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Short-circuits Lecture 14

Short-circuits calculations according to standard IEC 60909

Prof. Dsir Rasolomampionona,


Prof. dr hab. Jan Machowski

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Outline of the lecture


Definitions
Schematic diagram of short-circuit current
Low Voltage factors
short-circuits fed from non-meshed networks
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit with on-load tap-changer
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit without on-load tap-changer
short-circuits in meshed networks
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
steady-state short-circuit current
Joule integral and thermal equivalent short-circuit current

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Short-circuits Standards
Definitions
Definition

Symbol according to IEC 60909

Peak short-circuit current

"
IK
ip

Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current

Ib

Initial symmetrical short-circuit current

Factor for the calculation of the symmetrical short-circuit


breaking current
Decaying aperiodic component of short-circuit current

idc

Thermal equivalent short-circuit current

I th

Assymmetrical short-circuit breaking current


Initial symmetrical short-circuit power
Duration of the short-circuit current

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I b asym
"
SK
TK

Short-circuits Standards

a)

Current

1 - top enveloppe

2 2 IK

(a)

ip

2 2 IK

idc - DC component idc of the short-circuit current

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of


short-circuit current

Time

(b)
2 - bottom enveloppe
b)
Current
1 - top enveloppe

short-circuit current of far


from generator shortcircuit with decaying AC
component
short-circuit current of
near to generator shortcircuit with constant AC
component.

idc - DC component idc of the short-circuit current

2 2 IK = 2 2 IK

ip

2 2 IK

dc

2 - bottom enveloppe
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Time

All the other symbols (A, IK, ip, Idc)


were given in the definitions,
1. Top enveloppe,
2. bottom enveloppe

Short-circuits Standards
Table 1. Selection of Voltage factor c (equivalent voltage source)
Voltage factor c to be calculated
Nominal voltage
Un

of maximum voltage
short-circuit

of minimum voltage shortcircuit

Low voltage (100 1000V)


a)
230 240V
b)
Other voltages

1.00
1.05

0.95
1.00

Medium voltage (1 35kV)

1.10

1.00

High voltage > 35kV

1.10

1.00

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Short-circuits Standards
Selection of Voltage factor c (equivalent voltage source)
In all hitherto used formulas the initial short-circuit and short-circuit currents were
calculated using the U0 voltage (equivalent voltage source) derived from the Thevenins
theorem. by corresponding to the prefault voltage at short-circuit location node. The IEC
standard defines this voltage from the network nominal voltage mutipiled by the c factor
given in the previous slide table as follows :
U o = c U n

After defining such a voltage the initial three phase short-circuit current may be calculated
using the following expression :
"
IK
=

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cU n
2
2
3 RK
+ XK

cU n
3Z K

Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuits fed from non-meshed networks
For a far-from-generator short-circuit fed from a single source (see Figure 1), the shortcircuit current is calculated using the equation presented at the bottom of the previous
slide.
G
When there is more than one source
3
contributing to the short-circuit current, and the
Q
M
sources are unmeshed, as shown for instance
3
in the figure at right,
The initial symmetrical short-circuit current at
I KPSU
I KT
I KM
IK
i pPSU
i pT
i pM
the short-circuit location F is the sum of the
ip
I bPSU
I bM
Ib
individual branch short-circuit currents.
K3
IK
Each branch short-circuit current can be
F
calculated as an independent single-source
three-phase short-circuit current in
Fig. 2. Example of a non-meshed network
accordance with equation
"
IK
=

cU n
2
2
3 RK
+ XK

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cU n
3Z K

Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuits fed from non-meshed networks
The initial symmetrical short-circuit current is calculated with the corrected impedances of
the generator and the power station unit in series with a line impedance. The shortcircuit impedances for the different cases are given by the following equations:
short-circuit fed from one power station unit (generator and unit transformer with or
without on-load tap-changer)

2
Z K = Z PSU + Z L = K PSU t r1
Z G + Z THV + Z L

Equivalent circuit with unit transformer and transmission line


2
Z K = Z Q t r2
+ K T Z THV + Z L

Set of HV motors and transmission line


ZK = ZM +ZL
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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuits fed from non-meshed networks
The initial short-circuit current at the short-circuit location F is the phasor sum of the
individual partial short-circuit currents :

I "K = I "Ki
i

Within the accuracy of this standard, it is often sufficient to determine the short-circuit
current at the short-circuit location F as being the sum of the absolute values of the
individual partial short-circuit currents.

