Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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IA Marks : 25
Exam Hrs. : 03
Exam Marks : 100
1. Electric Fields
a. Coulombs law and Electric field intensity
b. Electric flux density, Gauss law and divergence
c. Energy and potential
d. Conductors, dielectrics and capacitance
e. Poissons and Laplaces equations
18 hours
2. Magnetic fields
a. The steady magnetic field
b. Magnetic forces, materials and inductance
14 hours
5 hours
4. Electromagnetic waves
15 hours
Text Books :
William H Hayt Jr and John A Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, Tata McGraw-Hill,
6th Edition, 2001
Reference books :
John Krauss and Daniel A Fleisch, Electromagnetics with Application, McGraw-Hill,
5th
Edition, 1999
Guru and Hiziroglu, Electromagnetics Field theory fundamentals, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd
I
Edition, 2001
Joseph Edminster, Electromagnetics, Schaum Outline Series, McGraw-Hill
Edward C Jordan and Keith G Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, PrenticeHall of India, II Edition, 1968, Reprint 2002.
David K Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Pearson Education Ais II Edition, 1989, Indian
Repr-01
(1) Addition
A B B
A ( B C)
(A B) C
Commutative law
Associative law
(2) Subtraction
A - B A (- B)
(3) Multiplication by a scalar
mA Am
m (n A) n (m A)
(m n) A m A n A
m (A B) m A m B
Commutative law
Associative law
Distributive law
Distributive law
A Unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and directed along that vector.
Vector A
Unit vector a A
Also a A A / A
or A a A A
A . B A ( B COS OR {
A COS } B , 0
A Cos
B Cos
A.B = B.A
(A Scalar quantity)
B SIN n
A x B - B x A
A x ( B C) A x B A x C
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS :
For an explicit representation of a vector quantity, a co-ordinate system is essential.
Different systems used :
Sl.No.
1.
2.
3.
System
Rectangular
Cylindrical
Spherical
Co-ordinate variables
x, y, z
, , z
r, ,
Unit vectors
ax , ay , az
a , a , az
ar , a , a
These are ORTHOGONAL i.e., unit vectors in such system of co-ordinates are mutually
perpendicular in the right circular way.
i.e., x y z , z , r
RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM :
Z
x=0 plane
az
p
y=0
plane
ax
X
Y
ay
z=0 plane
ax . ay ay . az az . ax 0
ax x ay az
ay x az ax
az x ax ay
az is in direction of advance of a right circular screw as it is turned from a x to ay
Co-ordinate variable x is intersection of planes OYX and OXZ i.e, z = 0 & y = 0
Location of point P :
If the point P is at a distance of r from O, then
If the components of r along X, Y, Z are x, y, z then
r x ax y ay z az
r ar
Equation of Vector AB :
If OA A A x a x A y a y A z a z
and OB B Bx a x B y a y Bz a z then
A AB B or AB B - A
AB
A . B (A x a x A y a y A z a z ) . (Bx a x B y a y Bz a z ) A x Bx A y B y A z C z
A x B (A x a x A y a y A z a z ) x (Bx a x B y a y Bz a z )
Taking ' Cross products' term by term and grouping, we get
ax
A x B Ax
ay
az
Ay
Az
Bx
By
Bz
Ax
A . (B x C ) Bx
Cx
Ay
By
Cy
Az
Bz
Cz
AB
AB
where
Vector length AB AB
(AB . AB )
r x a x y a y z a z
r
r
r
dr
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
d r dx a x dy a y dz a z
- - - - -1
1. r to z : dxdy a z
2. r to z : dxdy a z
3. r to z : dxdy a z
------ 2
------ 3
z
dx
p
p
dz
dy
r d r
x
Other Co-ordinate systems :Depending on the geometry of problem it is easier if we use the appropriate co-ordinate system than
to use the Cartesian co-ordinate system always. For problems having cylindrical symmetry
cylindrical co-ordinate system is to be used while for applications having spherical symmetry
spherical co-ordinate system is preferred.
