Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
JUNE 2002
1
(a) (i)
m<c 2>
kT.
Use the equation to suggest what is meant by the absolute zero of temperature.
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[3]
(b) Two insulated gas cylinders A and B are connected by a tube of negligible volume, as
shown in Fig. 3.1.
tap
cylinder A
cylinder B
Fig. 3.1
Each cylinder has an internal volume of 2.0 102 m3. Initially, the tap is closed and cylinder A
contains 1.2 mol of an ideal gas at a temperature of 37 C. Cylinder B contains the same
ideal gas at pressure 1.2 105 Pa and temperature 37 C.
(i)
The tap is opened and some gas flows from cylinder A to cylinder B. Using the fact
that the total amount of gas is constant, determine the final pressure of the gas in
the cylinders.
pressure = ........................................ Pa
[6]
NOVEMBER 2003
2
The volume of some air, assumed to be an ideal gas, in the cylinder of a car engine is
540 cm3 at a pressure of 1.1 105 Pa and a temperature of 27 C. The air is suddenly
compressed, so that no thermal energy enters or leaves the gas, to a volume of 30 cm3. The
pressure rises to 6.5 106 Pa.
(a) Determine the temperature of the gas after the compression.
temperature = K [3]
(b) (i)
(ii)
Use the law to explain why the temperature of the air changed during the
compression.
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JUNE 2004
3
1 Nm 2
<c > .
3 V
Calculate the temperature of the gas for the atoms to have an r.m.s. speed that is
twice that calculated in (i).
JUNE 2005
4
pV = NkT,
(ii)
Deduce that the mean kinetic energy EK of the molecules of an ideal gas is given
by the expression
EK = kT.
[2]
(c) In order for an atom to escape completely from the Earths gravitational field, it must
have a speed of approximately 1.1 104 m s1 at the top of the Earths atmosphere.
(i)
Estimate the temperature at the top of the atmosphere such that helium, assumed
to be an ideal gas, could escape from the Earth. The mass of a helium atom is
6.6 1027 kg.
Suggest why some helium atoms will escape at temperatures below that calculated
in (i).
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...............................................................................................................................[1]
NOVEMBER 2005
The air in a car tyre has a constant volume of 3.1 102 m3. The pressure of this air is
2.9 105 Pa at a temperature of 17 C. The air may be considered to be an ideal gas.
(a) State what is meant by an ideal gas.
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(b) Calculate the amount of air, in mol, in the tyre.
number = . [3]
JUNE 2006
6
number = .. [3]
JUNE 2008
(a) Explain qualitatively how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas.
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(b) The density of neon gas at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 1.02 105 Pa is
0.900 kg m3. Neon may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
Calculate the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of neon atoms at
(i)
273 K,
546 K.
(c) The calculations in (b) are based on the density for neon being 0.900 kg m3.
Suggest the effect, if any, on the root-mean-square speed of changing the density at
constant temperature.
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8
NOVEMBER 2009
An ideal gas occupies a container of volume 4.5 103 cm3 at a pressure of 2.5 105 Pa and
a temperature of 290 K.
(a) Show that the number of atoms of gas in the container is 2.8 1023.
[2]
(b) Atoms of a real gas each have a diameter of 1.2 1010 m.
(i)
By reference to your answer in (i), suggest whether the real gas does approximate
to an ideal gas.
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JUNE 2010
(a) Some gas, initially at a temperature of 27.2 C, is heated so that its temperature rises
to 38.8 C.
Calculate, in kelvin, to an appropriate number of decimal places,
(i)
(ii)
Use the expression to show that the mean kinetic energy <EK> of the atoms of an
ideal gas is given by the expression
<EK> = 32 kT.
Explain any symbols that you use.
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10
11
JUNE 2011
12
JUNE 2011
container A
3.1 103 cm3
17 C
container B
4.6 103 cm3
30 C
Fig. 2.1
The containers are filled with an ideal gas at a pressure of 2.3 105 Pa.
The gas in container A has volume 3.1 103 cm3 and is at a temperature of 17 C.
The gas in container B has volume 4.6 103 cm3 and is at a temperature of 30 C.
Calculate the total amount of gas, in mol, in the containers.
