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Abstract: A simplified model is presented to explain and understand the quantized nature of the orbits of a
smaller mass moving under the influence of the gravitational field due to a bigger mass. We use Einsteins
relativistic theory of gravitation to derive expressions for the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a unit mass in a
curved spacetime continuum. Using the operator form of the Hamiltonian, we write down the equivalent
quantum equation which includes the variation of the wave function with the curve parameter .The solutions of
the equation bring out clearly the quantized nature of energy levels and orbits of the mass. The model is then
applied to estimate the distances of the planets from the sun, in terms of a pair of quantum numbers. The results
agree very well with the observed values.
Keywords: Einstein gravitational field, Schwarzchild metric, curvature operator, quantization of orbits.
I.
Introduction
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07118492
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
II.
2r g
c 2 dt2 + 1
2r g 1
r
dr 2 + r 2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
(2)
GM
ds 2
dp
1
2
s2
(3)
(4)
L= 2 s2 = 2 1
2r g
r
c 2 t2 + 2 1
2r g 1
r
r2 +2 r 2 (2 +2 sin2 )
(5)
This Lagrangian can be used to obtain the Hamiltonian of the unit mass. To achieve this, we slightly modify the
Lagrangian in (5) by defining
2r g
D(r)= 1 + r
(6)
2r g
Since
1
2r g
2r g 1
= 1+
(7)
D(r)
And again,
r2 1
2r g 1
r
rg
(Since
r3
r2
2r g 1
r3
1 1
r2
= r2
(8)
<<1)
r 2 D(r)r 2
(9)
c2
2D(r)
t2 + D(r) r2 + r 2 (2 + 2 sin2 )
(10)
Now,
dx i 2 = dx i dx i = dr 2 + r 2 (d2 + d2 sin2 )
(i = 1,2,3)
dx i
dp
= xi
= r2 + r 2 (2 + 2 sin2 )
(11)
(12)
L = 2D(r) t
+ 2 D(r) xi
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07118492
(13)
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
which is in a more symmetrical form.
The 4-dimensional canonical momentum P conjugate to x is given by
L
P =
( = 0,1,2,3)
(14)
(15)
0 = 0 =
=
(16)
and
=
(17)
= ()
( )
(18)
H = ( )
+ () + 2()
2 ()
Or,
2
H = 2( )
+ 2 ()
(19)
It will be convenient to express (19) in terms of 0 and , given by (16) and (17). In that case (19) becomes,
1
1
H = 2 () 0 2 + 2( ) 2
(20)
The quantum operator for the Hamiltonian in (20) can now be obtained using the following correspondence,
0 ; -i
(21)
= 0 ,
Putting (21) in (20) and using the system of units, = = 1, we then obtain
1
H = 2 ()
2
2
2() 2
(22)
Eqn. (22) gives us the appropriate quantum Hamiltonian operator of the unit mass in the curved space-time
continuum.
B. The Equivalent Relativistic Quantum Equation of the unit Mass in curved Space-time
From (22), we note that the Hamiltonian is indeed relativistic, since space and time derivatives appear
symmetrically. In a curved space-time we are interested in how the wave function of the particle changes
with curvature (or gravity). This can be achieved if we allow to be a function of the curve parameter as
well. Thus
= (, , , , )
(23)
The variation of with (, , , ) is taken care of by H given in (22). For consistency, this must be equal to the
variation of with respect to the curve parameter . Hence we can write the following equivalent quantum
equation for the particle moving in a curved space-time continuum,
=H , ( = 1)
(24)
Using (22) in (24), we get,
(,,,,)
( ) 2
2
2( ) 2
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(25)
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
Separating the variables, we can write
, , , , = (, , , ) ()
(26)
= ()
(27)
and
()
2()
2 =
(28)
() 2 = (2) = (, , , )
(29)
Where, = 2
The stationary solutions of (29) can be written as
(, , , ) = (, , )
(30)
(31)
Since the problem is spherically symmetric, we use spherical polar coordinates, so that
(, , ) = (, , ) = (, )
(32)
()
2 = 2 2 2
(33)
2 (, )= ( + 1) (, )
(= 0, 1, 2, )
Eqn.(31), then reduces to,
(34)
2 ()
2 ()
(+1)
2
+ 2 =
(35)
(36)
Using (36) in (35), one can easily arrive at the following differential equation for ,
2 ( )
2
+1
2
2 2 () () = 0
(37)
This is the Schrodinger-like radial equation for the unit mass in an Einsteinian gravitational field.
