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=:9>HEA6NHI=:BL>I=6AAI=:9:A>86I:6IIG68I>DCD;HD;I6C9=6GBDC>DJHCJB7:GH
0>I=
69:MI:G>INE:8JA>6GID=>BH:A;>CL=6I:K:GHJ7?:8I=::C<6<:H=:A:69H=>HG:69:GH
>BE:G8:EI>7ANI=GDJ<=9:K>DJHE6I=HD;EA:6HJG:D;L=>8=6II=:DJIH:ID;I=:ED:B
I=:N8DJA9;DGBCD8DC8:EI>DC
!:H::BHID=6K:D;I:CLG>II:CL>I=DJI6CNEG:K>DJH
B:9>I6I>DCDG9:H><C
,:K:G6AD;=>H:A:<>:HB6N7:H6>9ID=6K:C:>I=:GB>99A:CDG
:C9N:II=:IG6CH>I>DCH6G:HDC6IJG6A6C9I=:<G696I>DCHHD:6HNI=6II=DJ<=L:
L6C9:GI=GDJ<=ANH>6CH8:C:HD;;6C8NI=:BDHI=:I:GD<:C:DJH>CI=:>GC6IJG:L:
6G:H:CH>7A:D;CD9:;:8I>CI=:8DC86I:C6I>DCL=>8==6H?D>C:9I=:BID<:I=:G
"I>H
=DL:K:GID7:G:<G:II:9I=6I>CHDB:>CHI6C8:H->7JAAJH7:IG6NHI=6IA>8:CI>DJHC:HH
D;B6CC:GHL=>8=;DGB:9IDD<:C:G6A68=6G68I:G>HI>8:K:CD;I=>HG:;>C:96<:
!>H
:A:<>:H699G:HH:9ID&:HH6A68DCI6>C67:6JI>;JA6BEA>;>86I>DCD;H:CI>B:CIH;DJC9:9
>C;G>:C9H=>E6C9:HI::B>CL=>8=>I>H9>;;>8JAIIDH6NL=:I=:GI=:K>GIJ:HD;I=:
E6IGDCDGI=:<:C>JHD;I=:ED:I7:BDG:8DCHE>8JDJH
/6A:G>JH&:HH6A6DGK>CJHL=DB=:8:A:7G6I:HL6H9:H8:C9:9D;6K:GN6C8>:CI
;6B>AN
"CI=:8>K>AL6GHL=>8=;DAADL:9I=:9:6I=D;#JA>JH[H6G=:?D>C:9I=:
G:EJ7A>86CE6GIN6C9B69:=>BH:A;B6HI:GD;I=:86BED;(8I6K>JH6I)=>A>EE>7JI=:
L6H6;I:GL6G9HG:8DC8>A:9ID=>HDEEDC:CI6C9A>K:9ID6C69K6C8:96<:>C;6KDJG6C9
:HI::BL>I=J<JHIJH
!:L6H9>HI>C<J>H=:9CDIDCAN7N=>HB>A>I6GNI6A:CIH7JI7N
=>H:ADFJ:C8:>CI:<G>IN6C9E6IG>DI>HB
GDBI=:;DAADL>C<E6HH6<:>CI=:LG>I>C<HD;->7JAAJH8DBB:CI6IDGH=6K:
8DC?:8IJG:9I=6I=:L6H9:EG>K:9D;=>HA6C9H7NI=:H6B:EGDH8G>EI>DC>CL=>8=I=DH:
D;/>G<>A=697::C>CKDAK:9
J>;J:G6CI;A6K>9>I6CI:HDG9>C:HJA8>
!DGG:6;[8JC96H699:;>8>:CI>6B:HH:H
J>FJ:E:8JH9:CHDE6H8:76CI6C:8DAA:H
I9DB>CDH6I>H:IC>B>JB;JG>FJ:AJEDFJ:
=IIEDAA
A>7:GIN;JC9
DGIA:
'JC89:H>9:G>JBHJE:G:HIC6B8JG6CDK6IJG
JBB:BDG6CI:68IDHH:BE:G9DADG69BDK:I6CCDH
Lib. >K
El.
JII=>HH::BHCDIK:GNEGD767A:L=:CL:8DCH>9:GI=6I!DG68:H:K:G6AN:6GH6;I:G
I=6IE:G>D9G:EG:H:CIH=>B6HDEJA:CI
UI>7>9>K>I>6H9:9:G6CI6GI:BFJ:;GJ:C9>
Epist. Lib. >

