Heat Pump

By Prasad Patil
ENGD2005
P14183792
Submitted to: Dr. Ibrahim Abdalla

Table of Contents
1. Objectives 2
2. Introduction2
3. Background

3.1 Heat Pump Theory

3.2 Refrigerant

4. Types of heat pump

4.1 Air source 3

4.2 Water source

4.3 Ground source

5. Vapour compression cycle 3

6. Apparatus 3
7. Procedure 4
8. Data 4
9. Calculation and Graph

10. Discussion 5
11. Bibliography

1. Objective
To scrutinize the actual and ideal C.O.P for a heat pump

2. Introduction
Heat pump is a device which is thermodynamically identical to refrigeration, which extracts heat
energy from a source at a low temperature and transfers it to higher temperature. The difference
between heat pump and refrigeration is where refrigeration provides useful cooling and heat
pump provides useful heat. Heat pumps are available in many different sizes, shapes and types,
where heat pump operating on vapour compression cycle are the most common, the other types
includes thermoelectric devices and absorption cycle. Heat pump sizes may vary from some
watts to megawatts output. The essential components of any heat pump are the heat exchangers
through which heat is extracted and made available. There are different types of applications
where heat pumps used are industrial application, domestic application and public and
commercial buildings, the simple examples of heat pump application are pumping heat from
cooling water provided to factories for space heating, whereas pumping air from outdoor to
provide heat in small shops and houses.

3. Background
3.1 Heat pump theory
Heat pump consists of compressor, evaporator, condenser, expansion valve (throttle valve) which
are connected by pipework. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) proposed the first practical heat
pump system, demonstrating that refrigeration machine can also be used for heating. Thomsons
proposed heat pump in which he used air as a working fluid, the ambient air is taken from
outdoor and drawn in to the cylinder for expansion by reducing both its pressure and
temperature, and then it is passed through air to air heat exchanger, where cooled air was able to
pick up heat from the ambient air before entering the building for heating. The air was then
compressed back to its atmospheric pressure, results in increase in temperature above the
ambient level.
3.2 Refrigerant
It is a chemical used as a cooling mechanism in air conditioner and refrigeration and also the
heat carrier which turns gas to liquid and vice versa. There are some common types of refrigerant
used nowadays are halocarbons or Freons, Azeotropic refrigerants, Zeotropic refrigerants,
Inorganic refrigerants like carbon dioxide, ammonia, water and air and Hydrocarbon refrigerants.
In general refrigerants are known by their number e.g. refrigerant 12 or refrigerant 22 etc. this
numbers are derived from chemical formula of the first digit one less than the carbon atoms.
2

4. Types of heat pump

4.1 Air source: in this type the outside ambient air is used as a heat source whereas the inside
air extracts the heat from the condenser. In this system warm air is produced which is
circulated by fans. The disadvantage of this system is when heat is required most, when the
ambient temperature is cold, as a result coefficient of performance is low due to drop in
source temperature.
4.2 Water source: Water is an excellent source of heat, where it is easily available in
sufficient quantities which do not freeze even in winters. Where proper care must be taken
for this heat pump and suitable heat exchangers material must be chosen to avoid corrosion.
4.3 Ground source: These heat pumps are also called geo thermal heat pumps. In this heat
pump, pipes are buried under the ground level to extract heat from the ground, where heat is
absorbed from the ground in to fluid and then it is passed through heat exchanger in to heat
pump.

5. Vapour compression cycle

In this cycle heat pump is operated by constant change in the physical properties of the fluid
through a cycle which is theoretically reverse of Carnot cycle, in which vapour are
isothermally expanded at an absolute temperature which absorbs heat and then it is
adiabatically compressed and further heated. Heat is then released thru isothermal
compression and adiabatic expansion and then return to starting vapour condition.

6. Apparatus
Compressor, Evaporator, Condenser, Expansion valve (throttle valve),

Condenser (its where the heat is dissipated thereby turning the superheated vapour into
saturated liquid)
Evaporator (absorbs heat which heats up the saturated liquid to vapour)
Compressor ( compresses the vapour to high pressure which intern increases the
temperature of the vapour to become superheated vapour)
Expansion valve(reduces the pressure of the liquid before entering the evaporator)

7. Procedure

The cooling water rates for both condenser (red cylinder) and evaporator (blue cylinder)
is to be adjusted at 30kg/h
Pressure of 1000KN/m2 in condenser is provided by refrigerant expansion valve, when
the compressor is operating
Approximately 30 min are allowed for equilibrium condition to reach before taking the
readings

8. Data
a) compressor power: the time for one revolution was measured
Time taken for 1 revolution is 53 sec
b) Refrigerant properties
Condenser inlet temperature = 70c
Condenser outlet temperature = 27c
Condenser pressure = 840 KPa
Evaporator pressure = 100 KPa
Evaporator inlet temperature = -14c
Evaporator outlet temperature = 12c
c) cooling water properties
Kg
Cooling mass flow rate (M) = 50 KJ

Cooling water inlet temperature = 23c

Cooling water outlet temperature = 35c
C.P water = 4.19

9. Calculation & Graph

COP Hp=

Qcondensor
energy

Qcondensor =Qc .w

Qc .w =[ MC p T ]

50 Kg
KJ
] 4.19
[ ( 3523 ) ]=0.46
3600 KJ
Kg . K

Qcondensor =0.46 Kw
4

Energy consumed

Kw
s
E =
= 0.407 Kw
166.6753 s
3600

C . O. Peff =

0.46
=1
0.47

Since from the above data points to b plotted on the graph are
Point 1 (Pevap, Tevapout)
Point 2 (Pcond, Tcond in)
Point 3 (Pcon, Tcondout)
Point 3= Point 4
C . O. P Hp=

Q cond
W Hp

h2h3
= h2h1

395235
395365 = 5.3

10. Discussion
The ideal coefficient of this experiment and the Mechanical Heat Pump is 5.3, which is not
efficient due to the following reasons:
1. Mechanical Heat Pump is 15 years old and so the components are outdated. Hence does not
provide efficient heat for space heating.
2. The pipework of the components has been corroded. Hence it is not efficient.

11. Bibliography
1. (Reay & Macmichael, 1988)
2. (Heap, 1983)
3. Heat Pump Handouts