Cylindrical Co-ordiante systems :z
P(, , z)
az
x 2 y2
0
ap
x = Cos
y = Sin
z=z
tan -1 y / x
zz
r x a x y a y z a z
r Cos a x Sin a y z a z
r
r
r
dr
d
d
dz
- - - - - -1
r
r
Cos a x Sin a y
a h a ; h
r
r
- Sin a x Cos a y
a a ; h
r
a z
hz
z
r
1
r
1
z
a x Cos a Sin a
a - Sin a x Cos a y
a y Sin a Cos a
az az
;
a , a and a z are orthogonal
Further , d r d a d a dz a z
2
and d r d 2 ( d ) 2 (dz) 2
------2
Differential areas :
ds a z (d ) ( d ) . a z
ds a (dz) ( d ) . a
-------3
ds a (d dz) a
Differential volume :
d (d ) ( d ) (dz)
or d d d dz
----- 4
X = r Sin Cos
Y = r Sin Sin
Z = r Cos
p
R
0
x
r
y
r Sin
R R
a r
/
Sin Cos a x Sin Sin a y Cos a z
r
r
R R
a
/
Cos Cos a x Cos Sin a y Sin a z
R R
a
/
- Sin a x Cos a y
R
R
R
dR
dr
d
d
r
dR dr a r r d a r Sin d a
d Sr r 2 Sin d d
d S r 2 Sin dr d
d S r dr d
d v r 2 Sin dr d d
u3
a1
u2
a2
y
x
Co-ordinate Variables : (u1 , u2, u3) ;
Here
u1 is Intersection of surfaces u2 = C & u3 = C
u2 is Intersection of surfaces u1 = C & u3 = C
u3 is Intersection of surfaces u1 = C & u2 = C
a1 , a 2 , a 3 are ubnit vectors tangential to u1 , u 2 & u 3
System is Orthogonal if a1 . a 2 0 , a 2 . a 3 0 & a 3 . a1 0
R
R
R
then d R
du1
du 2
du 3
u1
u2
u3
h1 du1 a1 h 2 du 2 a 2 h 3 du 3 a 3
where h1 , h 2 , h 3 are scale factors ;
R
R
h1
, h2
u1
u2
R
, h3
u3
Co-ordinate Variables
Unit Vector
Scale factors
General
u1
u2
u3
a1
a2
a3
h1
h2
h3
Rectangular
ax
ay
az
Cylindrical
az
Spherical
ar
r sin
0, 0 2 - < z <
Spherical
x = r Sin Cos , y = r Sin Cos , z = r Sin
r 0 , 0 , 0 2
V
. A
1 v
1 v
a 1
a
h1 u1
h 2 u2
1
h 1 h 2 h3
xA
1
h1h 2h
(h
u1
A1)
h 1 a 1 h 2 a 2
u1
u2
h1 A1 h 2 A2
1 v
a 3
h 3 u 3
(h 1 h
u2
h
A2)
(h 1 h
u3
A3)
u 3
h3 A3
Spherical : AS ( A R a r ) a r (A R a ) a (A R . a ) a
A r a r A a A a
where A r , A , A are related to A x , A y , A z as
a x . a r
A r
A a x . a
a x . a
A
a y . a r
a y . a
a y . a
a z . a r
a z . a
a z . a
A x
A
y
A z
Field Theory
A field is a region where any object experiences a force. The study of performance in the presence
PQ a x - 4 a y - 2 a z
P2 : Obtain unit vector from the origin to G (2, -2, 1)
PQ
P (1,2,3)
Q(2,-2,-1)
0
Y
The vector PQ (x q - x p ) a x (y q - y p ) a y (z q - z p ) a z
(2 - 1) a x (-2 - 2) a y (-1 - 3) a z
(a x - 4 a y - 2 a z )
2. Obtain unit vector from origin to G (2,-2,-1)
G
G
0
The vector G (x g - 0) a x (y g - 0) a y (z g - 0) a z
