The whole
apparatus is placed between the two is placed between the two
poles of a strong electromagnet N/S.
The magnetic field acts perpendicular
to the plane of dees.
The positive ions are produced in the
gap between the two dees by the
ionization of the gas. To produce
proton hydrogen gas is used while for
producing alpha particle helium gas Is
used.

THEORY
Consider that a positive ion is produced at the centre of the gap at the time,
when the dees D1 is att positive potential and the dee D2 is at a negative
potential. The positive ion will move from dee D1 to dee D2. As the
magnetic field acts normally to the motion of the positive ion the positive ion
experience force. The force on the positive ion due to magnetic field
provides the centripetal force to the positive ion and it is deflected along a
circular path.if B is strength of the magnetic field and m, v and q are
respectively the mass velocity and charge of the ion them.
B q v=m
Here r is the radius of the semi circula path along which the position will
move inside the dee D2.
Thus,
r=
After moving along the semi circular path inside the D2 the positive ion
reaches the gap between the two dees. At this stage the polarit of the dees
just reverses due to alternatin * electric field i.e. D1 become negative and
D2 become positive. The positive ion again gian energy as it is attracted by
the D1. After moving along the semi circular path inside the dee D1 the
positive ion again reaches the gap and it again and again the energy. This
process repeats itself time and again. It is because the positive ion spends
the same time inside a dee irrespective if its velocity or the radius of the
circular path. It can be proved as below.
t = length of the semi circular path
Using the equation we have

As required the time which a positive ion of mass m and charge q spends
inside a dee is inside independent of its velocity and radius of the semi

circular path. It may again be pointed out that decrease in time spent inside
a dee due to increasing velocity of positive ion is path. Due to this
condition the positive ion always crosses the alternating electric field across
the gap between the two dees in correct phase.

CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY
Under the action of the given magnetic field (B fixed) the given
positive ion (e/m fixed) will cover the semi circular path in a fixed time
only if t in equation is equal to T/2, where T is the time period of the
electric field.

The cyclotron angular frequency

Also cyclotron frequency

It is also known as magnetic resonance frequency (non relativistic)

MAXIMUM ENERGY OF THE POSTIVE IONS

Let V max be the velocity acquired by the positive ion, when it moves along
the largest circular path i.e. path of radius equal to the radius R of the
dees.Then
Bqvmax=

Therefore maximum kinetic energy gained the positive ion

The maximum energy acquired by the positive ion can be expressed in

another form as obtained below:
If V is the potential difference applied between the does and N is the
number of time the positive ion crosses the gap between the two dees
before leaving the dees then,

Obviously N=2n where n is the number of rotation complete by the positive

ion before the radius of its circular path become equal to that of the dees.
Limitation of cyclotron . Where a charged particle is accelerated its mass
also start increasing with increase in its speed. When its speed becomes
comparable to that of light the mass of the charged particle becomes quite
large as compared to its restmass. If m0 is rest mass then mass of charges
particle when moving whith speed v is given by
m=

Therefore as v increase t also incres i.e. the charged particle starts taking
more and more time to complete the semi circular path inside dee. Since
electric field changes the polarity of the dees after a fixed interval, the
change particle starts lagging behind the electrin field and it is ultimately
lost by colliding against the walls of the dees.
However this problem is overcome in the following two ways
(a) As v increase
decrease. Therefore B is increased in
such a manner that the factor B
and hence t always remains
constant. Such a cyclotron in which the strength of magnetic firld is
adjusted to overcome the problem due to relavistic variation in mass
of the positive ion is called sunchroton.
(b) The frequency of revolution of charged particle inside the dess may
be expressed as
V=Bq
It follows that as v increase
decrease and hence v
decrease. If frequency of the electric field is adjusted to b=e always
equal to frequency of revolution of the charged particle them such a
cyclotron is called sunchro- cyclotron of frequency modulated
cyclotron.
2. Cyclotron is used to accelerate heavy charged particles such a
protons it is not suitable for accelerating electrons.
The reason is that due to small mass the speed of electron increase
rapidly. Likewise due to the quick relatives variation in their mass the
electron get out of step with the oscillating electrin field.

BIBLOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.

NCERT Text Book

abc Physics
Comprehensive Physics
University physics