13
NOVEMBER 2011
(a) One assumption of the kinetic theory of gases is that gas molecules behave as if they
are hard, elastic identical spheres.
State two other assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
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2. ......................................................................................................................................
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[2]
(b) Using the kinetic theory of gases, it can be shown that the product of the pressure
p and the volume V of an ideal gas is given by the expression
pV = 13 Nm <c 2>
where m is the mass of a gas molecule.
(i)
(ii)
Use the expression to deduce that the mean kinetic energy <EK > of a gas molecule
at temperature T is given by the equation
<EK> = 32 kT
where k is a constant.
[2]
14
(c) (i)
(ii)
Use the equation in (b)(ii) to explain that, for an ideal gas, a change in internal
energy U is given by
U T
where T is the change in temperature of the gas.
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15
JUNE 2012
(ii)
their volume.
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16
(b) A cube of volume V contains N molecules of an ideal gas. Each molecule has a
component cX of velocity normal to one side S of the cube, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
side S
cx
Fig. 2.1
The pressure p of the gas due to the component cX of velocity is given by the expression
pV = NmcX2
where m is the mass of a molecule.
Explain how the expression leads to the relation
pV = 13 Nm<c 2>
where <c 2> is the mean square speed of the molecules.
[3]
(c) The molecules of an ideal gas have a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of 520 m s1 at a
temperature of 27 C.
Calculate the r.m.s. speed of the molecules at a temperature of 100 C.
17
NOVEMBER 2012
14 An ideal gas has volume V and pressure p. For this gas, the product pV is given by the
expression
pV = 13 Nm <c 2>
where m is the mass of a molecule of the gas.
(a) State the meaning of the symbol
(i)
N,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
<c 2>.
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(b) A gas cylinder of volume 2.1 104 cm3 contains helium-4 gas at pressure 6.1 105 Pa
and temperature 12 C. Helium-4 may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
(i)
(ii)
JUNE 2013
cylinder A
tap T
cylinder B
300 K
4.9 105 Pa
tube
Fig. 2.1
Initially, tap T is closed. The cylinders contain an ideal gas at different pressures.
(i)
Cylinder A has a constant volume of 2.5 103 cm3 and contains gas at pressure
3.4 105 Pa and temperature 300 K.
Show that cylinder A contains 0.34 mol of gas.
(ii) Cylinder B has a constant volume of 1.6 103 cm3 and contains 0.20 mol of gas.
When tap T is opened, the pressure of the gas in both cylinders is 3.9 105 Pa.
No thermal energy enters or leaves the gas.
Determine the final temperature of the gas.
JUNE 2013
16
(a) The volume of an ideal gas in a cylinder is 1.80 103 m3 at a pressure of 2.60 105 Pa
and a temperature of 297 K, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
ideal gas
1.80 103 m3
2.60 105 Pa
297 K
Fig. 2.1
The thermal energy required to raise the temperature by 1.00 K of 1.00 mol of the gas at
constant volume is 12.5 J.
The gas is heated at constant volume such that the internal energy of the gas increases
by 95.0 J.
(i)
Calculate
1. the amount of gas, in mol, in the cylinder,
(ii)
Use your answer in (i) part 2 to show that the final pressure of the gas in the
cylinder is 2.95 105 Pa.
[1]
(b) The gas is now allowed to expand. No thermal energy enters or leaves the gas.
The gas does 120 J of work when expanding against the external pressure.
State and explain whether the final temperature of the gas is above or below 297 K.
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NOVEMBER 2013
17 The product of the pressure p and the volume V of an ideal gas is given by the expression
pV =
1
Nm<c 2>
3
N,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
<c 2>.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[2]
(c) A cylinder contains 1.0 mol of an ideal gas.
(i)
The volume of the cylinder is now allowed to increase so that the gas remains at
constant pressure when it is heated.
Explain whether the energy required to raise the temperature of the gas by
1.0 kelvin is now different from your answer in (i).
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NOVEMBER 2013
18 (a) (i)
(ii)
Explain why, for an ideal gas, the internal energy is equal to the total kinetic energy
of the molecules of the gas.
