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V
<o
MEXICO
AND HER
MILITARY CHIEFTAINS.
MEXICO
AND HER
MILITARY CHIEFTAINS,
FROM THE REVOLUTION OP HIDALGO TO THE PRESENT TIME.
OF
BY FAY. ROBINSON.
atiti
Hngrabfngsr,
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY
E. H.
1847,
BUTLER &
CO.
2-
<^
Entered according
to
an Act of Congress,
E. H.
BUTLER &
Co.,
District of Pennsylvania.
'
. 8.
by
MEARS, STEREOTYPED
PREFACE.
While an
whiled
far
revolutions,
not only of
southern continent.
With
this
view
recompensed
me
for the
Circumstances which
particularly,
Recent events
PREFACE.
VI
many
hints.
The
official
Many
documents, which
seem paradoxical
and
may
may
be improper to
state distinctly and precisely the idea sought to be conveyed.
I have wished to show that it would not be less reasonable
for the Roman Catholic to attribute to the Reformed churches
the dogmatism and the crudities of many of the current isms
of the day, which fritter away most of the essentials of faith,
than is a disposition sometimes evinced to hold the Roman
Catholic church responsible for the countless Indian superstitions engrafted in Mexico on its traditions.
There are many other points to which I would be pleased
to refer, but as it is impossible to touch on all, I will end
at once, dedicating to my countrymen these records of their
enemies.
it
not, therefore,
F. R.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
Extent of the viceroyalty of Mexico Form of governmentTaxesThe clergy Education Classes of the
people
Topography
CHAPTER
Political divisions
II.The Revolution.
Effects
Mexico
Page 13
Supreme
in Spain
Insurrections
Hidalgo
in
.
24
of Hidalgo.
Guerilla warfare
lutionists
against
dition to
Bravo
death of Morelos,
Dissolution of the
stitution
44
Battles
57
CONTENTS.
Vlll
CHAPTER
V.
Don Augustino
Rise of Iturbide
of Iguala
claimed
turns to
Iturbide.
in
77
constitution
framed
76
CHAPTER VI.Mexican
Republic
Congress
of
Panama
Treaty of
Mr. Poinsett plenipotentiary to Mexico
Boundary question Victoria
alliance and commerce
president Influence of Masonry on politics Triumph
CHAPTER
Santa
AnnaMango
141
VII.Santa Anna.
de ClavoPronounces against
Itur-
CHAPTER
153
VIII.
Elected vice-president
Congress sussessions Farias banished Returns
Mexico
pends
Pronounces against Bustamente government His
attempt defeated Early
of Bustamente Election
the presidency Banished Returns
MexicoHis
second election
.218
the presidency Resigns
Attempts
to
to
its
life
to
to
to
CHAPTER
IX.
Election of Herrera
Herrera deposed
CONTENTS.
IX
Officers.
Jarochos
Arista
Cruz
Duran
Campaign
7
Arista ordered to
in the
department of Vera
Insurrection quelled
the Rio Grande Ampudia Battle of
insurrection
CHAPTER XLDon
252
Alaman
rope
Visits
affairs
Execution of Guerrero
foreign affairs in
CHAPTER
The
266
.284
XII.
MexicoThe Church
ADDITIONAL CHAPTER.
AnnexResaca
de
la
Palma
Cerro Gordo
MontereyBuena
Vera
Vista
Cruz
304
NOTE.
As
men,
civil or military,
is
and
their
The two
the pronunciamento,
whole
to
is
is
called
el
grito, or
cry ; and
when
is
the
said to
be a plan.
in
priest,
system or plan
Erratum. P.
from
foot, for
I have read
they.
MEXICO
AND
Form of goverment
Classes of the people-
By
far the
Atlantic,
and on the
Pacific
on the
It
nature
Mex-
has been
peculiarly beneficent,
where every
condemns
to
sterility
re-
tion of
whom
The vice-kingdom
its
power.
14
Montezuma and
his ancestors
braced people of
were ignorant.
How
one
to
this vast
Spain,
is
all
of which had
of oppression and
series
and degradation.
to the elucidation of
and
em-
It
habits, originally
but interesting as
marked out
it is,
skilful
pens
been employed
though
and
finally
ment, which so
turmoil and
far
wholesome
instead of the
strife,
As
it is,
however,
before
which
and
we touch upon
the
seems
Mexico under
first
of
fruit
it
revolution,
influenced
its
subsequent destinies.
It is
the greatest
it
future capacities
and
it
is
any
good government,
until
it
restraint,
is
had learned by a
not an absence of
requires as
many sacrifices,
purest monarchy.
that the difference
governments
is
This
is
obvious,
between the
when we remember
freest
first,
15
com-
The one
is
acting than the other, though few are able to think this
is
the case,
so fatal to
which
it
and hence
originates not a
new governments,
in the establishment of
The
history of
all
its
ex-
more
difficulty in per-
wisdom prescribed
to
them
can no where
Chili,
They were
ap-
imperial
16
respects the
was
existed.
It
ture,
it
issued
gradually
As
a legisla-
all
made
in the exercise of
or confirmed
faculties,
it
military,
and even
all
ecclesiastical,
executive
its
appointments,
civil,
and ordered or
in-
lastly, it
might be submitted
thus possessed
all
The
was
its
monarch was,
assent of the
its
own recommendation,
always
filled
proceedings,
;
and as va-
agreeably to
its exist-
ence might be viewed as the reign of one absolute sovereign, ever sagacious,
to his stores of
experience.
The
sible only to
was appointed
five years.
restore
effete
w ith
T
which he
and
generally returned
their master.
to
fortunes,
for
remain
It
As
17
had
which might afterwards be
Such a system carthe Supreme Council.
submitted to
in its ap-
owed any
bound
Mexico,
to eternal
Long, long
Spaniard.
of this
was
it
to the
as long as
one
man
lived in Spain, he
had a
right
In the long
Filmer.
were born on
w as
T
all
quite as small.
office in their
of viceroys appointed to
of other officers
ter
list
hundred and
own
fact that
The conduct
country as an abuse.
all
to
have actu-
humanity, and
in
ferred there
was no
no remedy
for their
state of things,
Mexico
wrongs.
we be
at the present
can
limit to their
its
When we
look at this
time?