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit with on-load tap-changer
I "KG

For calculating the partial short-circuit currents


and I "KT with a short-circuit at F1 (Fig. 3), in the
case of a power station unit with on-load tapchanger, the partial initial symmetrical short-circuit
currents are given by:
I "KG

I "KT =

cU rG

G
G
3

I KG

K GS =

c max
1 + X d" sin rG

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1:t

IKF2
K3

Q
UnQ IKQmax
UQ

F2
t rAT
1

AT

IKAT

cU rG

Where KGS is a correcting factor


given by the following expression

F1

3K GS Z G

3 Z TLV + 12 Z Qmin
tr

K3
IKT

K3
F3

Fig. 3. Short-circuit currents and partial short-circuit currents for


three-phase short-circuits between generator and unit
transformer with or without on-load tap-changer, or at the
connection to the auxiliary transformer of a power station unit
and at the auxiliary busbar A

Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit with on-load tap-changer
And the rest of the symbols are defined as follows:
ZG is the subtransient impedance of the generator
X d" is the subtransient reactance referred to the rated impedance:

ZTLV is the transformer short-circuit impedance referred to the low-voltage side


tr is the rated transformation ratio;
ZQmin is the minimum value of the impedance of the network feeder, corresponding to
the maximum short-circuit power

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit with on-load tap-changer
For the calculation of the partial short-circuit current feeding into the short-circuit
location F2, for example at the connection to the high-voltage side of the auxiliary
transformer AT in the figure, it is sufficient to take:

cU rG
1
1
"

I KF2 =
+

3 K GS Z G
K TS Z TLV + 12 Z Qmin

tr

With KTS given by the following expression


K TS =

And KGS as it was given before


K GS =

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cmax
1 X Tp.u. sin rG
c max

1 + X d" sin rG

Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit without
on-load tap-changer
For a power station unit without on-load tap-changer of the unit transformer, the
partial initial symmetrical short-circuit currents (the same figure) are defined by the
same formulas as for the case with on-load tap-changer, with small modifications of
the correcting factors KGS and KTS, which become KGS0 and KTS0
I

"
KG

I "KT =

cU rG
=
3K GS0 Z G

"
KF2

cU rG
=
3

cU rG

3 Z TLV + 12 Z Qmin
tr

1
1

+
K GS0 Z G K TS0 Z TLV + t1r2 Z Qmin

with
K GSO =

c max
1

1 + p G 1 + X d" sin rG

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K TSO =

c max
1

1 + p G 1 X T p.u. sin rG

Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents inside a power station unit without
on-load tap-changer
If the unit transformer has an on-load tap-changer on the high-voltage side, it is
assumed that the operating voltage at the terminals of the generator is equal to UrG.
If, even in this case, the voltage region of the generator UG = UrG(1pG) is used
permanently, take equations for the case without on-load tap changer than those for
the case with on-load tap changer.
The total short-circuit current in F1 or F2 is found by adding the partial short-circuit
current, caused by the medium- and low-voltage auxiliary motors of the power
station unit.

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
In meshed networks, such as those shown in figure
at right, it is generally necessary to determine the
short-circuit impedance Zk = Z(1) by network
reduction (series connection, parallel connection,
and delta-star transformation, for example) using the
positive-sequence short-circuit impedances of
electrical equipment.
The impedances in systems connected through
transformers to the system, in which the shortcircuit occurs, have to be transferred by the
square of the rated transformation ratio.
If there are several transformers with slightly
differing rated transformation ratios (trT1 trT2... trTn),
in between two systems, the arithmetic mean
value can be used.
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G
3
F

M
3

M
3

M
3

Fig. 4. System diagram

Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
The initial symmetrical short-circuit current shall
be calculated with the equivalent voltage source
cU n 3 at the short-circuit location using
equation

"
IK
=

cU n
3

2
2
RK
+ XK

G
3
F

cU n
3Z K
M
3

M
3

M
3

Fig. 4. System diagram

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
For three-phase short-circuits fed from non-meshed networks as in figures 2 and 3, the
contribution to the peak short-circuit current from each branch can be expressed by:
"
ip = 2 I K