-DI=::I=:<D9H6;6>G:HI6I:
"C7DJCIN<6K:L>I==:6GIID@CDL
!DLID:C?DNL=6II=:N7:HIDL
^Francis.
0:@CDLCDII=:6<:D;->7JAAJH6II=:I>B:D;=>H9:6I=7JI>C6C:A:<NLG>II:C7N
(K>9JEDCI=6ID886H>DC=:>HHED@:CD;6H6NDJC<B6C
0:G:>IIGJ:6H>HH6>97N
7>D<G6E=:GHI=6I=:L6H7DGCI=:H6B:96NL>I=(K>9L:BJHI>C9::96HH><CI=:
:K:CIID6C:6GANE:G>D9;DG(K>986CCDI=6K:LG>II:CI=::A:<N6;I:GI=:;DGIN I=>G9
N:6GD;=>HDLCA>;:6C9=DLADC<7:;DG:>HJC8:GI6>C
"CI=:I:CI=:A:<ND;I=:;DJGI=
7DD@ De Tristibus, =:D7H:GK:HI=6II=:;6I:H=696AADL:9A>IIA:I>B:;DGI=:
8JAI>K6I>DCD;=>H;G>:C9H=>EL>I=->7JAAJH
/>G<>A>JBK>9>I6CIJBC:86K6G6->7JAAD
-:BEJH6B>8>I>[;6I69:9:G:B:[
,J88:HHDG;J>I=>8I>7> 6AA:)GDE:GI>JH>AA>
*J6GIJH67=>HH:G>:I:BEDG>H>EH:;J>
.IFJ::<DB6?DG:HH>8B:8DAJ:G:B>CDG:H
/>G<>A"DCANH6L6C9:CK>DJH;6I:
>9HDDCBN;G>:C9->7JAAJH=:C8:IG6CHA6I:
!:;DAADL:9 6AAJH6C9)GDE:GI>JH=>B
C9"BNH:A;L6H;DJGI=>C8DJGH:D;I>B:
^Catlin.
H7DI=(K>96C9->7JAAJHA>K:96I+DB:L:G:7DI=D;I=::FJ:HIG>6CDG9:G6C9D;
8DC<:C>6A9>HEDH>I>DCH>I>HC6IJG6AIDHJEEDH:I=6II=:>G68FJ6>CI6C8:8DBB:C8:96I
6C:6GANE:G>D96C9>;6;I:G6AA>IL6HD;H=DGI9JG6I>DCI=:G:LDJA97:CD
>BEGD767>A>IN>C8DC8AJ9>C<I=6I->7JAAJH9>:96II=:6<:D;HDB:N:6GHJC9:GI=>GIN
"I>H:K>9:CI=DL:K:GI=6I7>D<G6E=:GH=6K:8DBB>II:96B>HI6@:L>I=G:<6G9IDI=:
7>GI=D;I=>HED:I;DG>CI=:E6HH6<:67DK:8>I:9D;I=: Tristia, (K>9B:CI>DCH->7JAAJH
6H6LG>I:GL=DI=DJ<==>H8DCI:BEDG6GNL6HBJ8=DA9:GI=6C=>BH:A;
GDBI=>H
E6HH6<:L:H=DJA97:?JHI>;>:9>CEA68>C<I=:9:6I=D;->7JAAJH7:IL::CI=:;DGI>:I=
6C9;>;I>:I=N:6GD;=>H6<:6C9G6I=:GC:6G:GIDI=:A6II:GE:G>D9;DGDI=:GL>H:
!DG68:LDJA9H86G8:AN=6K:B:CI>DC:9=>B>CI=:B6CC:G=:9D:H>CDC:D;=>H
:E>HIA:H
=IIEDAA
A>7:GIN;JC9
DGIA:
A7>CDHIGDGJBH:GBDCJB86C9>9:?J9:M
*J>9CJC8I:9>86B;68:G:>CG:<>DC:):96CQ
,8G>7:G:FJD96HHU)6GB:CH>HDEJH8JA6K>C86I
CI68>IJBH>AK6H>CI:GG:EI6G:H6AJ7G:H
JG6CI:BFJ>8FJ>99><CJBH6E>:CI:7DCDFJ::HI
Êpist. >