When
oppression does
whom
it
God
they in-
weighs
man
is
when
driven
18
from the tyranny of others are ever most prone to exhibit their
own
Thus
it is,
few Mexi-
As
whom
it
was
was appointed an
to take care of the
officer,
usually a military
Audiencia established
The
taxes
ex-ojficio,
in his capital.
we have
said
it
is
of estates
monopolies of
industry, as
&c.
and
on the
the millione,
19
the alcabala, on
articles of daily
necessaries, whether of
all
sales
all
use
life
and
or of
salt,
to
energy
industry,
fully preserved
to
Mexico,
in the
oppress the
we
native
population
sisting of regulars,
were nearly
of
to
all
centuries
force,
con-
Spaniards, and of
numerous
organization
of
its
civil
full
little
confidence in
internal disturbances.
The
ecclesiastical establishment
was an important
it was
The
clergy
as in
other
the
same
exclusively
characteristics
Roman
the inferior
there,
members being
generally honest,
its
by
The
occasionally exhibiting to
an auto da fe y
in
sacrificed.
20
power of
the
The charge
of keeping them in
it
with
fidelity
the
w ho excluded from
there
transpired elsewhere.
all
that
most
w as
T
liberally administered,
proportional
evils
and perhaps,
may
in general, the
some
was subjected before its
by no means productive of
serve to afford
it
more
whole period of
its
to
show
that,
throughout the
and welfare
To
secure
these
21
interests
Amer-
narrow
limits
in fact,
it
as a
themselves
could
countries
be rendered
available without
of the
wars
civil
in
Valladoiid)
and
In Durango,
unknown.
In
Sonora
it
New
Indian breed
again
appears.
w as
T
The
almost
coasts
both of the Gulf and the Pacific, to the south, were inhabited
by a race,
in
fact,
Afri-
22
The mestizos
are
found every
women
emi-
is
of this class
that a
connexion with
to
deny
it.
millions
minute allusion to
it
The
Cordillera
is divi-
This elevation
This table
On
itself in
its
stern rigidity
the coast
till it
its
its
pro-
ductions, but the rarefaction of the air attendant on elevation gradually neutralizes
points
we
find
this,
until
at
the central
23
we
stories,
and
The
dry,
is
barren because
it
is
accompanied with
of these stories
is
The
first
hot,
where the
duced
The country
fertility.
The
number
Tamaulipas,
St.
Luis de Potosi,
New
Leon, Coahuila,
huahua,
New
to
In several
form one
state.
Thus was the country divided previous to the revoluwith the exception only,
tion, and so it has continued
;
that the
states,
America,
define,
now
to
now
now
and
that
some of
the southern
to
be independent.
CHAPTER
II.
THE REVOLUTION.
Abdication of the Bourbons in Spain
in
Mexico
Spadish
Supreme
constitution
appointed viceroy
On
Effects
Insurrections
in
Hidalgo.
the 5th of
Spain Effects
Change the
America Vanegas
in
in
series of
prince
whom
Machiavelli immortalized,
and
male members of
his family,
were induced
at
to
place
Bayonne, and
crown of Spain.
Charles IV.
rival
all
to
right to the
the
for
subjects of the
privileges of the
by deputies
Madrid.
in
Cortes
the
The nobles
ration of
or
General
Congress
at
Success attends
people rises
in
its
all
popular movements.
might
it
is
When
sure of success.
The
THE REVOLUTION.
25
attacks of the
at
who
were not
fighting for
its
all
liberty
things justifiable
and
integrity.
in
a people
The news
produced
in
Mexico and
it broke
all
It
some provision
and revealed
The
feelings
and the
The dethronement
first
who
declared
himself deter-
mined
This
seemed a general determination throughout all Spanish
In Havana the captain-general Somruelos
America.
decided on this course, in which he was sustained by
to sustain their interest in his government.
the
under Sir
viceroy in consequence of
Home Popham,
invasion
26
sition to favor
tral until
King Joseph,
was
Don
him by the
Grenada, where war was declared
sent to replace
junta.
So it was in
by the audiencia against all the partisans of Bonaparte,
and at Popayan and Quito. Iturrigaray, the viceroy,
soon
after
made known
We
he had to deal.
may
soil.
course opposed by
be remembered of oidores,
fiscales
composed as it will
and the military and
soil.
by law
Finding
their
to
remonstrances vain,
and
The
pressive action,
drowned
all
THE REVOLUTION*.
27
the archbishop
ever previously
summoned
to
convene
at
were
to
pire.
As
be
to
filled
The supreme
Spain.
government
until the
temporarily by per-
five to
central
junta
administer the
in
February,
six
this
who were
to
be in number twenty-
be called on
"
their lot
viceroys,
or governors,
themselves."
was
now
raised to
but
would
remember
the will
be
determined
were
cast
that
of kings
;
by
the die
them
again.
28
was
could
subverted
of the
latter, that
cans"
The
reverses
sustained
joy
those
to
only
"while one
taught that
govern
the
Ameri-
or
audiencia.
The
exertions
of these,
foil,
however,
and by prompt
THE REVOLUTION.
at this crisis, authority should
29
he
He most
the outbreak.
and
left
to the
marked out by
the audiencia,
The
at Valladolid, the
insurrection
capital of
had
Michoa-
man appeared on
the stage.
HIDALGO,
Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was
parish priest of Dolores, a quiet
the Cura, or
in
was then called, intendencia of Guanajuato, midway between San Luis de Potosi and Guanajuato.
He was a man of undeniable acquirements, who
had read much and thought more, who was devoted to
his duties and evidently anxious to promote a knowledge
the state, or as
it
Mexico.
He had
introduced the
made much
of the
to
soil
become
man
all
pro-
at the peculiarities
was calculated
Hidalgo was
a mighty revolution had taken place
great source of
of books
in
unknown
that
it
wealth.