C. Solution of the Radial Equation
We now determine the physically acceptable solutions of (37). We firs note that using (6), we can write,
2 ()2 + () = 2
=
2 +4 +4 2
4 2 2
2
2
4 2 +2
+2
+ 2 +
(38)
+1 4 2 2
2
4 2 +2
+ 2
() = 0
(39)
(40)
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
and substitute,
(2 2 +)
(41)
+1 4 2 2
() = 0
(42)
We now study the behavior of the solution () in the two limiting cases, namely, when and 0 .
In the limit , we can write (42) as
2 ( )
2
4 ()
(43)
() = 2 ,
(44)
+1 4 2 2
2
()
(45)
(46)
= 2
1
2
(47)
2+1 2 16 2 2
(48)
Combining (44) and (48), we can now write down the general solution for all as:
1
= 2
1
2
2+1 2 16 2 2
2 ()
(49)
+2
2
1
+2
2
1
1
2
+2
2
1 1
+
2 2
+2
1 1
+
2 2
2 + 1
2 + 1
2 + 1
16 2 2
16 2 2
1 1
+
2
2
16 2 2 2
2
1
2
16 2 2 2
2+1 2 16 2 2
2 + 1
16 2 2
2+1 2 16 2 2
1
2
1
2
16 2 2 2
1
2
1 1
+
2
2
1
2
1
2
2+1 2 16 2 2
1+
2+1 2 16 2 2
() +
1 1
+
2 2
2 () +
()
1 1
+
2 2
2 ()
2
2+1 2 16 2 2
1
2
2+1 2 16 2 2
2+1 2 16 2 2 1
2
2 + 1
2+1 2 16 2 2
2 + 1
+2
2
1
+2
2
+
1
2
2+1 2 16 2 2
1
2
2
2
2+1 2 16 2 2 1
(50)
1
(51)
+ 2 + 2 1 + 2 + 1 2 16 2 2
12 1 4+14 2+12 1622
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07118492
2 4 2 2 + 2 2 + 1 2 16 2 2 +
()+14222+ 14 12 = 0
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
1
2 + + 1 + 2 + 1 2 16 2 2 + 4 2 + 2
14 2+12 1622 () +14222+ 14 = 0
2 + 1
16 2 2 + 1
(52)
1
4
2
2
+ 1+
2 + 1
16 2 2
1
2
1
2
2 + 1
16 2 2
2 2 +
2
()
=0
(53)
Where we have substituted for given by eqn.(41).
Eqn.(53) is exactly identical with the well known Kummer-Laplace differential equation[18], given by
2
2
() = 0
(54)
The solutions of (54) are given by the confluent hypergeometric functions written as,
1F1
(, , ) = 1+
1!
(+1) 2
2!(+1)
(55)
(56)
Where,
1
=2+2
=1+
2 + 1
2 + 1
16 2 2
2 2 +
(57)
16 2 2
(58)
We must now impose the condition that () given by (56) must go to zero as goes to infinity, since we
are interested in bound state solutions.
Now, for large positive values of , the function (55) behaves as [18],
()
(59)
1F1 (, , )
()
Where is Eulers gamma function, having the property
( + 1) = ()
Since( + 1) = ! , we have from (60),
!
() =
(60)
(61)
(62)
(63)
(!)
It is known that
! = ,
whenever, is a negative integer. Thus, the condition that 1F1 (, , ) or () goes to zero when , is
given by:
= , where = 0, 1, 2, 3, .
(64)
Using (64) in (57), we have
1
2
1
2
2 + 1
16 2 2
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07118492
2 2 +
2
(65)
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
Eqn. (65) is the necessary condition for quantization of the motion of the unit mass in gravitational field.