(2 a x - 2 a y - a z )
G
The unit vector , a g
G
G 2 2 (-2)2 (-1)2 3
a g (0.667 a x - 0.667 a y - 0.333 a z )
3. Given
A 2 a x - 3 a y a z
B - 4 a x - 2 a y 5a z
ax
(2) A x B 2
ay
az
1.732 22 2.64
3
3
3
B ( Sin
Cos a x Sin
Sin a y Cos
a z )
4
4
4
( 0.707 a x 0.707 a y )
AB (Bx - A x ) a x (B y - A y ) a y (Bz - A z ) a z
- 1.414 a x (- 0.707) a y (-0.707) a z
AB ( AB . AB )1/2
(2 0.5 0.5)1/2 1.732
AB
AB
1
1.732
FCyl (F . a p ) a p (F . a ) a (F . a z ) a z
x Cos
y Sin
x 2 y 2 12.81
tan -1
y
- 38.660
x
B Sin a x - Cos a y z a z
11. Find a unit vector from ( 10, 3/4, /6) to (5, /4, )
Soln :
A(r, , ) expressed in rectangular co-ordinates
OA r Sin Cos a x r Sin Sin a y r Cos a z
3
A 10 Sin
Cos
a x 10 Sin
Sin
a y 10 Cos
a z
4
6
4
6
4
AB
a AB
(- 0.65 a x - 0.24 a y 0.72 a z )
AB
FSph (F . a r ) a r (F . a ) a (F . a ) a
(10 Sin Cos - 8 Sin Sin 6 Cos ) a r
(10 Cos Cos - 8 Cos Sin - 6 Sin ) a
(- 10 Sin - 8 Cos ) a
r 10 2 8 2 6 2 200 ; Cos -1
z
Cos -1
r
6
200
-8
- 38.66 0
10
Sin Sin 64.69 0.9 Sin Sin (-38.66) - 0.625
Cos Cos 64.69 0.42 Cos Cos (-38.66) 0.781
tan -1
64.89 0
Line Integrals
In general orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinate system
dl h1 du1 a1 h 2 du 2 a 2 h 3 du 3 a 3
F F1 a1 F2 a 2 F3 a 3
F
. dl h1 F1 du1 h 2 F2 du 2 h 3 F3 du 3
C
. dl d
(b) - (a) (does not depend on the path !). If is electrostatic flux, then
. dl represent the potential between b and a and is zero if it is taken around a closed contour.
a
i.e., . dl 0
line
integral
I a . dl
Soln : dl dx a x dy a y
a . dl (x y) dx (y - x ) dy
y 2 x or 2 dy dy dx
2
2
a . dl (y 2 y) 2y dy (y - y 2 ) dy
1
(2 y
2 y 2 y - y 2 ) dy
1
2
(2 y
y 2 y) dy
2 y 4
y3
y2
3
2 1
4 2
24
23
22
1
1
1
-
3
2
3
2
2
2
8
2
1
1
4
8
2 - 12
- 1 11
3
3
3
3
where
a (x y) a x (y - x) a y
Soln:
If S is hemisphere of radius a, then S is defined by
x 2 y2 z2 a 2 , z 0 ;
ds (a d ) (a Sin ) d a r
ds a 2 Sin d d a r
E (E . a r ) a r (E. a ) a (E. a ) a
E . ds a Sin 3 Cos 2 d d
0 / 2 , 0 2
/2
2
2
2 a3
3
3
2
3
E
.
ds
a
Sin
Cos
a
x
x
0
0
3
3
Electric Flux Density (D) is the measure of cluster of electric lines of force. It is the number
of lines of force per unit area of cross section.
c/m 2
or D n ds C where n is unit vector normal to surface
i.e., D
A
S
Electric Field Intensity (E) at any point is the electric force on a unit +ve charge at that point.