A7>JH>CL=DBBNH6I>G:H;>C9
8G>I>886C9>9?JHI6C9@>C9
DNDJL=>A:6INDJG8DJCIGNH:6I
,DB:G=NB>C<A67DJGHB:9>I6I:
-=6IH=6AA>CKDAJB:97JA@6G>H:
C9:b:C;GDB6HH>JH7:6GI=:EG>O:
(GH6JCI:GI=GDJ<=I=:H>A:CILDD9
&JH>C<DCL=6I7:;>IHI=:<DD9
^Francis.
-=>HHJEEDH>I>DC>H>CCD9:<G::>C8DCH>HI:CIL>I=I=:6JI=DG>IND;(K>9L=:G:=:
B:CI>DCH=>B6H6NDJC<B6C;DGI=:+DB6CH:MI:C9:9I=:E:G>D9D;NDJI=IDI=:
;>;I>:I=N:6G
^
)GDE:GI>JH L6H7DGC6I&:K6C>66IDLCD;.B7G>6H:6I:96II=:8DC;AJ:C8:D;I=:
->C66C9A>IJBCJH
-=>HEA68:L6H;6BDJH;DG>IH=:G9HD;L=>I:86IIA:7GDJ<=IJE
I=:G:;DGH68G>;>8:6C9HJEEDH:9ID7:>BEG:<C6I:9L>I=I=6I8DADJG7NI=:L6I:GHD;
I=:G>K:GA6HIB:CI>DC:9
!>C86A7>A>IJBC:<G:<:H:IB6M>B6I6JGJH
/>8I>B6H[E:IJDE:G;JH>;AJB>C:H68GD
+DB6CDH69I:BEA6:JB9JM:G:IG>JBE=DH
^ Georg >>
C9L=:G:I=NH68G:9HIG:6BHA>IJBCJH;ADL
0=>I:=:G9H6C9HI6I:A>:HI7JAAHI=6ID;I=6K:A:9
-G>JBE=6CI+DB:6C9DC=:G6AI6GH7A:9
^ Sotheby.
!>H;6I=:G>HH6>97NHDB:ID=6K:7::C6+DB6C@C><=I6C9I=:N699I=6I=:L6HDC:
D;I=DH:L=DL=:C%
CIDCNL6HHI6GK:9DJID;):GJH>6L:G:7NI=:DG9:GD;
(8I6K>JHA:9IDI=:6AI6GD;#JA>JH[H6G6C9I=:G:HA6>C
'DI=>C<BDG:>H@CDLCL>I=
8:GI6>CINI=6CI=6I)GDE:GI>JHADHI=>H;6I=:G6I6C:6GAN6<:6C97:>C<9:EG>K:9D;6
<G:6IE6GID;=>HE6IG>BDCN7:IDD@=>BH:A;ID+DB:L=:G:=>H<:C>JHHDDC
G:8DBB:C9:9=>BIDEJ7A>8CDI>8:6C9=:D7I6>C:9I=:E6IGDC6<:D;&:8[C6H
GDB
=>H;G:FJ:CI>CIGD9J8I>DCD;=>HIDG>86A6C9BNI=DAD<>86AHJ7?:8IH>CID=>HED:BH=:
G:8:>K:9I=:6EE:AA6I>DCD;_I=:A:6GC:9
`
=IIEDAA
A>7:GIN;JC9
DGIA:
(;6AAI=:%6I>C:A:<>68ED:IH)GDE:GI>JH=6HI=:?JHI:HI8A6>BIDEJG>IND;I=DJ<=I6C9
:MEG:HH>DC
!:D;I:C9G6LH=>H>B6<:GN;GDBG:69>C<BDG:I=6C;GDBI=:
>B6<>C6I>DC6C967DJC9HA:HH>C9:H8G>EI>DCI=6CH:CI>B:CI
DGL6GBI=D;E6HH>DC=:
>HCDI8DCHE>8JDJH6C9=>HI:C9:GC:HH>HH:A9DBB6G@:9L>I=6<G:6I9:<G::D;
H:CH>7>A>IN7JIL>I=DJIG6EIJG:=:>H6C>B6I:96C9A>@:!DG68:>CI=:B>9HID;
<6>:IN=:>HBDG6A
-=:HIDG:HL>I=L=>8=A:6GC>C<HJEEA>:H=>B9>K:GH>;N6HL:AA6H
>AAJHIG6I:=>HHJ7?:8IL=>A:9:A>868N:K:GNL=:G:9>H8DK:GH6I6HI:G:;>C:97NI=:=67>I
D;G:;A:8I>DC
!>HK:GH>;>86I>DC>C<:C:G6A>H:A:<6CI7JICDIJC>;DGBAN=6GBDC>DJH
->7JAAJH6C9)GDE:GI>JH=6K::68=LG>II:C;DJG7DD@HD;A:<>:H6C9>I=6H7::C
9>HEJI:9L=>8=D;I=:B>HHJE:G>DG>CI=>H9:E6GIB:CID;ED:IGN
*J>CI>A>6C=6H<>K:C
=>HHJ;;G6<:>C;6KDJGD;->7JAAJHL=DHD;6G6HED:I>86AB:G>I6ADC:>HI=:D7?:8ID;
8DCH>9:G6I>DCH::BH:CI>IA:9IDI=:EG:;:G:C8:
^
6AAJH L6H6+DB6C@C><=I9>HI>C<J>H=:9CDIDCAN;DGED:I>86A7JIB>A>I6GNI6A:CIH
(;=>HED:IGNL:=6K:DCANH>M:A:<>:HLG>II:C>CI=:E:GHDCD;6CDA9B6CDCI=:
HJ7?:8ID;DA96<:7JIL=>8=I=:G:>HG:6HDCIDI=>C@L:G:8DBEDH:96I6C:6GA>:G
E6GID;I=:6JI=DGbHA>;:
M8:EII=:;>;I=:A:<NL=>8=>HI6>CI:9L>I=>BBD9:HINI=:
DI=:GHE6GI>8JA6GANI=:;>GHI6G:=><=AN7:6JI>;JA6C9B6N7:EA68:9>C8DBE:I>I>DC