The factor for the R/X ratio shall be obtained


from Figure 5 or calculated by the following
expression:

= 1,02 + 0,98e 3R/X

2,0
1,8
1,6
x 1,4
1,2
1,0

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2


R /X

Fig. 5. Factor for series circuit as a function of ratio R/X

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
Equations of ip and of the previous slide presume that the short-circuit starts at zero
voltage, and that ip is reached approximately after one half-cycle. For a synchronous
generator use RGf..
The peak short-circuit current ip at a short-circuit location F, fed from sources which are
not meshed with one another, in accordance with Figure 2, is the sum of the partial shortcircuit currents:

And from Fig. 2

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
When calculating the peak short-circuit current ip in meshed networks, the equation of ip
shall be used with determined using one of the following methods a), b), or c).
a) Uniform ratio R/X or X/R
For this method the factor is determined from figure 5 taking the smallest ratio of R/X
or the largest ratio of X/R of all branches of the network.
It is only necessary to choose the branches which carry partial short-circuit currents
at the nominal voltage corresponding to the short-circuit location and branches with
transformers adjacent to the short-circuit location.
Any branch may be a series combination of several impedances. In practise,
considering branches, through which the flowing current is about 80% of the shortcircuit current is sufficient.

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
b) Ratio R/X or X/R at the short-circuit location
For this method the factor is multiplied by a factor 1,15 to cover inaccuracies caused
by using the ratio Rk / Xk from a network reduction with complex impedances.

As long as R/X remains smaller than 0,3 in all branches, it is not necessary to use the
factor 1,15. It is not necessary for the product 1,15 . (b) to exceed 1,8 in low-voltage
networks or to exceed 2,0 in medium- and high-voltage networks.
The factor (b) is found from figure5 for the ratio Rk / Xk given by the short-circuit
impedance Zk = Rk + jXk at the short-circuit location F, calculated for frequency f = 50 Hz

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
c) Equivalent frequency fc
An equivalent impedance Zc of the system as seen from the short-circuit location is
calculated assuming a frequency fc = 20 Hz The R/X or X/R ratio is then determined
according to the following equation :

where

R Rc f c
=

X Xc f

Zc = Rc + jXc is the equivalent impedance of the system as seen from the short-circuit
location for the assumed frequency fc;
Rc is the real part of Zc (Rc is generally not equal to the R at nominal frequency)
Xc is the imaginary part of Zc (Xc is generally not equal to the X at nominal frequency).

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Short-circuits Standards
Short-circuit currents in meshed networks
c) Equivalent frequency fc
The factor is found from figure 5 using the R/X or X/R ratio from equation (*), or with
equation (**). Method c) is recommended in meshed networks (see IEC 60909-1).
R Rc f c
=

X Xc f

(*)

= 1,02 + 0,98e 3R/X

(**)

When using this method in meshed networks with transformers, generators and
power station units, the impedance correction factors KT, KG and KS, respectively KSO,
shall be introduced with the same values as for the 50 Hz or 60 Hz calculations.

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Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current:
Single-fed three- phase short-circuit
For a near-to-generator short-circuit, in the case of a single fed short-circuit or from nonmeshed networks (fig. 2), the decay to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib
(*) is taken into account by the factor m according to equations (**).
"
I b = I K"
(*)
- for tmin = 0,02 s = 0,84 + 0,26 e- 0 ,26 I KG / I rG
The factor m depends on the minimum
time delay tmin and the ratio I K" / I rG
where IrG is the rated generator current.

"

- for tmin = 0,05 s

= 0,71 + 0,51 e- 0 ,30 I KG / I rG

- for tmin = 0,10 s

" /I
- 0 ,32 I KG
rG

= 0,62 + 0,72 e

"

- for tmin 0,25 s = 0,56 + 0,94 e- 0 ,38 I KG / I rG

The values of m in equation (**) apply if synchronous machines are excited by rotating
exciters or by static converter exciters (provided, for static exciters, the minimum time
delay tmin is less than 0,25 s and the maximum excitation voltage is less than 1,6 times
rated load excitation-voltage). For all other cases take = 1 if the exact value is
unknown.