F
q1
i.e., E
a1 N / c
q
4 0 r12
1 q1
D
a
N
/
c
N
/
c
or
D
E
C in vacuum
1
0
0 4 r12
0
In any medium other than vacuum, the field Intensity at a point distant r m from + Q C is
Q
E
a r N / c ( or V / m)
4 0 r r 2
Q
and D 0 r E C or D
a r C
4 r2
E
+QC
q = 1 C (Test Charge)
Source charge
r,m
Electric Field Intensity E for different charge configurations
P1
r2
Q2
1
4 0
E1
E2
rn
Pr
r1
P2
Qn
Er
En
r1
Q1
Qm
r - rm
a m V / m
a R
P
v C / m 3
The charge is uniformly distributed within in a closed surface with a volume charge density of v
dQ
and V
C / m3 i.e, Q V dv
dv
V
Er
V V
Q
a R
a R
2
4 0 R
4 0 R 2
V (r1 )
1 4 0 (r - r1 ) 2 a R N / C
V
3. Electric field intensity E due to a line charge of infinite length with a line charge density
of l C / m
a R
dl
l C / m
L
l dl
4. E due to a surface charge with density of S C / m2
ds
a R
P (Field point)
(Source charge)
Ep
1
4 0
S ds
a R N / C
R2
Electrical Potential (V) The work done in moving a unit +ve charge from Infinity to that is
called the Electric Potential at that point. Its unit is volt (V).
Electric Potential Difference (V12) is the work done in moving a unit +ve charge from one point
to (1) another (2) in an electric field.
f
dV - dl - E . dl
- - - - - - - - (1)
q
V
V
V
Also, dV
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
dV V . dl
- - - - - - - - - (2)
a l
R dR
0
+Q
At point P, E
Q
a R N / C
4 0 R 2
a R
f 1 x Ep
Q
a R N
4 0 R 2
The work done in moving a unit charge over a distance dl in the electric field is
dV - f . dl - E . dl
R
Vp VP
Q dl
4 0 R 2 (a R . a l ) -
Q
Volt
4 0 R 2
R2
dR
(a scalar field)
Electric Potential Difference between two points P & Q distant R p and Rq from 0 is
Vpq (Vp - Vq )
1
1
volt
R p R q
Q
4 0
P
Rm
V1P
1
4 0
V2P
1
4 0
1
4 0
V4P
1
4 0
Qm
2. Line charge
xP
ll
dl V
l C / m
3. Surface charge
V3P
xP
s C / m
S ds
V
R
4. Volume charge
xP
v C/ m3
V dv
V
R
V
Equipotential Surface : All the points in space at which the potential has same value lie on a
surface called as Equipotential Surface.
Thus for a point change Q at origin the spherical surface with the centre of sphere at the
origin, is the equipotential surface.
Sphere of
Radius , R
R
P
0
+Q
equipotential surfaces
Q
V
VR
Q
volt
4 0 R
Gausss law : The surface integral of normal component of D emerging from a closed surface is
equal to the charge contained in the space bounded by the surface.
i.e., D . n ds Q C
(1)
D
.
n
ds
.
D
dv
----------- (2)
Also, Q V dv
---------- (3)
From 1, 2 & 3,
----------- (4) is point form (or differential form) of Gausss law while
.D
equation (1) is Integral form of Gauss law.
Poissons equation and Laplace equation
In equation 4, D 0 E
. E / 0 or . (- V) / 0
2 V -
Poisson equation
0
If 0, 2 V 0 Laplace equation
Till now, we have discussed (1) Colulombs law (2) Gauss law and (3) Laplace equation. The
determination of E and V can be carried out by using any one of the above relations. However,
the method of Coulombs law is fundamental in approach while the other two use the physical
concepts involved in the problem.
(1) Coulombs law : Here E is found as force f per unit charge. Thus for the simple case of
point charge of Q C,
1
Q
E
V/ M
4 0 R 2
V E dl Volt
l
(2) Gausss law : An appropriate Gaussian surface S is chosen. The charge enclosed is
determined. Then
D
n ds Qenc
S
Also V E dl volt
l
To find : F on Q3
Solution :
Let Q1 , Q 2 and Q3 lie at P1 , P2 and P3 the corners of equilateral triangle of side d meter.
