MAT2384 Assignment #2

Due Tuesday September 30 at the beginning of class.

Late assignments will not be accepted, nor will unstapled assignments.
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1. Solve each of the following initial-value problems.

(a) y 0 + 2y = e3x , y(0) = 2
If y = emx , then the homogeneous system satisfies

[1]

memx + 2emx = 0
m+2=0
yh = Ce2x
Using the method of undetermined coefficients, suppose a particular solution has the form yp = ke3x .
Then
yp0 + 2yp = e3x
3ke3x + 2ke3x = e3x
k = 1
yp = e3x
y = Ce2x e3x
Using the initial conditions, we have
2=C 1
C=3
y = 3e2x e3x
(b) xy 0 + y = x2 , y(1) = 3
We can rewrite the equation as
1
y=x
x
This is linear in y, so we can use an integrating factor:
y0 +

1
dx
x

= eln x = x

Multiplying by the integrating factor, we thus have

d
(xy) = x2
dx
Z
xy =

x2 dx + C

x3
+C
3
x3 C
y=
+
3
x
=

Applying the intial conditions gives

1
+C
3
8
C=
3
x2
8
y=
+
3
3x
3=

5
2 2
(c) y 0 2y
x = x y , y(1) = 2
This is a Bernoulli equation with n = 2, so we can let v = y 12 = y 1 . Then

dv
dy
= y 2
dx
dx
dy
dv
= y 2
dx
dx
2 dv
= v
dx
The equation is thus

2
x2
1 dv

v 2 dx xv
v2
dv
2v
+
= x2
dx
x

This is linear in v, so we have an integrating factor

R

1
x

dx = e2 ln x = x2

Thus
d 2
(x v) = x4
dx
Z
x2 v =

x4 dx + C

x5
+C
5
x3
C
=
+ 2
5
x
=

y 1

Using the initial conditions, we have

2
1
= +C
5
5
1
C=
5
x3
1
y 1 =
+ 2
5
5x
x5 + 1
=
5x2
5x2
y= 5
x +1

(d) y 00 + 4y 0 21y = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 23

The characteristic equation is
m2 + 4m 21 = 0
(m 3)(m + 7) = 0
m = 3, 7
y = c1 e3x + c2 e7x
Using the initial conditions, we have
y(0) = c1 + c2 = 1
c2 = 1 c1
y 0 = 3c1 e3x 7c2 e7x
y 0 (0) = 3c1 7c2 = 23
3c1 7(1 c1 ) = 23
10c1 = 30
c1 = 3
c2 = 2
y = 3e3x 2e7x
(e) y 00 + 6y 0 + 9y = 0, y(0) = 4, y 0 (0) = 9
The characteristic equation is

[1]

m2 + 6m + 9 = 0
(m + 3)2 = 0
m = 3, 3
y = c1 e3x + c2 xe3x
Using initial conditions, we have
y(0) = c1 = 4
y 0 = 3c1 e3x + c2 e3x 3c2 xe3x
y 0 (0) = 3c1 + c2 = 9
12 + c2 = 9
c2 = 3
y = 4e3x + 3xe3x
(f) y 00 6y 0 + 13y = 0, y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 0
The characteristic equation is

[2]

m2 6m + 13 = 0
m=

36 4(13)
2

= 3 2i
y = e3x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x)

Using the initial conditions, we have

y(0) = c1 = 2
y 0 = 3e3x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x) + e3x (2c1 sin 2x + 2c2 cos 2x)
y 0 (0) = 3c1 + 2c2 = 0
6 + 2c2 = 0
c2 = 3
y = e3x (2 cos 2x 3 sin 2x)

2. (a) Use the secant method to estimate 3 to 7 decimal places. Start with x0 = 1.7 and x1 = 1.8.
We have f (x) = x2 3. The secant method says that
xn xn1
xn+1 = xn f (xn )
f (xn ) f (xn1 )
2
(x 3)(xn xn1 )
= xn n 2
xn x2n1

[1]

x2 = 1.731428571
x3 = 1.732038835
x4 = 1.732062789
x5 = 1.732050808
x6 = 1.732050808
Thus x 1.7320508.
(b) Consider the following data points: (0.5, 2.2), (0.75, 1.78) and (1.4, 1.51), where each point is in the
form (xi , fi ), with fi = f (xi ) for some unknown function f . Find p2 (x) with coefficients to 4 decimal
places via Lagrange interpolation. Interpolate a value at x = 0.9. Given that 23 f 000 (x) 25 on the
interval [0.5, 1.4], estimate the error bounds.
We have
[3]
p2 (x) = L0 f0 + L1 f1 + L2 f2
(x x1 )(x x2 )
(x x0 )(x x2 )
(x x0 )(x x1 )
=
f0 +
f1 +
f2
(x0 x1 )(x0 x2 )
(x1 x0 )(x1 x2 )
(x2 x0 )(x2 x1 )
(x 0.75)(x 1.4)
(x 0.5)(x 1.4)
(x 0.5)(x 0.75)
=
2.2 +
1.78 +
1.51
(0.5 0.75)(0.5 1.4)
(0.75 0.5)(0.75 1.4)
(1.4 0.5)(1.4 0.75)
88
712
302
= (x 0.75)(x 1.4) (x 0.5)(x 1.4)
+ (x 0.5)(x 0.75)
9
65
117
= 1.4051x2 3.4364x + 3.5669
Thus p2 (0.9) = 1.6123.
The error is given by
2 (x) = (x x0 )(x x1 )(x x2 )

f 000 (t)
3!

2 (0.9) = (0.9 0.5)(0.9 0.75)(0.9 1.4)

= 0.005f 000 (t)
Thus
5
2
2 0.005
2
3
0.0125 2 0.0033

 

0.005

 

1.5998 f (0.9) 1.6090

f 000 (t)
6