L>I=6CNDI=:GEGD9J8I>DCHD;I=::A:<>68@>C9
6AAJHL6H;DGHDB:I>B:>C<G:6I
;6KDJGL>I=J<JHIJHL=D6EED>CI:9=>B<DK:GCDGD;<NEI
"I>HH6>9=DL:K:GI=6I
=:CDIDCANDEEG:HH:9I=:EGDK>C8:7N:MIDGI>DC7JI:CI:G:9>CID68DCHE>G68N6<6>CHI
=>H7:C:;68IDG;DGL=>8==:L6H76C>H=:9
.C67A:IDHJHI6>CHJ8=6G:K:GH:D;
;DGIJC:=:;:AA>CID9:HE6>G6C9A6>9K>DA:CI=6C9HDC=>BH:A;
-=>H>HI=: 6AAJH>C
=DCDJGD;L=DB/>G<>A8DBEDH:9=>HI:CI=:8AD<J:
,J8=6G:I=:8:A:7G6I:9EGD9J8I>DCHD;I=:J<JHI6C6<:L=>8==6K:7::C=6EE>AN
EG:H:GK:9;DGI=:9:A><=I6C969B>G6I>DCD;B6C@>C96C9L>AAHJGK>K:IDI=:A6I:HI
EDHI:G>IN
&6CNBDG:DC8::M>HI:9D;K6G>DJHB:G>I6C9D;9>;;:G:CI6JI=DGHL=>8=
=6K:A:;I;:LDGCDB:BDG>6AH7:=>C9I=:B7JI=6K:E:G>H=:9EGDB>H8JDJHAN6B>9HI
I=:>C9>H8G>B>C6I:G6K6<:HD;I>B:D;688>9:CIH6C9D;76G76G>6CH
BDC<HII=:
EG>C8>E6A6JI=DGHL=DH:LDG@H6G:ADHI6G:/6G>JH6C9/6A<>JHI=:;DGB:GD;L=DB
7:H>9:H6E6C:<NG>8JEDCJ<JHIJH8DBEDH:9HDB:IG6<:9>:H
88DG9>C<ID
*J>CI>A>6C=>H-=N:HI:HL6H:FJ6AID6CN8DBEDH>I>DCD;I=: G::@IG6<>8ED:IH
-=:<G:6ICJB7:GD;:B>C:CILG>I:GHED:IH>CE6GI>8JA6GL=D69DGC:9I=>H6<:=6H
:M8>I:9<:C:G6A69B>G6I>DC6C9I=:E=:CDB:CDC>HJHJ6AAN6H8G>7:9ID6;DGIJ>IDJH
D88JGG:C8:L=>8=76;;A:H6AA>CFJ>GN7JIL:H=6AA:C9:6KDJGID9:K:ADE:I=:K6G>DJH
86JH:HL=>8=H::BID=6K:EGD9J8:9I=>H:;;:8I6C9H=DJA9I=::MEA6C6I>DC6EE:6G
H6I>H;68IDGN>IB6N;6KDJG6CDE>C>DCI=6IJC9:GH>B>A6G8>G8JBHI6C8:H>;:K:GI=:N
H=DJA96<6>C7:8DB7>C:96E:G>D9D;:FJ6A<ADGNB><=I6G>H:>CDI=:G6<:H6C9
C6I>DCH
-=:+DB6CHL=:I=:G;GDBI=:>C;AJ:C8:D;8A>B6I:DGI=:>GBD9:D;A>K>C<L=>8=>C
<:C:G6AL6HI:BE:G6I:L:G::C9DL:9L>I=6A>K:AN>B6<>C6I>DC6C96HL:7:;DG:
D7H:GK:96HE>G>ID;:CI:GEG>H:
.EDCI=:;>C6AI:GB>C6I>DCD;I=:)JC>8L6G6C9I=:
8DCFJ:HID; G::8:I=:>G6G9DJGL=>8==69=>I=:GID7::C:M:G8>H:9>CB>A>I6GN
68=>:K:B:CIHL6H9>K:GI:9>CIDI=:8=6CC:AD;A>I:G6IJG:6C9I=:8>K>A8DBBDI>DCH
=IIEDAA
A>7:GIN;JC9
DGIA:
L=>8=;DAADL:9=6K>C<CDL8:6H:96;G:H=>BEJAH:L6H<>K:CID68I>K>IN>CI=:
6B7>I>DJHEJGHJ>ID;I=:A6JG:AL=>8=L6HCDLDCANID7:D7I6>C:97N<ADG>DJH
:M:GI>DCHD;>CI:AA:8I
-=:7:6JI>;JAEGD9J8I>DCHD; G::8:DE:G6I>C<HIGDC<ANJEDC
I=:>GB>C9H:M8>I:9I=:BID>B>I6I>DC>B>I6I>DCL=:CGDJH:96BDC<HI6CJB7:G
EGD9J8:9:BJA6I>DC6C9:BJA6I>DC8=:G>H=:96C:MIG6DG9>C6GNI=>GHID;;6B:L=>8=
>C:K:GN:M:GI>DCD;I=:=JB6CB>C9>HI=:E6G:CID;:M8:AA:C8:
-=>HA>7:G6A
8DCI:CI>DCL6HCDI6A>IIA:EGDBDI:97NI=:;6H=>DC>CIGD9J8:96I+DB:;DGED:IHID
G:8>I:I=:>G8DBEDH>I>DCH>CEJ7A>86EG68I>8:L=>8=H::BHID=6K:7::C86GG>:9:K:C
ID6G>9>8JADJH:M8:HH
^,J8=L6HCDLI=:G6<:;DGED:I>86A8DBEDH>I>DC>CI=:
+DB6C86E>I6AI=6I!DG68:9:H8G>7:H>I>CI=:;DAADL>C<I:GBH
&JI6K>IB:CI:BEDEJAJHA:K>H:I86A:IJCD
,8G>7:C9>HIJ9>DEJ:G>E6IG:HFJ:H:K:G>
GDC9:8DB6HK>C8I>8]C6CI:I86GB>C69>8I6CI
Êpist. >>