30
bitious, meditative
most of
his
all
cases found to
by one of
be the most
called forth
man
to a perception of the
tive
The
leisure hours.
quiet student
In his lonely
THE REVOLUTION.
him
and
personally,
The dark
result.
spirit
of
favor
in
31
his country, in
mined
him.
it
was not
and was
deter-
difficult,
form a party
to
as
to sustain
It
to
promote
his views
and
the resolution
it,
to maintain them.
he did, and
the
it
that he
is,
little
used so
it,
if so,
never
applied to a
concealment that
and the
first
whom
to
he im-
by
of Intendencia to be arrested.
There
among
is
his parishoners.
and
to his valet~de-chambre,
honor
but
in his
if so, it
followed by
prise spread
ow n
T
country.
man
that a prophet
This
may be
his parishioners.
a hero
without
so generally
is
is
The new s
r
who was
of his enter-
so that within
San Miguel
el
Grande
of which
places
the
united
The property
32
He wished
The
in that country.
great
favorite
in
Mexico, and
man
universally
mand
seventy-five thousand
Hidalgo was
however, began
at last to give
The people,
evidence of a disposition
riano
On
the
Abasolo,
town
letter
and presented a
imous choice of
his followers,
San Muguel,
difficulty in the
way of
whom
it
was
THE REVOLUTION.
33
He
should be confiscated.
tion to the Spaniards
their persons
if
and
as
he de-
attack.
w ere
r
Indians,
Arms
of obsidian,
by the
early
now
brought out
and a stranger
being
building.
lost,
in favor of Hidalgo,
sealed
and the
though Rianon
persisted in his
still
was
defence,
the besiegers.
The Spaniards
at last,
however, became
34
One
noxious Spaniards.
family alone
is
said to have
lost
and pro-
w hat
T
followed
We wish we
Alhondega were
delight in repaying on
all in the
slain.
to
three centuries
lain so
a matter of surprise to
all,
grudges of
had
for they
it
was sup-
is
its lost
however, aston-
not,
freedom
is
yet to be writ-
which materially
what
had seemed
at first
all
The property
to
to
w ere
r
they
Mexican troops of
to-
improved on them.
The
belonging
to a
European was
left
standing.
The
greatest
scenes of outrage were committed, which Hidalgo certainly could not prevent.
the blood
He,
too,
was
a Mexican, with
though a
priest,
if
influenced
he wished
him.
He
to.
Policy,
himself,
too,
siege
is
was
if
unsuccessful,
all
pelled to abide by
The
it
may have
THE REVOLUTION.
ker-hill of
on
35
it.
at
Guanajuato, but
Guanajuato
far
On
for Valladolid,
spread
all
recruits joined
By
universal consent he
w hich
T
yet
more ex-
The
36
mands on many
In
Creoles.
from
who
way he
this
expected, the
corrupted one
Conde de Cadena,
in defence
Calleja
As people
naturally
bold
whom
he was a
The
its validity.
assistance de-
rived from this spiritual power was more than neutralized by the conferring of offices on
all
the Spaniards
who
whom
the
cause.
feelings
When
was turned
to the best
liberty.
head
at the
who
in
good
discipline.
son of
Don
whole south-western
coast.
On
cura of
he knew
command
after the
of the
death
the
priest,
whom
Morelos,
he
friend
The most
in the per-
THE REVOLUTION.
panied with but
five
37
feat
Vanegas had found means to collect about seven thoumen in and near the city of Mexico, under the com-
sand
royal artillery.
in person, on the
Las Cruces, a mountain pass between
Mexico and Toluca. Hidalgo's forces were supposed to
30th of October,
at
commanded by
In the
action, as
first
less
those
antici-
attack of a force
much
resist the
repulsed.
In this action,
it
may be remarked,
Truxillo
com-
An
insurgent
officer
royal
lines
and
basely assassinated.
This Truxillo
observed
towards Hidalgo's
however, so much
forces.
terrified at the
it
Vanegas was,
38
command.
This
may
The
Mexico
retreat,
own
and
day.
recall
It is
was
defeated.
he was
in sight of the
when he
On
this
to
till
first
occasion his
it
said,
is
cannot be suspected
be attributed
to
most indignant.
His courage
many
to
save
assault, neces-
are
aware can
to the charge.
THE REVOLUTION.
nearly without ammunition
more
therefore
commenced
November fell
army, commanded by
a retreat, but
chiefly
duty;
there
and
it
Creoles,
is
on the 7th of
in with the
who
for
reasons.
He
were
39
Calleja.
stated
on the authority of
officers
countrymen.
This
w as
T
not
done
the
battle
their
com-
The
Creole troops
now had
until the
dethronement of
flag
Allende
most revolutions.
At
all
events,
it
40
civilized
officially
There
is
them with
who
covers
if
patriotism.
at Valladolid on the 14th of Novemwhence he proceeded to Guadalajara, which his
subordinates had occupied on the day of his defeat at
Aculco. Here he was joined by the licenciate Ignacio
Lopez Rayon, who afterwards became his recretary, and
was to the establishment of a civil government in the
provinces successively conquered by the insurgents,
what Hidalgo and Morelos w ere in the military conduct
Hidalgo arrived
ber,
of the revolution.
first
On the
entry
into
communication, he
honor of
participated in
his successes.
still
the
under ex-
Te Deum,
in
It is
him
in his
Aculco.
the
lost
at
great dock-yard
on the
Pacific,
of the
Spanish
great
THE REVOLUTION.
lera,
41
at a
few widely
dis-
There
tJiey
were Spaniards.
is
war
for,
on
his trial,
an authen-
tic letter
Hidalgo's career
that
ful
accomplish his
which
from which
it
means mawkishly
sentimental, that he
who was by no
was only pre-
that
saw
so nu-
battle.
Allende fore-
outvoted
42
resist-
ance and
weeks
fortified.
came
in Guanjauato,
in sight
of Allende's predictions.
attacks, in
They were
thrown
finally
par-
into confusion
killed.
by the explo-
sion of an ammunition
w hich
T
they did in
Rayon returned
internets.
chest,
attempt to pursue the insurgents, or to enter Guadalajora until four days after the battle.