If P1 , P2 and P3 lie in YZ plane, with P1
at origin then
P1 (0,0,0) m
Z
P3
P2 (0, d, 0) m
P3 (0, 0.5 d, 0.866 d) m
r1 0
r2 d a y
r3 0.5 d a y 0.866 a z
Q3 Q1
Q
F3
a13 22 a 23
2
4 0 d
d
0.5 d a y 0.866 d a z
r - r
a13 3 1
r3 - r1
d
r - r
a 23 3 2 - 0.5 a y 0.866 a z
r3 - r2
Substituting,
d
d
P1
Y
P2
0.5 a y 0.866 a z
12 x 10-6
F3 (3 x 10- 6 ) 9 x 109
( 0.5 a y 0.866 a z )
2
d
-3
27 x 10 5 a y 12.12 a z
13.11
2
2
d2
5
12.12
2 x 10-6
(
0.5
a
0.866
a
)
y
z
d2
(1) E p (2) VPQ given P(1,0.2) and Q (1,1,2) (3) VPQ by using general expression for V
Solution :
Vp
Vp
Vp
(1) E p - Vp -
a x
a y
a z
y
z
x
- [ 2 x a x 2 y a y 3z 2 a z ] V /m
P
(2) VPQ - E p . dl
Q
2x dx
1
0 y
VQ - VP - 1 V
2 0
(3) VPQ
2y dy
1
3z
dz
0 -1 V
To find : E at 0 (0,0,0) m
Solution :
E0
E0
0
Q
a AO N / C
4 0 (AO)2
64.4 x 10- 9
[ a AO ] N/ C
10- 9
2
4 x
(AO)
36
AO (0 4) a x (0 - 2) a y (0 3) a z 4a x - 2 a y 3 a z
a AO
AO
AO
1
(AO) (0.743 a x - 0.37 a y 0.56 a z )
29
64.4 x 9
E0
a AO 20 a AO N / C
29
Q1 Q 2
F12
a12
2
4 0 R 12
R 12 R 2 - R 1 (-0.03 a x 0.01 a y 0.04 a z ) - (0.03 a x 0.08 a y - 0.02a z )
( - 0.06 a x - 0.07 a y 0.06 a z ) ; R 12 0.11 m
a12 ( - 0.545 a x - 0.636 a y 0.545 a z )
F12 9 a12 N
(2) Q1 & Q2 are brought in contact and separated by R12 = 4 x 10-2 m F12` ?
Solution :
F12
(1)
a12
-9
x 10-5 a12 5.63 N (attractive)
16
1
(Q1 Q 2 ) 1.5 x 10-9 C
2
1.52
F12`
F12`
6.
( 1.5 x 10-9 ) 2
10-9
4 x
x ( 4 x 10- 2 ) 2
36
12.66 N (repulsive)
a12
Y
x
P3
x
P2
x
P1
0
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = 20 C
QP = 200 C at P(0,0,3) m
P1 = (0, 0 , 0) m P2 = (4, 0, 0) m
P3 = (4, 4, 0) m P4 = (0, 4, 0) m
FP = ?
Solution :
R 1p 3 a z R 1p 3 m a1p a z
R 2p - 4 a x 3 a z ; R 2p 5 m a 2p - 0.8 a x 0.6 a z
R 4p - 4 a y 3 a z ; R 4p 5 m ; a 4p - 0.8 a y 0.6 a z
Fp
Qp
4
10- 9
36
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2 a1p 2 a 2p 3 a 3p 2 a 4p
R 2p
R 3p
R 4p
R 1p
1
1
1
a z 2 ( - 0.8 a x 0.6 a z )
(-0.625 a x - 0.625 a y 0.47 a z )
2
2
3
5
6.4
200 x 10- 6 x 9 x 109
20 x 10- 6
1
( - 0.8 a 0.6 a )
y
z
52
100
100
100
a z
(- 0.8 a x 0.6 a z )
(-0.625 a x - 0.625 a y 0.47 a z )
9
25
40.96
200x10 - 6 x9x10 9 x109 x10 - 6 x 10- 2
y
z
25
E P E1P E 2P E 3P
Q1
1
Q2
Q
a 2P 3 2 a 3P
2 a1P
2
4 0 R 1P
R 2P
R 3P
- 0.866 a z
R 1P 0.866
a1P - a z
R 1P
R 2P 0.5 a y