'DLI=:A><=IE:DEA:7:C9IDDI=:G6>BH
AJHID;H8G>77A>C<:K:GN7G:6HI>C;A6B:H
(JGNDJI=DJGH:C6IDGHL>I=76NH6G:8GDLC:9
C9G=NB:H:I:GC6A6HDJG;:6HIH<DGDJC9
,8G>7>BJH>C9D8I>9D8I>FJ:EDSB6I6E6HH>B
^Hor. Epist >>

JI:K:GN9:HE:G6I:7AD8@=:6996G:HIDLG>I:
/:GH:>HI=:IG69:D;:K:GNA>K>C<L><=I
^Francis.
-=:I=>GHID;;6B:67DK:B:CI>DC:9L6H6EDL:G;JA>C8:CI>K:6C9>H6KDL:97DI=7N
/>G<>A6C9!DG68:
-=:;DGB:G>CI=:I=>G97DD@D;=>H Georgics, 6CCDJC8:H6
G:HDAJI>DCD;G:C9:G>C<=>BH:A;8:A:7G6I:9>;EDHH>7A:
Î:CI6C96K>6:HIFJQB:FJDFJ:EDHH>B
-DAA:G:=JBDK>8IDGFJ:K>GWBKDA>I6G:E:GDG6
"IDDL>AAHIG>K:Db:G:6GI=BN;A><=IIDG6>H:
C9L>C<b97NK>8IDGN86I8=I=:<6A:D;EG6>H:
^Sotheby.
C9!DG68:>CI=:8DC8AJH>DCD;=>H;>GHI(9::MEG:HH:H=>BH:A;>CI:GBHL=>8=
>C9>86I:6H>B>A6GEJGEDH:
*JD9H>B:ANG>8>HK6I>7>H>CH:G:H
,J7A>B>;:G>6BH>9:G6K:GI>8:
JI>;NDJG6C@B:L>I=I=:8=D>G