For
this
he was
made Conde de Calderon, a title under which he reappears in the history of Mexico after the lapse of ten
The insurgent generals retreated to Saltillo, at
years.
it was deterthem under the command of Rayon,
while Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama, and Abasolo, who
had ever been the souls of the revolution, were to set
out for the United States to purchase arms and procure
mined
leave
to
On
mer
Don
partisan,
resist the
Ignacio Elizondo,
temptation of so valuable a
were taken
to
by a
for-
who had
was
trial
was prolonged
tillJuly,
when Hidalgo,
shot, his
comrades sharing
his fate.
.;
THE REVOLUTION.
an attempt was made
repented
to
testify that
43
now
living in
Chihuahua who
fought,
buried in
to a party of
American
travellers
Cura of Dolores.
None can deny his valor
and patriotism, and his excesses were perhaps to be
fighting
attributed as
whom
to
much
enemies against
Had
he contended as to himself.
it
is
it
been
his lot
not improbable
that he
in
that
he suffered
shed.
it
occasion to refer
less bloodstained
tilla.
to
In the long
roll
to,
of Mexican leaders
one thing
than
is
we shall have
Cos-
CHAPTER
III.
Guerilla warfare
lutionists
to
After
contest changed
command
the
its
Rayon maintained
army which escaped
the Baxio was laid under
phase materially.
Notwithstanding
lassoed.
to
keep the
trolled
field in
most of the
all
mazes of a
guerilla war,
said, appears to
Rayon,
first
we
T
have already
who saw
the neces-
partisans to oppose an
detail.
be
were unable
royalists con-
impossible to follow
It is
the
sity
He
created
in
by some popular
election,
and
to
be
THE REVOLUTION
45
CONTINUED.
Valladolid,
opinion
With this view he occupied that town towards the end of May, 1811, and was
lucky enough to repulse an attack made on it by GeneHe was enabled
ral Emperan, with two thousand men.
insurgents in that province.
many
landholders
as
of the town.
The
for
This, however,
w as
7
who had pronounced in favor of the junta, had refused to acknowledge a king on any terms ; and Rayon defended
the proposition, only on the terms of expediency, the
The
off*
all
respect
in flagrant rebel-
establishment of this
realized.
authority
at first
to
it,
Calleja
contrived
to
its
chiefs.
The manifesto
it
published
is
characterized
46
war on
the
principles
of civilized
nations,
and
to
This docu-
Mexico during
finally
offices,
the
proposed,
if
the Spaniards
would
lay
and
down
their
men and
and
treasure.
assist
Spain in
beck of England
herself at the
of France,
or
perhaps
to
forced to cast
Mexico might
attached to her
as
the only
central junta
It
now becomes
necessary to refer to
that
of the
one
life
THE REVOLUTION
47
CONTINUED.
MORELOS.
When
Don
of that province, on
whom
he conferred a commission
on the south-
The
first
party of slaves,
and
who w ere
r
his exigencies
twenty muskets
at
were so great
He was
ter of congratulation.
Don Antonio
afterwards joined by
Don
November, 1810,
was at the head of one thousand men, and marched
against Acapulco.
This, as is well known, was the
Jose and
Galeaiio
and
in
town
in
be expected
The possession
to be.
in that quarter
The commandant
of the
district,
at the
Don
strife.
Francisco Paris,
Though commanding an
inferior force,
Morelos did
The
and Paris's
chest, in
which
48
fame he raised
for himself.
idol of his
Men
sequently
war.
After a series of successful actions, in January,
1812
The
to
but
is
now
Rayon
by the Spaniards
as
at Ziticuaro,
their
the
1st
was con-
most formidable
On
necessary
junta established by
sidered
to disperse
it.
it.
THE REVOLUTION
The
49
CONTINUED.
rased the walls of the town, after having passed a fortnight there in the examination of Rayon's papers.
was not
all
the
people were
This
From Ziticuaro he
which he made a procession,
proceeded
and a Te
Mexico,
to
Deum
into
honor of his
in
victories
was sung
in
the cathedral.
On
14th
the
Calleja
left
we have
said,
the
capital
to
oppose
known
first
as
General
first
He
immediately determined to
he saw a
man
he
left
at
appear,
whom
As soon
as
he thought capable
man he
Mexico
to place himself
under
life.
On
his orders.
On the
all
suffered
him
to
approach
till
withstood.
town
The Mexicans
when
In this
this occasion
not anticipate.
sought, and
The Spaniards
fire
fled precipitately,
and Ga-
50
men,
were repulsed,
A. M.
having
till
sallied out,
and
hand
in a
killed him.
after
to
hand contest
columns
three P.
lost five
sent
who conveyed
the insurgents,
of this body.
looked anxiously
He
at Cuautla.
determined, therefore,
was
his characteristic.
by
During the revolution this general has
received forty wounds, and undergone perils, his escape
from which seem miraculous.
In one instance a shell
Guerrero.
On
and on the
of
first
rear,
but
in his
THE REVOLUTION
so peculiar, that
2d of May,
it
CONTINUED.
51
On
the
in the
command
of Morelos,
They
unobserved
nor was
it
until they
reached a deep
Over
this
to cut
him down.
persion and to
rendezvous
it
at Izucar.
So well was
it
became
invisible
amazed, began
to fire
on each
possession of
Don Miguel
there Morelos
had the
other.
Izucar was in
among whom, however, was Don Leonardo Bravo, who was made prisoner.
Calleja was for
a long time afraid to enter Cuautla when he did so it
were missing
to
army
and every
defeated and then outwitted, so that Calleja was ridiculed, Morelos had received a slight injury at Cuautla,
which detained him some time at Izucar. On his recovery he again took the field at the head of his troops,
whom
brought
to
He
successively
made
a triumphal
52
He
of September, 1812.
La
At
those
perhaps of
all
Mexico.
were no roads
cities,
in
Mexico except
suf-
it
defended by the
royalist infantry.
The
insurgents
Guadalupe Victoria
swam the moat, sword in hand, and cut the ropes of the
bridge unresisted; the battle was thus won, and the
having paused
at
this
Morelos.
many were
He
obstacle,
then released
all
political offenders
(and
on the 30th of August, 1813, when Acapulco surrendered, having been besieged from the 15th of February
by his army, now equal to any in discipline and effectiveness.
The Spanish
flag
down
for ever
Acapulco, Morelos returned to Oaxaca, where Matamoros had prepared all for the meeting of the national
congress, which was composed of the junta of Ziticuaro,
deputies elected by Oaxaca and selected from all those
at
This
THE REVOLUTION
CONTINUED.