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(**)

Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current:
Single-fed three- phase short-circuit
If I K" / I rG is not greater than 2, apply = 1 for all values of
the minimum time delay tmin.
1,0
The factor may also be obtained from figure 6.
For other values of minimum time delay, linear
interpolation between curves is acceptable.

Minimum time delay tmin

0,9

0,02 s

0,8

0,05 s

0,7

0,1 s
0,25 s

0,6

Figure 6 can be used also for compound excited


low-voltage generators with a minimum time
delay tmin not greater than 0,1 s.

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0,5
0
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
8
Three-phase short circuit IkG /I rG or I kM /IrM

Fig. 6. Factor

Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current:
Single-fed three- phase short-circuit
For three-phase short-circuits in non-meshed networks as in figure 2, the symmetrical
breaking current at the short-circuit location can be calculated by the summation of the
individual breaking current contributions:
"
"
I b = I b PSU + I KT
+ I b M where I bM = qI KM
m is taken from equation (** - slide 24) or figure 6 for synchronous generators and
asynchronous motors.
The factor q for the calculation of the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current for
asynchronous motors may be determined as a function of the minimum time delay tmin
(fig. 7).
Where m is the ratio between is the rated
for tmin = 0,02 s q = 1,03 + 0,12 ln m
active power in MW and the number of
for tmin = 0,05 s q = 0,79 + 0,12 ln m (*)
pairs of poles of the motor.
for tmin = 0,10 s q = 0,57 + 0,12 ln m
m = PrM / p
for tmin 0,25 s q = 0,26 + 0,10 ln m
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Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
Three-phase short-circuit in meshed networks
1,0

The short-circuit breaking current Ib in


meshed networks shall be calculated by:

0,9
0,8

Minimum time delay tmin


0,02 s

0,7

I b = I K"

0,6

0,05 s

0,5

At first the current at the short-circuit


location is calculated for the time of
breaking, and then the partial currents in
the branches where the circuit breakers
are located.

0,4

0,1 s

0,3
0,2
0,25 s
0,1
0
0,01 0,02 0,04
0,1 0,2 0,4
1
2
4 MW 10
Active power of the motor per pair of poles m

U Mj
U G" i
Fig. 7. Factor q for the calculation of the
"
"
(
(
Ib = I
1 i )I KG

1 j q j )I KM

i
j
i cU n
j cU n
symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
3
3
of asynchronous motors
"

"
K

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Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
Three-phase short-circuit in meshed networks
U M" j
U G" i
"
"
"
(
(
Ib = IK
1 i )I KGi
1 j q j )I KM
j
cU
cU
i

3
3
where
i, j are the values given in equation (** - slide 24) for both synchronous (i) and
asynchronous (j) machines;
qj are the values given in equation (* - slide 26) for asynchronous (j) motors;

I b , I K" are respectively the initial symmetrical short-circuit current and the symmetrical shortcircuit breaking current with influence of all network feeders, synchronous machines and
asynchronous motors;
U G" i , U M" j are the initial voltage drops at the terminals of the synchronous machines (i)
and the asynchronous motors (j);
"
"
I KG
i , I KMj are the contributions to the initial symmetrical short-circuit current from the
synchronous machines (i) and the asynchronous motors (j) as measured at the terminals of
the machines.

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Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
The symmetrical short-circuit breaking
current may be considered as :
the difference between the symmetrical
short-circuit breaking current with influence
of all network feeders, synchronous machines
and asynchronous motors and

IK2
IK3

IK,Ib

IK4

IK1
IK6
IK5

Fig. 8. Calculation of short-circuit


the contributions to the initial symmetrical
breaking current Ib in meshed networks
short-circuit current from the synchronous
machines (i) and the asynchronous motors (j)
I b = I K" I zGi I zMj (*)
as measured at the terminals of the
i
j
machines.
Both last current sum can be considered as decaying components and can be
determined using the following equations, providing that the short-circuit occurs at
the terminals of the ith generator (jth motor ) :
"
"
I zGi = (1 i )I KG
I zMj = (1 q j j )I KM
i ,
j
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(**)

Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
The short-circuit is a far-from-generator short-circuit, hence the decaying process of
the short-circuit current sinusoidal component is dynamic (Fig. 1). We can assume
that the decaying factor is equal to a coefficient i, which is a real number, the absolute
value of which less than 1 (j for motors), multiplied by the current defined for near-togenerator short-circuit.
"
I zGi = i (1 i )I KG
i,

"
I zMj = j 1 q j j I KM
j

(*)

The coefficient i defines the distance between the short-circuit location and the
generator terminals (for near-to-generator short-circuits, its value is near 1, for very farfrom-generator short-circuits almost equal to 0).
In case of non-meshed networks this coefficient can be determined in correlation with
the impedance of the portion of line from the short-circuit location and the generator.