R 2P 0.5
a 2P a y
R 3P - 0.5 a y
R 3P 0.5
a 3P - a y
- 1 x 10- 6
1
- 2 x 10- 6
- 3 x 10- 6
(
a
)
(
a
)
(
a
)
z
y
y
-9
10
0.866 2
0.52
0.52
4
36
9 x 103 1.33 a z - 8 a y 12 a y
EP
9 x 103
4 a
EP
( EP ) = 37.9 k V / m
Y
(2, 15, 3) m
P
X
The line charge is parallel to Y axis. Therefore E PY = 0
R AP (2 - (-3)) a x (3 - 4) a z (5 a x - a z ) ; R 5.1 m
R
a R
(0.834 a x - 0.167 a z )
R
l
25 x
EP
a R
a R
10- 9
2 0 R
2
x 5.1
36
E P 88.23 a R V / m
1 Q2
Q3
E1 E 21 E 21
a
2 a 21
2 31
4 0 R 21
R 31
R 21 (2 a x a y - 2 a z )
R 21 3 a 21 0.67 a x 0.33 a y - 0.67 a z
R 31 a x 2 a y 2 a z
R 31 3 a 31 0.33 a x 0.67 a y 0.67 a z
10- 6
10- 6
E1 9 x 109
(0.67 a x 0.33 a y - 0.67 a z )
(0.33 a x 0.67 a y 0.67 a z )
9
9
3
10 [ a x a y ] 14.14 (0.707 a x 0.707 a y ) V / m
V1
-6
1 Q2
Q3
10- 6
9 10
9
x
10
3000 V
4 0 R 21 R 31
3
3
E1 14.14 V / m
V1 3000 V
1 Q1
Q2
(1) E 3
a 23
2 a13
2
4 0 R 13
R 23
R 13 (2 - 1) a y (0 - 2) a z a y - 2 a z
R 13 5
R 23 (0 1) a x (2 - 1) a y (0 - 3) a z a x a y - 3 a z
R 23 11
R
a13 13 ( 0.447 a y - 0.894 a z )
R 13
R
a 23 23 0.3 a x 0.3 a y - 0.9 a z
R 23
10 x 10- 6
- 5 x 10- 6
E 3 9 x 109
(0.447
a
0.894
a
)
- 1.23 a
Q
Q
Q
E 3x - 1.23 a x
E 3x cannot be zero
11. Data : Q2 = 121 x 10-9 C at P2 (-0.02, 0.01, 0.04) m
Q1 = 110 x 10-9 C at P1 (0.03, 0.08, 0.02) m
P3 (0, 2, 0) m
To find : F12
Solution :
Q1 Q 2
F12
a12 N ; R 12 - 0.05 a x - 0.07 a y 0.02 a z
2
4 0 R 12
F12 0.015 a 12 N
E - V V a x V a y V a z
x
y
z
E - 100 x y z a x - 50 x 2 z a y - 50 x 2 y a z
Additional Problems
A1. Find the electric field intensity E at P (0, -h, 0) due to an infinite line charge of density
l C / m along Z axis.
+
Z
A dz
R AP
z
dEPy
Y
dEPz
d EP
a P
X
-
Solution :
Source : Line charge l C / m. Field point : P (0, -h, 0)
dQ
l dz
a R
a R V / m ; R AP - z a z - h a y
2
2
4 0 R
4 0 R
R AP z 2 h 2
R
1
- h a y - z a z
R
R
dE P
a R
z
h
- R a y - R a z d E Py a y d E Pz a z
l dz h
l dz z
a y dE Pz a z
2
4 0 R R
4 0 R 2 R
dE P
dE Py
l dz
4 0 R 2
dE Py
l h Sec 2 d
x Cos
4 0 h 2 Sec 2
E Py -
l
Cos d
4 0 h
l
l
l
[ Sin ]- / /22 x2 a y
4 0 h
4 0 h
2 0 h
l h Sec 2 d
h tan
x
4 0 h 2 Sec 2
h Sec
dE Pz
E Pz
l
[ Cos ]- / /22 0
4 0 h
l
Sin d
4 0 h
An alternate approach uses cylindrical co-ordinate system since this yields a more general insight
into the problem.