=IIEDAA
A>7:GIN;JC9
DGIA:
0=DIJC:9L>I=6GII=: G:8>6CANG:
,L>;IIDI=:CD7A:HI=:><=IHD;;6B:
,=6AAG>H:I=NED:IbH9:6I=A:HHC6B:
^Francis.
K:C,6AAJHI6=>HIDG>6C>C=>H>CIGD9J8I>DCID6I>A>C:bHDCHE>G68NH8GJEA:HCDIID
>CH>CJ6I:I=:H6B:@>C9D;6B7>I>DC
Quo mihi rectius videtur ingenii quam virium
opibus gloriam qurere; et quoniam vita ipsa, qu fruimur, brevis est, memoriam
nostri quam maxume longam efficere.
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111"""
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8
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4 5,::-68>IJH Annal. MK^
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L6HI=:
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-=:(CA>C:%>7G6GND;%>7:GIN

,J:IDC>JH-G6CFJ>AAJH The Lives of the Twelve Caesars

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,J:IDC>JH-G6CFJ>AAJH The Lives of the Twelve Caesars

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-=:ED:B De Arte Potic 8DBEG>H:H6HNHI:BD;8G>I>8>HB>C?JHIC:HHD;EG>C8>EA:

-=::A:<>:HDCHJ7?:8IHD;ADK:E6GI>8JA6GANI=: Ars Amandi, DG Ars Amatoria, I=DJ<=

-=: Fasti L:G:9>K>9:9>CIDIL:AK:7DD@HD;L=>8=DCANI=:;>GHIH>MCDLG:B6>C

"CI=: Ibis, I=:6JI=DG>B>I6I:H6ED:BD;I=:H6B:C6B:LG>II:C7N6AA>B68=JH

-=: Tristia L:G:8DBEDH:9>C=>H:M>A:>CL=>8=I=DJ<==>HK>K68>IN;DGHDD@=>B=:

!>H=DJH:I=DJ<=86AA:9 Palatium, I=:E6A68:6H7:>C<7J>AIDCI=:)6A6I>C:=>AA6C9

Sat. >

C9I=DH:K:GN tali 6G:HI>AAID7:H::C6II=:7DIIDBD;I=:;DJCI6>C

-DI=:LG>I:GHD;I=>HG:><CL:BJHI699 E>8>JH]A>JH L=D=6HA:;I67DD@ De Re

!>H7D9NL6H86GG>:9EG>K6I:AN>CIDI=:%6B>6C 6G9:CH L=:G:>IL6H=6A;7JGCI

!:6AADL:9 67>C>JH,:8JC9JHJEDC=>H8DCFJ:HID;I=:=6J8>6 :GB6CIG>7:ID

D;+DB:7JI=>HDCANHJGK>K>C<LDG@>HI=: Pharsalia, LG>II:CDCI=:8>K>AL6G

-=:G:CDLA>@:L>H:;ADJG>H=:96ANG>8ED:I [H>JH6HHJH IDL=DB):GH>JH=6H

-DI=:ILDED:IHCDLB:CI>DC:9BJHI7:699:9 )DBEDC>JH,:8JC9JH 6B6CD;