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Short-circuits Standards
Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
In case of meshed networks it is difficult to define such a line, then the distance between
the short-circuit location and the generator is assumed as equal to the ration of voltage
drop in the corrected generator (motor) reactance and the network phase voltage, hence.

i =

U G" i
cU n
3

"
"
I KG
i X dK
cU n
3

(*)

j =

"
U Mj
cU n
3

I kMj X M
cU n
3

(**)

Considering the equations (* - previous slide), (*) and (**) leads to a new form of the
equation (* - slide nr 28). In case of greater number of voltage sources, it is much more
convenient to use special computer methods for short-circuit calculations.

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Short-circuits Standards
Maximum steady-state short-circuit current
For near-to-generator three-phase short-circuits fed directly from one synchronous generator or
one power station unit only, according to figure 11b or 11c, the steady-state short-circuit current Ik
depends on the excitation system, the voltage regulator action, and saturation influences.
Synchronous machines (generators, motors, or compensators) with terminal-fed static exciters do
not contribute to Ik in the case of a short-circuit at the terminals of the machine, but they
contribute to Ik if there is an impedance between the terminals and the short-circuit location.
A contribution is also given if, in case of a power station unit, the short-circuit occurs on the highvoltage side of the unit transformer
For the calculation of the maximum steady-state short-circuit current, the synchronous generator
may be set at the maximum excitation.
I K max = max I rG
For static excitation systems fed from the generator terminals and a short-circuit at the terminals,
the field voltage collapses as the terminal voltage collapses, therefore take max = min = 0 in this
case.
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Short-circuits Standards
Maximum steady-state short-circuit current
a) seria pierwsza

max may be obtained from figures 9


or 10 for cylindrical rotor generators
or salient-pole generators. The
saturated reactance xdsat is the
reciprocal of the saturated no-load
short-circuit ratio.

max curves of series 1 are based on


the highest possible excitation
voltage according to either 1,3 times
the rated excitation at rated apparent
power and power factor for cylindrical
rotor generators (figure 9a) or 1,6
times the rated excitation voltage for
salient-pole generators (figure 10a).
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2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0

max

X d sat
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2

min

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zwarcie trjfazowe IKG /IrG

b) seria druga
2,8
X d sat
1,2
2,6
1,4
2,4
1,6
max
1,8
2,2
2,0
2,0
2,2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
min
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zwarcie trjfazowe I KG /IrG

Fig. 9. min and max factors of series 1 (left)


min and max factors of series 2 (right)

Short-circuits Standards
Maximum steady-state short-circuit current
max -curves of series 2 are based on the
highest possible excitation-voltage
according to either 1,6 times the rated
excitation at rated apparent power and
power factor for cylindrical rotor
generators (figure 9b), or 2,0 times the
rated excitation voltage for salient-pole
generators (figure 10b).

max -curves of series 1 or 2 may also be

a) seria pierwsza
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0

applied in the case of terminal-fed static


exciters, if the short-circuit is at the highvoltage side of the unit transformer of a
power station unit or in the system, and if
the maximum excitation voltage is chosen
with respect to the partial breakdown of the
terminal voltage of the generator during the
short-circuit.
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max

b) seria druga
X d sat
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,7
2,0

min

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zwarcie trjfazowe I KG /IrG

5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0

max

X d sat

0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,7
2,0

min

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zwarcie trjfazowe I KG /IrG

Fig. 10. min and max factors of series 1 (left)


min and max factors of series 2 (right)

Short-circuits Standards
Minimum steady-state short-circuit current
For the minimum steady-state short-circuit current in the case of a single-fed shortcircuit from one generator or one power station unit, constant no-load excitation
(voltage regulator not being effective) of the synchronous machine is assumed:

I K min = min I rG
min may be obtained from figures 9 and 10. In the case of minimum steady-state
short-circuit introduce c = cmin, according to table 1 (slide 5).

