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Background
The extent of tropical forests being purposely managed on an operational scale for the sustainable
production of wood is, on a world scale, very small and may be as little as five per cent of the total
tropical forest area. Progress in establishing stable and enduring forest management arrangements
is so slow that it is currently having little impact on the general decline and quality of tropical forests.
These Guidelines have been written as a partial response to this concern.
Sustainable forest management signifies that due attention be given to the productive, protective,
social and environmental aspects in an integrated manner. Recent international efforts have
concentrated on efforts to facilitate monitoring of effects of forest management through the
specification of criteria, by which sustainability is defined; and the identification of corresponding,
quantitative, qualitative and descriptive indicators, to be used as tools for monitoring and evaluation
both of the effects of forest management and of possible remedial action taken to improve
management strategies and methodologies to better meet specified aims (see Annex 1).
The present Guidelines aim at providing advice related mainly to one of the seven or eight commonly
used criteria for sustainable forest management: the productive functions of the forest; and more
specifically, on the production of timber, wood and wood products from forest ecosystems.
A companion volume on management of tropical forests for the production of non-wood products is
currently in preparation. Forestry Paper 107, "Conservation of Genetic Resources in Tropical Forest
Management" (FAO 1993), in turn, reviews principles and concepts related to genetic aspects of
tropical forest management. Documentation on forest management planning; and on socio-economic
aspects of tropical forest management is also and on will provide complementary information in this
regard.
The main purpose of these Guidelines is to promote and encourage more extensive application of
forest management practices for the production of wood that will ensure that tropical forests will
improve the contribution of the forestry sector as a component of sustainable social and economic
development. It is hoped that they will fill a need for procedural and practical guidance on how
managers working in and close to tropical forests can plan and undertake operations where the
production of wood is the main objective, within the wider framework of a comprehensive strategy
into which the various complementary components of sustainability are incorporated in a holistic
manner.
Intended users
The primary users of these Guidelines will be those involved in forest planning and management at
the operational forest level. Users are likely to be government district forest officers, concession
managers and supervisors, managers and planners of privately-owned forests, supervisors of
logging and wood processing companies and forest supervisors of local communities and of nongovernmental organizations having a managerial role with tropical forests. It need not of course be
limited to these predominantly field users. Others are forestry students, lecturers and personnel
involved with forestry sector development planning and policy development. The attention of users
should be drawn to the fact that wood production constitutes one of many, mutually complementary
and generally compatible uses and functions of forests and forest ecosystems, and that
management for the production of wood should invariably be within the wider framework of forest
management.
wood can to be produced profitably from them on a sustainable basis through careful management,
which duly considers also the other values of forest ecosystems. It is an acknowledgement that, in
most cases, revenue from wood production is likely to be the most secure source of funding for
maintaining the range of environmental services that tropical forests can provide.
The Guidelines, in focusing mainly on the criterion of maintaining the productive functions of the
forest, and more specifically on the production of wood and non-wood products, are intended to be
practical and provide advice on how to plan and manage tropical forests for the sustainable
production of wood. Principles rather than detail are highlighted thereby enabling potential users to
adapt the guidance offered to their own local situations. They do not provide a comprehensive
presentation of new methodologies that are being developed for forest management. The aim has
been to keep the Guidelines relatively simple and focused on basic issues concerned withhow the
production of wood in tropical forests can be planned and implemented in practice at an operational
level. It is a response to an expressed need for basic guidance on topics concerning the sustainable
production of wood in tropical forests which were not easily available. It is recognised that it is
difficult at the present time to include all aspects of sustainable forest management in one book and
these Guidelines do not attempt to do this.
It is acknowledged that environmental and social considerations are important in planning a
balanced approach to sustainable management of tropical forests for wood production.
The Guidelines may be read in their entirety in order to provide a comprehensive review of the steps
involved in maintaining and sustainably utilising the productive functions of the tropical forest, or they
may be referred to part-by-part for detail on specific stages of management focused on wood
production. Selected books, papers and reports having relevance to topics covered in each part are
listed. These include references to information presented in the Guidelines which may be referred to
for greater detail on specific topics. The Guidelines complement other publications currently under
preparation elsewhere. Each has its own focus but collectively are all expected to contribute towards
the goal of achieving sustainable tropical forest management that will be of enduring value to forest
communities, to forest owners and to others who have direct interests in them. Advice has been
drawn from existing knowledge and experience in tropical Asia, Africa and America.
Whilst there is no universal model for sustainable management of tropical forests, there is a
considerable body of collective knowledge and experience from tropical Asia, America and Africa
which can be shared and adapted to local circumstances. It is hoped that the advice set out on the
sustained production of wood and wood products in these Guidelines can be adapted to the
situations prevailing in each country which will gradually lead to meaningful increases in the extent of
tropical forests that can be managed on a sustainable basis for wood production.
The greatest concentration of evergreen tropical rainforests is in Central and tropical South America,
constituting 52 per cent of the total world area, much of it in the Amazon Basin. Africa has the next
largest area (29 per cent) and a smaller area occurs in Asia (19 per cent). Most moist deciduous
forests occur in Africa and Latin America. This class is now less extensive than tropical rainforests
because much of the land where it formerly occurred is well suited for human settlement, has been
cleared and is now used for agriculture and other purposes. Bamboo and rattan are also significant
resources in many tropical forests.
Tropical Region
Africa
Asia
America
World Total
772.1
450.6
1,013.6
2,236.3
Source: FAO. 1997. The State of the World's Forests 1997. Settlement and agriculture.
Forest utilization
As an important part of the economies of most tropical countries forests provide a wide range of
products, including timber, fuel, food, medicines and building materials; they also have prominent
environmental values. Fuelwood utilisation is increasingly important as data in Table 3 for tropical
developing countries show. The figures probably underestimate the real level of utilization because
of unrecorded cutting. Fuelwood production in tropical developing countries in 1994 is estimated to
have been 67 per cent of total roundwood production.
Table 3: Fuelwood Production from Tropical Forests in 1984 and 1994 (million cubic metres)
World
1984
1994
1,117
1,399
Tropical Africa
1984
1994
313
419
Tropical America
1984
1994
189
233
Tropical Africa
19.9
Tropical America
72.4