53
Had
Morelos soon
it
had an enemy
he was unable fully
after
numerous, that
have mentioned
this
it
but
oppose him, so
to
to protect
it.
We
that, at Cuautla,
event
were
iards,
more than
in possession of
whom
Morelos placed
at
effect
hundred Span-
three
Mexico.
Vanegas
The whole
for
Leonardo,
whom
The
ordered to be executed.
reprisals, liberated the
presence
considered to
have
finally
destroyed the
prestige
of
and Morelos.
An expedition against Valladolid was agreed on,
which would have placed Morelos in connexion with the
54
At
Valladolid, where
whom
On
the
have
having
Unfortunately, a
rallied.
after a short
and
upon.
fired
Of
Morelos.
this
scene
check been
body of reinforcements
of confusion
for
for
enemies
the force of
Iturbide
took
The
patriot forces
Matamoros a number of
exchange
to
however, was
now
viceroy,
Morelos sent
mand
in
La
cannot censure
ordered
We
by
the patriots,
to take
district
Cruz.
executed, Galeafio,
who
com-
of Vera
and
after
continued
its
labors
and put
to
THE REVOLUTION
CONTINUED.
55
Couriers he had
alists.
Teran
and the
having ascertained
royalists
how feeble
An
mountainous road.
march with
to con-
main body,
as an escort to
men endeavored
tinue his
to
the
"
<
My
life/
he said,
<
is
of
moment
established.
that I
little
My
former career.
to
him, received
little
56
tal,
preserved to
seemed
mony
the
to affect
at all
humiliating in
his case,
by
Indeed, the
last.
him
his degradation
a cere-
itself,
the publicity
examination was
w as
which w as given
7
conducted
to
by the Oidor
His
it.
Bataller
On arriving
Concha, whom he
there,
tion.
He
kindness.
his
for
The
execution.
short
there, deserves to
city.
ill,
<
Lord,
if I
to thy infinite
" After
with his
this
prayer which he
be recorded
mercy
commend my
soul
it
if
!'
own hands
much composure
field
on the
pronounced
as he
of battle."
CHAPTER
IV.
Dissolution of the
tion
Battles
in
tionary cause.
The
lost
ground.
be a source of union,
to
which
his lieutenants
might look,
officers
recognised
its
authority as fully as he
it
to
58
commandant
one of
own
its
officers
was
in self-defence forced to
this
dissolve
to
it
ser-
The remoter
mere dependant.
chiefs
to yield
body, Teran
The
it.
effects
succession,
in
on the other
for aid.
whom was
unable to
call
and the
To
consum-
effecting this
pardon
to
all
who would
lay
down
their arms,
gone
to
duced
to
for
who
field.
Mexico of
cortes
of
America
by the
Cadiz,
to the
in
which
number of
sat
fifty,
representatives
while from
all
from
the rest
this constitution
is
Some account
intelli-
By
its
consist of
all
were
free
all
was declared
whom
the
in the
same
to
Spaniards
Spanish
privileges
THE REVOLUTION
might be granted.
vote, be
offices,
CONTINUED,
Spanish citizens,
who
elected, or be appointed to
were
trusts
who
the
powers of the
the
cir-
be an hereditary
how-
under certain
to
and
were, by
cumstances.
alone could
civil
all
59
as
the
state,
and
which were dispower was to be exer-
The legislative
body of deputies, chosen
tinctly defined.
cised by a single
two years, by the
upon
its
indirectly for
citizens, the
enactments
the executive
to the
The
territories of the
provinces,
chief,
a provincial deputation
biennially
by the
sentation
w as
T
citizens
to
w ere
T
and criminal
cases.
to be divided into
of which
all
manner by a
empire
T
dominions, the number of deputies sent by each province being proportioned to the
zens inhabiting
it.
The
number of Spanish
citi-
had disappeared in the course of the great political tempest, was replaced by a minister of the Jringdom beyond
sea ; the press w as freed from all restrictions, and from
all responsibility, except such as might be imposed on
it by the laws.
In fine, throughout the whole Spanish
empire, the same forms of administration were established, and the same civil rights were recognised, no
r
60
founded on birth-place or
The
central
to
delay the
which
it
them immediately.
The
constitution
America
and
before,
in
some
parts of
them
to submission.
wherever
it
was
resistance
means of
was opposed
to the former
was generally
and when accepted was only used
practicable;
the latter
who
offered
it.
Long
its
concessions
terms, or in the
institutions.
Distrust
and
therefore, after
pend provision
after
skeleton remained.
provision,
It
this
but
its
con-
to sus-
inanimate
made
more popular and universal. The people had been determined to make use of their new privileges, and made
this virtual revocation necessary.
We
the United
THE REVOLUTION
CONTINUED.
61
establish a
new
republic.
rendezvous for
Spain
ments in America.
It is
period, but
it
wall
between
this
Teran,
the
first
who
of arms
to obtain which,
he
mouth of the river Guasacoalco, where he was to be met by a vessel from the
United States. To accomplish this, he had an escort
of but three hundred men, having left the rest of his
troops at a powder manufactory he had established at
Cerro Colorado.
Being overtaken by the rainy season,
he made
in ten
the
is acknowledged to be a
Thence he proceeded to Plaza
Vicente, the depot of the Vera Cruz traders, and
defeated a force of eleven hundred royalists, commanded
by Topete, which attacked him on the 10th of Septem-
ber.
surrender, January
troops, detached
21st,
1817,
to
four thousand
62
manded by
He
at
Col. Bracho,
at
Colorado.
La Puebla,
his
life
of his capitulation.
plenipotentiary to
tation
He
him
and therefore
command
in the
difficulties
His principal
was
whom
w as
T
into the
capital
till
1817.
Don
Ignacio
He was
1821.
in
in the
Amid
from
history.
whom
the reader
is
now
familiar.
patriots with
THE REVOLUTION
of the congress, he
mand
63
CONTINUED.
wandered
head of
at the
When Mina
com-
his
make head
landed (of
whom more
driven from
it
in
was
by a royalist force, and afterwards taken
December, 1817, and confined in the capi-
1821.
by Armijo,
tal
till
He
ultimately
public,
became the
when Guadalupe
first
Victoria
was placed
head
at the
of the nation.