2
Writing, =
(66)
2 2 +
2
2
+ +
2 + 1
Noting that, 2 + =
16 2 2
(67)
(68)
where =
+2+2
2 + 1
(69)
16 2 2
(70)
2 +4 2
(71)
Substituting for and from (66) and (70), we have from (71),
2 =
+2+2
2 + 1
16 2 2
+2+2
2 + 1
16 2 2
+ 4 2 2
(72)
Eqn.(72) gives the energy eigenvalues ( 2 ) in terms of a quantum number .
The radial eigenfunctions will depend on the quantum numbers (, ), as we shall just see.
Using (40) in (36), we have
2 2
() =
()
(73)
1 1
+
2 2
2+1 2 16 2 2
2 1F1( , , )
(74)
( !)
(75)
Where,
= + 1 + 2 . ( + 1).
In (75),=0, should be excluded, otherwise 1F1 = 0,for all , which is unphysical.
Thus, =1,2,3,.
(76)
16 2 2 = 2 + 1
16 2 2
2+1 2
2 + 1
(77)
(78)
() = ( 2 2 ) 2 1F1( , 2 + 2 , )
where the normalization constant has to be determined by the condition,
2
() 2 = 1
0
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07118492
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(79)
(80)
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
Changing the variable by in (80) and then using (79), we have
2+2
1
2
2
2
11 2 = 1
3 4
0
(81)
8 2 2
1
2 2
2
! 2 2+2 2
2+2+2
= 1
(82)
( + 1) = ! = 0
(83)
2 ( 2 ) ! 2
2+2 2
2 2+2+2 !
(84)
Now is given by
2
= 0
() 2
(85)
3
8( 2 )2
1
2( 2 )2
8( 2 )2
! 2
2+3
2+2 2
2+2+2 ! 0
11(, 2 + 2, ) 2
(86)
1
2 2
2+2 +3
1
2+2+2 ! 0
(87)
(88)
2 2
(89)
2 2
1
2 2
(90)
Using (90) and the next pairs of values of (, ) , we calculate from (89) for the remaining inner planets. The
results are shown in Table I.
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07118492
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Quantization of the Orbital Motion of a Mass in the Presence of Einsteins Gravitational Field
Table I Calculated and observed values of of inner planets
Planets
Values of (, )
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
(2,1)
(4,3)
(6,5)
(8,7)
Calculated
( in A.U.)
0.39(fitted)
0.737
1.083
1.430
radius
Observed
(in A.U.)[12]
0.39
0.72
1.00
1.52
radius
In a similar way, we fix the value of 2 2 for the outer planets, using the value of of the Jupiter, with
(n, l) = 2,1 . For Jupiter, we have [12],
r =5.2 A.U.
So that 2 2 = 1.731 A. U.
We then calculate r for the remaining planets, excluding Pluto, which does not have a well-defined orbit. The
results are shown in Table II
Table- II Calculated and observed values of of outer planets
Planets
Values of (n, l)
Calculated radius
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
(2,1)
(4,3)
(8,7)
(13,12)
5.2(fitted)
9.822
19.064
30.618
(in A.U.)
Observed radius
in (A.U.)[12]
5.2
9.54
19.18
30.06
From the Tables I and II, it is clear that the planetary orbital distances calculated from the model
presented in this paper, agree quite well with the astronomically observed values.
The orbits of each planet can be associated with a pair of quantum numbers (n, l), and we find an interesting
order given by (2,1);(4,3);(6,5);(8,7);(13,12) which correspond to stable orbits. Thus the planetary orbits have a
quantized character, somewhat similar to the electronic orbits in an atom.
III.
Conclusion
It has been quite interesting to observe that quantum mechanics which was originally introduced to
study the properties of a system at the micro scale, has proved to be essential to understand many physical
phenomena at the macro scale, such as superconductivity, super fluidity and ferromagnetism, which are known
as collective phenomena. In the last few decades many attempts have been made with moderate success, to
apply quantum laws at the cosmological scale, in particular to develop a quantum theory of gravity in the light
of Einsteins theory of gravitation. Another aspect of this problem that has engaged the attention of many
theoretical physicists has been to explain the striking stability of the planetary orbits around the sun. In the
present work, we have used an effective Hamiltonian operator in a curved spacetime continuum in an equivalent
Schrodinger-type equation. The solutions of this equation enable us to calculate the planetary orbital distance in
terms of a pair of quantum numbers, which in a way, explain the stability of the orbits.
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