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Short-circuits Standards
Minimum steady-state short-circuit current
The calculation of the minimum steady-state short-circuit current in the case of a neartogenerator short-circuit, fed by one or several similar and parallel working generators
with compound excitation, is made as follows:

For the effective reactance of the generators, introduce:

IkP is the steady-state short-circuit current of a generator at a three-phase terminal


short-circuit. The value should be obtained from the manufacturer.

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Short-circuits Standards
DC component of the short-circuit current
The maximum d.c. component id.c. of the short-circuit current as shown in figures 1 and
2 may be calculated with sufficient accuracy by the following equation :
" 2ft K R / X
idc = 2 I K
e

where
I K" is the initial symmetrical short-circuit current;

is the nominal frequency;

is the time;

R/X s the ratio according to Fig. 5 or the ratios according to the methods a) and c)
slides 19 - 22.

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Short-circuits Standards
Joule integral and thermal equivalent short-circuit current
The joule integral
is a measure of the energy generated in the resistive
element of the system by the short-circuit current. In this standard it is calculated
using a factor m for the time-dependent heat effect of the d.c. component of the
short-circuit current and a factor n for the time-dependent heat effect of the a.c.
component of the short-circuit current (see figures 11 and 12)
The thermal equivalent short-circuit current is:
"
I th = I K
m+n

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Short-circuits Standards
Joule integral and thermal equivalent short-circuit current
For a series of i (
i = 1, 2,....,r) three-phase successive individual short-circuit currents, the following
equation shall be used for the calculation of the Joule integral or the thermal equivalent short-circuit
current.
where I "
Ki
(*)

is the initial symmetrical three-phase short-circuit


current for each short-circuit

I th

is the thermal equivalent short-circuit current

mi

is the factor for the heat effect of the d.c. component


for each short-circuit current

ni

is the factor for the heat effect of the a.c. component


for each short-circuit current

(**)
(***)

The Joule integral and the thermal equivalent shortcircuit current should always be given with the
short-circuit duration with which they are
associated.

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TKi

is the duration of the short-circuit current for each


short-circuit

TK is the sum of the durations for each short-circuit current

Short-circuits Standards
Joule integral and thermal equivalent short-circuit current
The factors mi are obtained from Figure 11 using f Tki and the factor k derived in [2]. The
"
factors ni are obtained from Figure 12 using Tki and the quotient I K I K , where Iki is the
steadystate short-circuit current for each short-circuit.

a)

b)

2,0

1,6

1,6

9
1,
8
=
,
1
1, 7

2,0
1,2

1,
1,

1,

m 0,8

1,

0,4 1,3 4
2 1
,1
0
10 -2 2 4 6 10-12 4 6 s1
tK

Fig. 11. Factor m for the heat effect of the


d.c. component of the short-circuit current

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IK/IK =10

1,2
3

1,25
1 ,5
2 ,0

,0
n 0,8
5 , 0 4,
0
0,4
6 ,0
0
10 -2 2 4 6 10-12 4 6 1 2 4 6 s 10
tK
Fig. 12. Factor n for the heat effect of the
a.c. component of the short-circuit current

Short-circuits Standards
Joule integral and thermal equivalent short-circuit current
When a number of short-circuits occur with a short time interval in between them, the
resulting Joule integral is the sum of the Joule integrals of the individual short-circuit
currents, as given in equation (* slide 38)
For distribution networks (far-from-generator short-circuits) usually n=1 can be used.
For far-from-generator short-circuit with the rated short-circuit duration of 0,5 s or
more, it is permissible to take m + n = 1.
If the Joule integral or the thermal equivalent short-circuit current shall be calculated
for unbalanced short-circuits, replace I Ki" with the appropriate unbalanced shortcircuit currents.

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Bibliography
1. Machowski J, Kacejko P. Zwarcia w systemach
elektroenergetycznych (Power System Short-Circuits in
Polish), Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa 2002
2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC 60909-0 Short-circuit
currents in three-phase a.c. systems Calculation of currents

Teaching materials distributed for free.

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