No
chiefs
whose
position, in
this general,
the
moment
that
From
to take the
and
Europe
capital
was,
This he effected
at the
men
(which
is
made up
country,
minds of
his followers,
numbers, and
men
w as
r
his
body of
great occasions
mode
The
instant
:
at the
64
Nor were
it
and thus
w as known
T
in the
at all.
1815 he detained a convoy of six thousand mules, escorted by two thousand men, under the
command of Colonel Aguila, at Puente del Rey, (a pass,
the natural strength of which the insurgents had increased by placing artillery upon the heights, by which
tory warfare
it
in
is
ward of
six
months.
it
The
to
December 1815,
both
civil
posts,
The execution of
this
latter
main-
Two
was continu-
thousand Euro-
was of no
and arms of their
In the course of the year 1816, most of
adversaries.
those by whom he replaced them
his old soldiers fell
perate efforts of Victoria's men, their courage
avail
THE REVOLUTION
65
CONTINUED.
had neither the same enthusiasm, nor the same attachment to his person. The zeal with which the inhabitants
had engaged in the cause of the revolution, was worn
out: with each reverse their discouragement increased,
them but
little
hope of bringing
left
absolutely alone.
left
Still his
He
Spaniards, unshaken.
the
courage
on any
refused the
on the
of which so
faith
many
of the insurgents
of the man.
which
district
and disappeared
to the
His
venture to relate
it
unanimous
many
of them heard
During the
it
evi-
suffer-
first
thousand
men were
literally to
Wherever
it
was discov-
it
and
this rigor
66
struck the Indians with such terror, that they either fled
the approach of a
so
against
himself,
demned them
and Apodaca
too,
to so fruitless a search.
when
in
by swimming a
and on several
river,
having con-
for
On
fell
one occasion
in
which they
with unex-
w ere
r
unable
troops,
more pressing
labors
the
in
interior.
But Victoria's
trials
indeed allowed a
were
still
managed
to pieces,
underwood of
little
tranquillity,
almost incredible
to subsist
upon the
and
his
body
lace-
the tropics, he
was
fruits
of which nature
is
so
he experienced,
after
in
THE REVOLUTION
remain four, and even
five
CONTINUED.
67
convenience
nance
months he never tasted bread, nor saw a human being, nor thought, at times, ever to see one again.
His clothes were reduced to a single wrapper of cotton,
For
thirty
The mode
all
is
could
at
rely, if any
to look for
some
him
He
distance,
that,
was
for selecting
it,
inaccessible,
and surrounded by
The Indians
the
its
news of Iturbide
first
on that mountain,
His only reason
s declaration
reached them,
They
separated on
the attempt,'
when
up
68
that of a
foot,
European.
The Indian
four tortillas, or
had
left,
and
his wallets,
mean
tree,
little
all
he
hoping that
if
would
and
His
little
crossing the
two
days
afterwards,
perceived
tortillas
be-
ria,
own measures
accordingly.
Within a short time the Indian returned, and Victowho recognised him, abruptly started from his con-
but the
terrified at seeing a
THE REVOLUTION
69
CONTINUED.
he recovered
his
composure
He was
sufficiently to recog-
affected
beyond measure
at the state in
instantly to
The
it was
was every one convinced of
it. was known that Guada-
not credited at
first,
so firmly
he induced the
w hole
T
all
then
set.
who was,
at that time,
He was
received
for this
give the signal for a general rising against the too ambitious emperor.
The
with the
life
now becomes
all
identified
in Spain
Among
after the
those
obliged to
fly
it.
from Spain
in
who
70
this
to
With
1816
1st of
this force
September,
made
small additions
men
of
nations,
all
1814
but
all
the advantages
which were
anticipa-
subordination
among
was paid by
gress
all
in
While
this
devo-
command, obedience
rather as an
was
however,
this
at
by Don
whose charge
its
from his
fort
awe and
leaders
trouble.
Acapulco
Rayon
ruled in the
to
the
moun-
tains of Valladolid,
of Vera Cruz
THE REVOLUTION
CONTINUED.
71
The
followers.
from Spain,
arrival of troops
after the
however,
to
daca, a
man
was charged
who
Among
the chiefs
who
Nicolas
Bravo,
Osourno,
and
occupations of peaceful
thus
submitted, were
Rayon,
whom
remained
1821
Victoria about the same time disappeared, and w as
of
all
in obscurity until
among the
insurgents
mand, was
The
who,
in 1817,
remained
com-
in
as he,
however,
general
found
character.
little
defence
From
w ere
these
necessarily of a
Mina
circumstances,
and hav-
men were
left
as a garrison,
some
first
action
tZ
Potosi
Mina was
in this
successful,
We
brilliant career of
Mina
in
Mexico
brilliant
under
difficulties
it
was, from
and courage,
insuperable.
little;
the natives
than sufficient
oattle or
from fatigue
crown
all,
object of jealousy
women and
that he
children
Torres.
foreigners were
dislike
the
by the
they could.
The
fort at
Soto
la
Marina
fell
first
garrisoned bv
an
Italian,
it
commander
some days,
reduced
soldiers.
capitulation,
The
The terms
of the
THE REVOLUTION
capitulation
CONTINUED.
73
imprisonment
for the
remainder of
commanded by General
Linan.
On
the night of
the 19th of August, the able-bodied soldiers of the garrison, with the
women and
wounded
to the tender
mercies
and killed
the greater part
he then butchered the w ounded whom
he found in the fort, and sent the prisoners, some to
execution, others to join their comrades in their dunintention, set
their retreat,
r
geons.
Mina had
thousand
first
men under
his
upon
the feel-
command.
With
these he at
of the royalists.
no
artillery, his
retreat
On
made
pri-
soner.
The news
rejoicings
He was
74
was accordingly shot on the 11th of November, at Tepeaca, in sight of the fort of Remedios, which was then
besieged by the Spaniards.
before the year 1817, not
Apo-
Mexican congress by Teran, and the complete destruction of Mina and his followers, the hopes of the partisans
of independence rapidly sunk.