,+ ".,,.%)""., %

-=: Thebas 8DCH>HIHD;IL:AK:7DD@H6C9I=:HJ7?:8ID;>I>HI=:-=:76CL6GL=>8=

-=: Achillis G:A6I:HIDI=:H6B:=:GDL=D>H8:A:7G6I:97N!DB:G>CI=:"A>697JI>I

-=: Silv >H68DAA:8I>DCD;ED:BH6ABDHI:CI>G:AN>C=:GD>8K:GH:9>K>9:9>CID;>K:

-=:ED:I &6GI>6A HJGC6B:9A>@:L>H:DFJJHL6H7DGC6I>A7>A>H>C,E6>CD;

:H>9:H=>H-G:6I>H:DC G6BB6G=:8DBEDH:9HDB:ED:BHD;L=>8==>H Lydia 6C9

-=:C6;I:GI=:8DC9:BC6I>DC6C99:6I=D; 6AAJH =:DE:C:96H8=DDA7JI=69;:L

!DG6I>JHA688JH L6H6C6I>K:D;/:CJH>JB =>H;6I=:G=6K>C<7::C7N=>HDLC

4 5Julius Csar Divus. +DBJAJHI=:;DJC9:GD;+DB:=69I=:=DCDJGD;6C

4 5Flamen Dialis. -=>HL6H6CD;;>8:D;<G:6I9><C>IN7JIHJ7?:8I:9I=:=DA9:GID

4 5A:M6C9:GI=: G:6IL6HDCANI=>GIN I=G::N:6GH6II=:I>B:D;=>H9:6I=

4 5Gaul L6H9>K>9:9>CIDILDEGDK>C8:H Transalpina, DG Gallia Ulterior, 6C9

DJGI=AN Venatio, L=>8=L6HI=:;><=I>C<D;L>A97:6HIHL>I=DC:6CDI=:GDGL>I=

4 5-=: Suburra A6N7:IL::CI=::A>6C6C9HFJ>A>C:=>AAH

4 5A double entendre; -:GI>6H><C>;N>C<I=:I=>G94D;I=:K6AJ:D;I=:;6GB56HL:AA6H

4 5Meritoria rheda; 6A><=I;DJG L=::A:986GG>6<:6EE6G:CIAN=>G:9:>I=:G;DGI=:

4 5-=: Lupercalia L6H6;:HI>K6A8:A:7G6I:9>C6EA68:86AA:9I=: Lupercal, >CI=:

4 5-=: stylus, DG graphium, L6H6C>GDCE:C7GD696IDC::C9L>I=6H=6GEED>CI6I

4 5-=JG>JBL6H6I:GG>IDGN>C Magna Grcia, DCI=:8D6HIC:6G-6G:CIJB

4 5-=: Thensa L6H6HEA:C9>986GG>6<:L>I=;DJGL=::AH6C9;DJG=DGH:H69DGC:9

4 5Sandalarium, Tragdum; C6B:HD;HIG::IH>CL=>8=I:BEA:HD;I=DH:<D9HHIDD9

4 50DB:C86AA:9 ustricul, I=:76G7:GHL:G::BEADN:9>CI=>H9:A>86I:DE:G6I>DC

4 5%>@:I=:<DA96C9H>AK:G HB>I=HD;I=:B>99A:6<:HI=:+DB6CBDC:N A:C9:GH

4 5-=>HLDG9B6N7:>CI:GEG:I:9I=: Cabinet of Arts. "IL6H8DBBDC>CI=:=DJH:HD;

4 5-=: Toga L6H6ADDH:LDDAA:CGD7:L=>8=8DK:G:9I=:L=DA:7D9N8ADH:6II=:

