FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE

BASIC HYDRAULICS

COURSE CODE

ECW 321

LEVEL OF OPENNESS

CATEGORY

PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

1 WEEK (WEEK 4)

TITLE

APPLICATION OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to
provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities
and inculcate creativity and innovation. Level 0 is fully prescriptive where
problem, ways & means and answers are provided to the students.
However it is still necessary especially to first and second year students.
In these laboratory activities students will be exposed to the Bernoullis
principle, which is normally known as Bernoullis equation, defines the
PREAMBLE

conservation of energy in terms of non-viscous, incompressible and

frictionless fluid in steady flow. By considering two points, 1 and 2, on a
streamline:
p1 v12
p2 v22
+ + z1 =
+ + z2
g 2g
g 2g

(8.1)

1.2 Objectives
To determine total head for each point in the horizontal pipe using
Bernoullis principle when applied to the steady flow of water.

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

NOV 2014

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

LABORATORY MANUAL

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Determine the suitable laboratory tests to be conducted to address
the given problem
2. Analyse test data and present the solution to the open-ended
problem.
3. Work in a group to produce the relevant technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background

The term in equation 8.1 represents the pressure head (), velocity
head ( 2 2) and vertical elevation (). The sum these three terms is
known as the total head or total energy. When the locations of the points 1
and 2 in the pipe are in the same datum position where 1 = 2 and
= , Bernoullis equation can be written as:
h1 +

v12
v22
= h2 +
2g
2g

(8.2)

The total pressure head, H can be measured from a probe with an end hole
facing into the flow such that it brings the flow to rest locally at the probe
end. Thus;
H=h+

v2
2g

(8.3)

The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow,
V, over time period, t. This gives the rate of volume flow as;
Q=

V
t

(8.4)

2. Problem Statement
It is important to understand that an increase in the speed of the fluid will
have subsequent effect on the pressure or fluid potential energy. From the
PROBLEM

principal of conservation energy, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy

STATEMENT

in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This
requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain
constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately
with an increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy, and a
decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

NOV 2014

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

LABORATORY MANUAL

Students are required to perform a relevant experiment to measure the

pressure head, velocity head and the total head. For computation purpose,
the students are asked to find the equation from the literature or existing
manual for fluid and hydraulic laboratory.

3.1 Apparatus
Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment, Hydraulic Bench, Stopwatch. Figure
3.1 below shows the Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment.

WAYS & MEANS

Figure 3.1 Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment

3.2 Procedure
1. Level the apparatus. Set up the Bernoullis Equation Apparatus on the
hydraulic bench so that its base is horizontal; this is necessary for accurate
height measurement from the manometers.
2. Connect the water inlet and outlet. Ensure that the rig outflow tube is
positioned above the volumetric tank, in order to facilitate timed volume
collections. Connect the rig inlet to the bench flow supply; close the bench
valve and the apparatus flow control valve and start the pump. Gradually
open the bench valve to fill the test rig with water.
3. Bleeding the manometers. In order to bleed air from pressure tapping
FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

NOV 2014

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

LABORATORY MANUAL

points and manometers, close both of the bench valve, the rig flow control
valve and open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent
air valve. (For different sets of equipment, please refer to equipment
manual).
4. Connect a length of small bore tubing from the air valve to the volumetric
tank. Now, open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometers to
purge all air from them; then, tighten the air bleed screw and partly open the
bench valve and test rig flow control valve.
5. Next, open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the
manometers (you may need to adjust both valves in order to achieve this);
retighten the screw when the manometers level reaches a convenient.
6. Repeat all procedures for different discharge.

3.3 Data Acquisition

Students are required to determine the pressure head and velocity head at
each point in the horizontal pipe using Bernoullis Apparatus.

4. Results, Analysis and Conclusion

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results
RESULTS

highlighting the apparatus used, the procedures undertaken for the test,
data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the setout output to address the given problem. Comment on the validity of the
Bernoullis equation and its applications in engineering work.

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

NOV 2014

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

LABORATORY MANUAL

Volume collected, V (m3) = ______________________

Time to collect, t (sec) = ________________________
Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) = __________________________
Tube

Distance
from 1st
tube (m)

Diameter
Tube, d
(m)

Area of
Tube, A
(m2)

Manometer/Static
Head, (m)

Velocity,
V (m/s)

Velocity/Dynamic
Head, (m)

Total
Head, h
(m)

Velocity,
V (m/s)

Velocity/Dynamic
Head, (m)

Total
Head, h
(m)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Volume collected, V (m3) = ______________________

Time to collect, t (sec) = ________________________
Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) = __________________________
Tube

Distance
from 1st
tube (m)

Diameter
Tube, d
(m)

Area of
Tube, A
(m2)

Manometer/Static
Head, (m)

1
2
3
4
5
6

FKA, UiTM, KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

NOV 2014