The system of energy
on the one hand, and of conciliation on the other, pursued
by the viceroy, Apodaca, daily overthrew or disarmed
the enemies of the Spanish authority.
There was no
longer among the insurgents any directing power, to which
the various chiefs would bow each was absolute over his
own followers, and would brook no interference on the
;
The Spanish
troops in
THE REVOLUTION
Mexico
at this
75
CONTINUED.
five
thousand
there
who were
means
government.
the officers
latter force,
CHAPTER
V.
Rise of Iturbide
in
Iguala
to
at the
period
we have
broke
out,
he was a lieutenant
When
in
reached, the
the revolution
the
militia
was a
address,
polished
the
quarrel between
first
nexion terminated
told, the
He
to
How
been
of
He
and with
was one of
to
native.
is
now
this
con-
they
insurgents, that he
77
As
a guerilla
inflicted
on
He
w hich w as in the attack on Corporo
one of
1815
command in the
command he
In this
this letter,
Mexico.
of
with
almost
He,
all
is
however,
were
w^ho
shared
reproach
this
engaged
in
that
war.
He was
tion,
to
and extor-
fittest
him
to the
whom
he w as
T
to
proclaim
During
exercises,
by
whom
and extended
his intercourse
to religious
among the
clergy,
influence he regained
much
In the
city of
view
w ere
r
again
78
should
viceroy
declare
the
re-establishment
of
the
Thus
far,
the facts
we have
stated
what appear
to
have been
well known.
On
the
24th of February,
officers of his
army
1821, he
at Iguala,
and
The
to
the other
and
That the
Roman
That
all
its
same
civil rights.
posed
to
This plan
is
three
their
generally sup-
reli-
of the
DON AUGUSTIN
ITUIIBIDE.
tV
of it, although he admits that it was shown to and approved by the other persons mentioned.
The proposed arrangements having been agreed to
by the
officers,
were, on the 2d of
March
following, sub-
Army of
added
the three
Guerrero, soon
Guarantees.
and they
after,
also re-
who had
lupe Victoria,
wandered
for the
in the forests of
human
being seen by a
being.
At San Luis
Mexico.
young
Don
officer
in
the province of
and the
insurrection,
city
was be-
all
capital,
were soon
dents.
scrupled a
indepen-
little at
first
became assured,
that
The
viceroy,
it
is
was
believed,
to
at first inclined
certain
oppose
it is,
it,
that
to
he took
and he was on
who
at the capital,
government.
in presence of
parties could
be brought
officer, arrived at
SO
Mexico would
This
and
occupy the
capital
and strong
soon as
treaty of
to
tion,
the junta
was formed,
its
members being
all
chosen by
81
bishop of Puebla as
its
president,
drew up
a manifesto
to the nation
daring
of
all
man
was,
the forces,
whom
the
w ar
r
and
by
by
elected
instead of two
;
was allowed, composed of deputies
the people
it
one lawyer.
The Mexican
met
constituted,
plan of Iguala.
Notwithstanding
this
oath,
however,
the Republic
82
United States
wished
their idol to
While
and the
be elevated
at
the Bourbonists
on
to the throne.
united against
deliberating
Iturbidists , wh(?
once
among
on
in
violent.
Mexico, the
tion
were proposed.
insurrectionary
How
be received by the
to
may be
easily
the convention of
protest against
Mexico.
countries
It
this
could,
resolution
however, only be
man nor
by foreign enemies.
These determinations of the cortes, taken on the 12th
of February, 1822, were made known in Mexico in
April following, where they excited considerable sensadisturbances, and threatened
tion.
made agreeably
to
the
had
among
The
army.
in the
83
the 18th of
May,
capital proclaimed
its
On
powers, the
religion,
in
Augustin the
It
First.
may be
supposed, that
this
so
submitting to
and Guadalupe
and
new
showed
was loud
signs of discontent.
The
congress, too,
extravagance and
who, having endeavored
in vain to quiet this body, by imprisoning some of its
members, at length, on the 30th of October, closed its
in its complaints against the
the despotism of
master
its
it
The
own
selection.
nothing to
satisfy the
people
by Iturbide, did
Garza.
This
government
w as soon
r
Iturbide
down by the
was not, how ever,
put
man named
forces of the
equally sue-
84
He had
authority.
conceived suspicions of
Santa
fidelity,
emperor's orders.
injustice
and
them
him
to aid
in overthrowing
it
claiming a republic.
Santa
to
marched against
Jalapa from this place, however, he wSs repulsed by
Echavarri, the captain-general of the province, and forced
submission the neighboring
towns,
appearance
gents
many
Victoria,
on whose
remained a matter of
new
all
he had
first
ascended
it.
He was
Leghorn.
No
Itur-
parties, abdicated
months
after
is
a mys-
85
statement
The epoch
one
to
submit
The
in
which
equally critical
to the
the
is
moment
world a sketch of
actions
which
by the
critical
am
about
my political career.
my name, or of my
greatly discolored
at
medium
who
There
is
sented
to
My
me
attacks
was
enthralled
which
had
created,
for
my
crimes
notwithstanding which I
now
others
These are
appear, and
worn
To
both
new
rulers.
86
knew how
to profit
officer
native city.
It is
The
was not
who
military pro-
my
my
pursuit.
provement of
my
my mind
I did
my
me
name, as
to
me
an hon-
When
on
by Don Miguel
foot
me
The
and
at
offer
was one
man without
that
experience,
declined
it,
ill
contrived,
disorder, massacre,
and
that they
and devastation,
The
result
who
my
predictions.
the
army,
annihilated
industry,
was
before,
it
to a sense of the
87
far
from obtain-
opposed
to
it.
therefore, I took
If,
up arms
at that
epoch,
it
was
not to
lawless
be erected
who
perished in
it.
and
that
to
chiefs,
cir-
cumstances.
reclaim the
to
but to exterminate
rights of the
all
and
ity,
ter
sides,
The
religion.
disorder
though
human-
over the
presided
it
nation,
on both
operations
must be acknowledged,
that
one party
About
the
my father
that the
was
at that
These propo-
sitions
were made
trous insurrection,
I
was then
at
to
and
me
are well
known
to the
Mexicans.