4 5Casum bubulum manu pressum: EGD767ANHD;I8=::H:CDIG:9J8:9IDHDA>9

4 5Sabbatis Jejunium. J<JHIJHB><=I=6K:7::C7:II:G>C;DGB:9D;I=:#:L>H=G>I:H

4 58JHIDB>C6AAL6GB8DJCIG>:HI=: siesta D;I=:"I6A>6CH>CA6I:GI>B:H

4 5Feminalibus et tibialibus: ':>I=:GI=:6C8>:CI+DB6CHDGI=: G::@HLDG:

4 5In spongam incubuisse, A>I:G6AAN=6H;6AA:CJEDC6HEDC<:6H?6M>HH6>9ID=6K:

4 5_-=: Nundin D88JGG:9:K:GNC>CI=96NL=:C6B6G@:IL6H=:A96I+DB:6C9

4 5&JC96L6H68>IN>CI=: Hispania Btica, L=:G:#JA>JH]H6G;DJ<=I676IIA:

4 5-=: Toga =6H7::C6AG:69N9:H8G>7:9>C6CDI:ID8

-=: municipia G:I6>C:9I=:>GDLCA6LH6C98JHIDBHCDGL:G:I=:ND7A><:9IDG:8:>K:

,DB: gentes 6EE:6GID=6K:=69CDHJGC6B:6HI=:&6G>6C6C9 gens 6C9 familia

4 5-=: Gymnasia L:G:EA68:HD;:M:G8>H:6C9G:8:>K:9I=:>GC6B:;GDBI=: G::@

4 5K:GH:>CL=>8=I=:LDG9>C>I6A>8H>HHJ7HI>IJI:9;DG cunctando, CDI:9;GDB

4 5Si hane fenestram aperueritis, >;NDJDE:CI=6IL>C9DL:FJ>K6A:CIIDDJGE=G6H:

4 5Similia sectentes. 0:6G:HIGDC<AN>C8A>C:9IDI=>C@I=6II=:LDG9HB><=I7:

4 5-=6I6CNB6C8DJA99G>C@6C amphora D;L>C:6I69G6J<=I>H7:NDC96AA

4 5Oderint dum probent: 6A><JA6JH:96H>B>A6G:MEG:HH>DC Ode Oderint dum

4 5Supra Confluentes: -=: :GB6CIG>7:=:G:B:CI>DC:9D88JE>:9I=:8DJCIGN

4 5-=:C6B:L6H9:G>K:9;GDB Caliga, 6@>C9D;7DDIHIJ99:9L>I=C6>AHJH:97NI=:

4 5Natriceus, 6L6I:G HC6@:HD86AA:9;GDB nato, IDHL>B

4 5-=: Carpentum L6H686GG>6<:8DBBDCANL>I=ILDL=::AH6C96C6G8=:9

4 5-=: Saturnalia, =:A9>C=DCDJGD;,6IJGCL6H6BDC<HII=:+DB6CHI=:BDHI

4 5N Septa, ,J:IDC>JH=:G:B:6CHI=:=JIHDG76GG68@HD;I=:EG:IDG>6C86BEL=>8=

(I=:GHI=:JHJ6A6CI6<DC>HIHD;I=:;DGB:GL:G:C6B:9 Retiarii. 8DB76I6CID;I=>H

4 5CHH:96G>6CL6HDC:L=D;DJ<=I;GDB6C Esseda, I=:A><=I86GG>6<:9:H8G>7:9>C

4 5-=:,:CDC:HL:G:6IG>7:D;>H AE>C: 6JAHH:IIA:9>C.B7G>6L=DH68@:96C9

4 5-68>IJH Annal. M>

4 5-=: Spolia Opima L:G:I=:HED>AHI6@:C;GDBI=::C:BNbH@>C<DG8=>:;L=:C

JII=:LDG9 sturus H=:LHI=6II=:H8=:B:L6HDCANEGD?:8I:96C9I=:A>C:H

4 5Circius. JAJH :AA>JH,:C:866C9)A>CNB:CI>DCJC9:GI=>HC6B:I=:HIGDC<

4 5Carpentum: H::CDI:>C 6A><JA6 8

4 5(HI>6>HG:;:GG:9ID>C6CDI: ->7:G>JH 8M>

4 5"ILDJA9H::B;GDBI=>HE6HH6<:I=6II=: cognomen D;_I=: G:6I`=69CDL7::C