Problem 2.

1
Solution:
a)

x ' x ' u x x x(1 ) x(1 0.03) 1.03x

y ' y v y y y (1 ) y (1 0.01) 0.99 x
z ' z z

b)

dv
du
d
0.01 zz
0.03 yy
0
dy
dx
dz
dv du
d dv
d d

0 yz

0 xz

0
dx dy
dy dz
dx dz

xx

xy
c)

V ' x ' y ' z ' 1.03 x *0.99 y * z 1.0197 xyz

V V ' V

V (1.0197 1) xyz 0.0197 xyz 0.02 xyz

xx yy zz 0.03 0.01 0 0.02

Problem 2.3

Consider the displacement field in a body

u 0.02 x 0.02 y 0.01z cm

v 0.01 y 0.02 z cm

w 0.01x 0.01z cm

Calculate the strain in the body. What is the distance after deformation between the two
points that are located at (0,0,0) & (5,0,0) before deformation? Check the solution
obtained from the definition or strain xx with that using the geometrical method.

Solution:

Using strain-displacement relations,

xx

u
0.02
x

xy

u v

0.02
y x

yy

v
0.01
y

xz

u w

0.02
z x

zz

w
0.01
z

yz

v w

0.02
z y

P2

P1
x=0

x=5

y=0

y=0

z=0

z=0

After deformation P1 & P2 are

P1

P2

x= x+u=0

x=x+u= 5+0.1=5.1

y=y+v=0

y= y+v=0

z=z+w=0

z=z+w= -0.05

Distance between P1 and P2

|P1P2| = 5

Distance between P1 and P2

| P1P2| =

5.12 ( 0.05) 2 5.1 0025

We have xx from displacement field as 0.02

Geometrically, xx

| P1' P2' | | P1 P2 | 0.10025

0.02005 , with the small difference due

| P1 P2 |
5

to the finite distance.

(Note that P1P2 is also almost on x axis)

Problem 2.6

The state of Stress in a body is uniform and is given by

xx 4MPa

xy 2MPa

xz 0

yy 3MPa

yz 0

zz 0

Find the three components of the stress vector t on the surface ABCD shown in fig.
Find the normal component n of the stress vector.

z
D
A

45
45

45
C

45

Solution:
The unit normal vector n of the surface ABCD is

n nxi n y j nz k &

n x 0.707( Cos 45)

n y 0.707 ( Sin 45)

nz 0

We know that,
[ ]{n) {t} Where, t t x i t y j t z k

Here, we substitute the numerical values of stress and unit vector components

4 2 0
2 3 0

0 0 0

0.707
0.707 =

t x
t So,
y
t z

t x 4(0.707) 2(0.707) 4.2 Mpa

t y 2(0.707 ) 3(0.707 ) 3.53Mpa

tz 0

t 4.24i 3.53 j

Normal Component is dot product of stress vector and normal vector: n t..n

n (4.24i 3.53 j ).(0.707i 0.707 j )

n 5.5MPa
Problem 2.7

Find the principal stresses and corresponding principal directions for the stresses given in
problem 2.6. Check the result with other methods such as Mohrs Circle.

To find the principal stresses, we should solve for in the determinant =0

xx

det xy
xz

So,

xy

xz
yz

xx
yz
xx

=0

4
2

2
3
0

0
0

=0

So,
( 4 )(3 )( ) 4 0

( 2 7 8) 0 And so, roots are, 1 5.561 , 2 1.438 and 3 0,

Principal Directions
([ ] i [ I ]){n (i ) } 0 Where n (i ) is the Eigenvector corresponding to ith principal stress.

(i=1, 2, 3).
We also know that (n x(i ) ) 2 (n (yi ) ) 2 (n z(i ) ) 2 1

For 1
(4 1 )n x(1) 2n (y1) 0
2n x(1) (3 1 )n (y1) 0
1n z(1) 0

This will give n z(1) 0 , also

1.561n x(1) 2n (y1) 0 ... (1)

2n x(1) 2.561n (y1) 0 . (2)

n x(1) 1 (n (y1) ) 2 0 (3)

Note that (1) and (2) are not independent and either can be use, so substitute (3) in (1),

1.561 1 (n (y1) ) 2 2(n (y1) ) 0

2n (y1) 0.7805 1 (n (y1) ) 2

(n (y1) ) 2 0.60918(1 (n (y1) ) 2 )
So,

(n (y1) ) 2 0.3786 n (y1) 0.6153

(n x(1) ) 2 1 0.3786 n x(1) 0.7883

.. ( P1 )

n z(1) 0

We will need to find principal directions by calculating n ( 2 ) and by checking

orthogonality which requires n (1) n ( 2 ) . That is n (1) . n ( 2 ) =0

Now for 2 ,
n z( 2 ) 0 , also

2.562n x( 2) 2n (y2) 0 .... (4)

2n x( 2) 1.562n (y2) 0 (5)
n x( 2) 1 (n (y2) ) 2 0 (6)

Note that (4) and (5) are not independent and either can be used, so substitute (6) in (4),

n (y2) 0.7883 , n x( 2) 0.6153 , n z( 2 ) 0

( P2 )

Now for 3 ,
4(n x3 ) 2(n 3y ) 0 .... (7)
2(n x3 ) 3(n 3y ) 0 .... (8)
(n x3 ) 2 (n 3y ) 2 (n z3 ) 2 1 (9)

(7) and (8) result in n x(3) n (y3) 0. Therefore from (9) n z(3) 1 that is
n x(3) n (y3) 0. & n z(3) 1

( P3 )

It is easy to check orthogonality. P1.P2 = P1.P3 = P2.P3= 0, that is we should find the
principal directions as

n x(1) 0.7883

n (y1) 6153

n x( 2) 0.6153

n (y2) 0.7883

n x(3) n (y3) 0 & n z(3) 1

n z(1) 0

n z( 2 ) 0

(Note the alternating sign in n x(1) , n x( 2) & n (y1) , n (y2) )

MOHRS CIRCLE

The problem is a plane stress problem. Therefore 2D Mohrs circle may be used for
finding principal stresses and directions

yy

xy
xy

xx

Radius of the Mohrs circle

xx yy
R
2

2
xy
2.061MPa

Its center is at c

xx yy
2

Principal stresses are

1 c R 5.561 MPa
2 c R 1.469 MPa
The Mohrs circle looks like,

3.5 MPa.

(3,2)

(3.5,0)

2
R

2 p

(4,2)

The principal directions can be found by

tan 2 p

2 xy

xx yy

4 that is p 37.98 . That is principal direction is

n x(1) cos p 0.7883

n x( 2) cos(90 p ) 0.6153

n (y1) sin p 0.6153

n z(1) 0

n (y2) sin(90 p ) 0.7883

n z(1) 0