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(b) The mean kinetic energy <EK> of a molecule of an ideal gas is given by the expression
<EK> = 32 kT
where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
A cylinder contains 1.0 mol of an ideal gas. The gas is heated so that its temperature
changes from 280 K to 460 K.
(i)
(ii)
During the heating, the gas expands, doing 1.5 103 J of work.
State the first law of thermodynamics. Use the law and your answer in (i) to
determine the total energy supplied to the gas.
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JUNE 2014
19 (a) Explain what is meant by the Avogadro constant.
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(b) Argon-40 ( 40
18Ar) may be assumed to be an ideal gas.
A mass of 3.2 g of argon-40 has a volume of 210 cm3 at a temperature of 37 C.
Determine, for this mass of argon-40 gas,
(i)
the pressure,
JUNE 2014
20 A constant mass of an ideal gas has a volume of 3.49 103 cm3 at a temperature of 21.0 C.
When the gas is heated, 565 J of thermal energy causes it to expand to a volume of 3.87 103 cm3
at 53.0 C. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
53.0 C
Fig. 2.1
(a) Show that the initial and final pressures of the gas are equal.
[2]
(b) The pressure of the gas is 4.20 105 Pa.
For this heating of the gas,
(i)
(ii)
use the first law of thermodynamics and your answer in (i) to determine the change in
internal energy of the gas.
Ideal Gases
1
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
pV/T = constant............................................................................ C1
T = (6.5 x 106 x 30 x 300)/(1.1 x 105 x 540)................................. C1
= 985 K .................................................................................... A1
(if uses C, allow 1/3 marks for clear formula)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
[3]
U = q + w
symbols identified correctly ..........................................................M1
directions correct.......................................................................... A1
[2]
q is zero ....................................................................................... B1
w is positive OR U = w and U increases .................................... B1
U is rise in kinetic energy of atoms ............................................M1
and mean kinetic energy T ....................................................... A1
(allow one of the last two marks if states U increases so T rises)
mean (value of the) square
of the speeds (velocities) of the atoms/particles/molecules
(a)
(b)
[3]
p V = n R T ..............................................................................................................
Cl
5
-2
n = (1.2 x 10 x 2.0 x 10 )/(8.31 x 310) ................................................................
Cl
= 0.93 mol .........................................................................................................
A1
(ii) total amount = (1.20 + 0.93) ...................................................................................... Cl
(1.20 + 0.93) = (4.0 x 10-2 x p)/(8.31 x 310) .............................................................. Cl
p = 1.37 x 105 Pa .................................................................................................... Al [6]
(i)
(a)
(b)
p=
1
3
[4]
M1
A1
[2]
C1
< c2 >
C1
A1
C1
C1
A1
Total
18
[3]
[3]
[8]
obeys the law pV/T = constant or any two named gas laws
at all values of p, V and T
or two correct assumptions of kinetic theory of ideal gas (B1)
third correct assumption (B1)
M1
A1
[2]
B1
[1]
M1
M1
A0
[2]
C1
A1
[2]
B1
[1]
4 (a)
(a)
M1
A1
[2]
(b)
C1
A1
[2]
(c)
at new pressure, nn
C1
C1
A1
[3]
= 3.73
3.4
290
2.9
300
= 4.23 mol ..
change = 0.50 mol .
number of strokes = 0.50 / 0.012 = 42 (must round up for mark) .