Z +
A dz
P ( , / 2, 0)
Y
P
/2
AP
X
-
dQ
2 a R V / m
4 0 R
where R a - z a z
and a R
1
( a - z a z )
R
dQ l dz C
z
R a - R a z dE P a dE P z a z
l
l
(i) dE P
dz ; (ii) dE P z z dz
2
4 0 R
4 0 R 2
Taking OPA as integration variable, and expressing all distances in terms of and
dE P
l dz
4 0 R 2
z tan , dz Sec 2 d
(i) dE P
and R
Sec
Cos
l x x Sec 2
l
d
Cos d
3
3
4 0 Sec
4 0
E P
l
l
l
[ Sin ]- / /22
x 2
4 0
4 0
2 0
(ii) dE P z
l x tan x Sec 2
l
d
(- Sin ) d
3
3
4 0 Sec
4 0
l
[ Cos ]- / /22 0
4 0
l
EP
a V / m
2 0
A2. Find the electric field intensity E at (0, -h, 0) due to a line charge of finite length along Z
axis between A (0, 0, z1) and B(0, 0, z2)
Z
B (0, 0, z2)
dz
2 A(0, 0, z1)
1
Y
X
Solution :
dE P
l dz
4 0 R 2
z2
EP d EP -
2
l
l
Cos d a y
4 0 h 1
4 0 h
z1
EP
z
h
R a y - R a z
Sin d a
l
l
(- Sin )12 a y
( Cos )12 a z
4 0 h
4 0 h
l
(Sin1 - Sin 2 ) a y (Cos 1 - Cos 2 ) a z V / m
4 0 h
2
, 1 2
2
EP
- l
a y V / m
2 0 h
A3. Two wires AB and CD each 1 m length carry a total charge of 0.2 C and are disposed as
P
.
1m
1m
D
Solution :
(1)
1 = 1800 2 = 1800
A
1m
E PAB
l
- (Sin 2 - Sin 1 ) a y Cos 2 - Cos 1 a z
4 0 h
0
(Indeterminate)
0
az
(2)
Pay
C
1
1 = - tan-1
2 = 0
1
= - 63.430
0 .5
E PCD
l
4 0 h
- (Sin
0.2 x 10- 6
A
L
dE P
l dy
a R V / m
4 0 R 2
1
R (L d - y) a R ; a R (-a y )
R
l a y
dE Py
dy
4 0 (L d - y)2
1
Ld
1
y L;t
d
Let L d - y - t ; - dy - dt ; y 0 , t
dE P
- l
dt
4 0 t 2
l
EP
4 0
EP
t 1
Ld
l
4 0
1
1
d - L d
l 1
1
V/m
4 0 d L d
dEPy
0.2 x 10 -6 1
1
E PAB
a y
-9
10 0.5 1.5
4
36
E P E PAB E PCD
2152 a P V / m
where a P (- 0.381 a y 0.925 a z )
A4. Develop an expression for E due to a charge uniformly distributed over an infinite plane
with a surface charge density of S C / m2.
Solution :
Let the plane be perpendicular to Z axis and we shall use Cylindrical Co-ordinates. The source
charge is an infinite plane charge with S C / m2 .
dEP Z
AP R
Y
d
AP AO OP - OA OP
R ( - a z a z )
a R
1
( - a z a z )
R
dE P
EP
S z
d d
4 0 R 3
S dE P 4 S0
z d
0 d 0 R 3 4 S0 x 2
z is fixed height of above plane and let OPA be integration variable. All distances are
EP S
2 0
z z tan
2
0 z3 Sec3 z Sec d 2 S 0
/2
Sin d
S
[- Cos ]0 / 2 a z
2 0
S
a z (normal to plane)
2 0
A5. Find the force on a point charge of 50 C at P (0, 0, 5) m due to a charge of 500 C that is
uniformly distributed over the circular disc of radius 5 m.
Z
P
h =5 m
X
Solution :
Given : = 5 m, h = 5 m and Q = 500 C
To find : fp & qp = 50 C
f P E P x q P where E P S a z
2 0
Q
A a z
2 0
f P 56.55 a z N
500 x 10- 6
a z
10-9
2
2 ( 5 ) x
36
500
x 36 x 103 a z
2 x 25
1131 x 103 a z N / C