6
B2
[2]
(b) (i) n = pV / RT
= (2.5 107 4.00 104 x 10-6) / (8.31 290)
= 415 mol
C1
C1
A1
[3]
C1
C1
A1
[3]
(ii) volume of gas at 1.85 105 Pa = (2.5 107 4.00 104) / (1.85 105)
= 5.41 106 cm3
6
4
so, 5.41 10 = 4.00 10 + 7.24 103 N
N = 741
(answer 740 or fails to allow for gas in cylinder, max 2/3)
19
(b) (i) p =
1
3
<c2>
1.02 105 =
B1
[3]
C1
1
3
0.900 <c2>
B1
B1
C1
A1
[3]
C1
A1
[2]
B1
B1
[2]
[2]
(b) (i) volume = (1.2 10-10)3 2.8 1023 or 4 r3 2.8 1023 .............................. C1
3
-7
3
2.53 10-7 m3 ..................................... A1
= 4.8 10 m
[2]
(ii) either 4.5 103 cm3 >> 0.48 cm3 or ratio of volumes is about 10-4 ................ B1
justified because volume of molecules is negligible ........................................... B1
[2]
[Total: 6]
20
C1
A1
[2]
A1
[1]
B1
[1]
B1
B1
B1
B1
[4]
C1
A1
[2]
C1
A1
[2]
(iii) realisation that total internal energy is the total kinetic energy
energy = 6.0 1021 68 6.02 1023
= 2.46 105 J
C1
C1
A1
[3]
(ii) 11.6 K
(b) (i) (<c2> is the) mean / average square speed
(ii) = Nm/V with N explained
so, pV = 1/3 Nm<c2>
and pV = NkT with k explained
so mean kinetic energy / <EK> = m<c2> = 3/2 kT
(c) (i) pV = nRT
2.1 107 7.8 103 = n 8.3 290
n = 68 mol
M1
A1
C1
C1
C1
A1
M1
A1
(b) pV = nRT
amount = (2.3 105 3.1 103) / (8.31 290)
+ (2.3 105 4.6 103) / (8.31 303)
= 0.296 + 0.420
= 0.716 mol
(give full credit for starting equation pV = NkT and N = nNA)
C1
21
[2]
C1
C1
A1
[4]
[2]
[4]
B2
[2]
B1
[1]
B1
[1]
M1
random motion
constant velocity until hits wall/other molecule
22
B1
A1
[2]
M1
A1
[2]
B1
B1
[2]
[1]
M1
A1
(M1)
(A1)
[2]
M1
M1
A1
A0
[3]
C1
C1
A1
[3]
14 (a) (i)
number of molecules
either N = nNA
= 5.4 6.02 1023
= 3.26 1024
or
pV = NkT
N = (6.1 105 2.1 104 106) / (1.38 1023 285)
N = 3.26 1024
(ii) either 6.1 105 2.1 102 = 1/3 3.25 1024 4 1.66 1027 <c2>
<c2> = 1.78 106
cRMS = 1.33 103 m s1
or
1
/2 4 1.66 1027 <c2> = 3/2 1.38 1023 285
<c2> = 1.78 106
cRMS = 1.33 103 m s1
B1
[1]
B1
[1]
C1
C1
A1
[3]
C1
A1
(C1)
(A1)
[2]
C1
C1
A1
(C1)
(C1)
(A1)
[3]
M1
A1
A1
[3]
M1
A0
[1]
C1
A1
[2]
B1
M1
A1
[3]
16 (a) (i)
1.
pV = nRT
1.80 103 2.60 105 = n 8.31 297
n = 0.19 mol
C1
A1
[2]
B1
A1
[2]
M1
A0
[1]
[3]
2.
q = mcT
95.0 = 0.190 12.5 T
T = 40 K
(allow 2 marks for correct answer with clear logic shown)
17 (a) (i)
B1
[1]
B1
[1]
C1
A1
[2]
18 (a) (i)
C1
A1
(C1)
(A1)
M1
A1
[2]
M1
A1
[2]
M1
A1
[2]
(b) (i) either change in kinetic energy = 3/2 1.38 1023 1.0 6.02 1023 180 C1
= 2240 J
A1
or
R = kNA
energy = 3/2 1.0 8.31 180
(C1)
= 2240 J
(A1)
(ii) increase in internal energy = heat supplied + work done on system
2240 = energy supplied 1500
energy supplied = 3740 J
[2]
B1
C1
A1
[2]
[3]
M1
A1
[2]
A1
[1]
(ii) pV = nRT
p 210 106 = 0.080 8.31 310
p = 9.8 105 Pa
(do not credit if T in C not K)
C1
A1
[2]
C1
C1
or
or
A1
Nm = 3.2 103
9.8 105 210 106 = 1/3 3.2 103 <c2>
<c2> = 1.93 105
cRMS = 440 m s1
(C1)
(C1)
(C1)
(C1)
[3]
(A1)
(A1)
B1
M1
[2]
C1
A1
[2]
C1
A1
[2]
B1
M1
A1
[3]