88
me was
leagues from
I
man
who,
as criminal,
vulsions,
I always
cowardly indolence,
in
and made no
kept the
field,
which oppressed
evils
looked upon
himself
sheltering
force.
ii
his fellow-citizens.
then
place
delicacy forbade
mandate, though
was
communicated my
had
foreseen I should do, but I had the good fortune to preserve four-fifths of my force, in an action in which I
apprehended that I should have lost the whole.
I engaged with the enemy as often as he offered
battle, or as I came near him, frequently with inferior
numbers on my part. I led the sieges of several fortified places, from which I dislodged the enemy, and I
rendered them incapable of serving afterwards as asylums
for the discontented.
I had no other opponents than
those of the cause which I defended, nor any other rivals
As soon
as I
than those
who were
envious of
my
I retreated, as I
success.
89
my
but I resigned
and
my
retired to pursue
tivation of
was
this
my
estates.
The reason
of
my command
office
my
resignation
who were
sub-
three of
me
for the purpose of removing every obstacoming forward, by taking away the motives
had resigned
cle to their
The
man, gave
proof,
that
they had been taken by surprise, and that they had been
deceived.
The
viceroys, Calleja
after
commandants and
military chiefs,
and of
all
the most
my
army
me
nious in
that I
civil
minis-
false
and calum-
had permission
to institute
was
which
had resigned.
command, nor
up
the
pay which
The
to exercise
I
office
my right of action,
and
gave
enjoyed.
men had
90
wounded my
feelings deeply
I thought that I
now
might
rest
from the
toils
of the
camp.
In 1820 the constitution was re-established in Spain.
The new
the ferment
order of things,
in
which the
of the
new
some of
good
excited
independence,
and
horrors
of the
repeated.
had
again
the
turning
it
to
advantage.
made
and
precautions
all
at the
preparations
In such a state
was
about to become
tending factions.
ings
took place,
form of
again the
prey of
con-
the
purpose of
government which
ought
to
discussing the
be
adopted.
Among
wished
the
Europeans, and
realizing
in
in
the shortness of
its
conceived that
ought
much
it
which
duration.
to
"New
to
their
views to a
it
as the constitution
was inapplicable
who
some
adherents,
for the
They succeeded
tion.
their
91
Spain."
at
Cadiz
The
gained a monopoly.
classes
fomented these
and powerful
privileged
them-
dizement which
their
Americans wished
for
agreed as to the
mode
of effecting
it, still
first
The
imaginations presented.
many were
less as to the
prefer.
With
of opinion that
The
The moderate
party
all
they had kept the natives of the country for three centuries.
As
to
the
form of
some other
constitution
federative republic
and
of enthusiasm, were
92
impatient
for
accomplishment of
the
their
different
objects.
believe,
knew me
I
had
me.
to
All those
me with
who
information.
mation as
formed
my
plan,
plan of Iguala."
known under
who
Any
person
its
tated
by
title
of "the
was
the
work of
a club of ser-
from
the
who
St. Philip, in
Mexico.
whom
of those persons to
it
attributed,
and
shall only
very
commonly mistaken.
persons as
and
their
men
upon
of different parties
it
is
knowledge.
out, I consulted
For me,
it
it
or erased.
In tracing out this project,
my aim was
to give inde-
my
to
desire of the
Americans
93
were
fully
arrived.
it
the religion
To
which we
for preserving
and
provinces.
fertile
an asylum, which,
if
and of
equality, of property,
which
is
all
liberty, the
knowledge of
sion of which,
exert
It
his
when once
power
to
man would
acquired, every
preserve.
The plan
of Iguala
advancement open
left
the road to
the
to merit
;
it
conciliated
and opposed
my
fire,
country was
free,
94
into an empire.
work conforma-
stance
are not
the parties,
theless,
and he happens
it is
Never-
be the strongest.
to
On
it is
the
Donoju's
cer of
The
capital,
suit.
me
always delightful to
to
my
my
of Cordova, by doubting
Donoju,
of
so
much
to enter into a
delicacy.
by saying that in
can people
that
which
would be easy
me was
at that
I
It
to
period
in the
signed in their
first
place, because
to
assisting
me
in every
way which
In
was received in
Seeing that no one was
I passed, I
it is
to
be inferred
my intentions,
approved of
that they
With
95
and that
respect
their ideas
General
to
for that
him
to
do
Had
this general
commanded an army
superior to
my
the
sentiments of the
people,
unable to
done
if
let
to
Spain
If he
had chosen
either
w hat
He must
Cordova, or have
have returned
who
those persons
become my
of the
latter,
if
lost
then obtained
command, and
prisoner,
he had no other
they imagine
all
disapprove
of the conduct of
or
alternative.
his
country-
the govern-
advantages which
it
96
such
men
tion
amongst
their friends.
to in
such extraordinary
cir-
Up
bation,
my
to this point
and
in
no instance were
began
my hopes
to exercise
But
deceived.
its
functions,
it
and
within a few days after its installation, I saw what was
From that moment I shuddered
likely to be the issue.
for the fate that awaited my fellow-citizens.
It was in
my power to resume the whole authority, and I asked
myself, ought I not to resume it, if such a step be essential to
the safety of
my
country
it
I considered,
how-
ever, that
own judgment.
design
might
were
If I
transpire,
promote
my
its
and
love for
my
my
which had
country, and from a
intentions,
Besides, even
if I
were
to
my
accomplish every-
it
upon
it
with-
was
it
my
as the
true rea-
me
They
and have
97
to
ready
and
stoop to servility
to
when
they found
to
been successful in
under the
me
ascendant.
hitherto
their
titles
my
career,
star
it
expedient,
was
in the
because I had
and they began
well
be
its
of the physical.
once from a
To
state of
The moral
think that
Mexicans.
;
Nature
she operates by
we
could emerge
all at
neither
instructors,
98
to think that
we
refinement in a moment, as
sufficient
by enchantment
we
that
up
false pretensions,
was
a vain expectation,
and could
The
fall,
my
of Madrid was
decree of the
its
enjoyment of
vidual
whom
it
its
office.
The Bourbonists,
that a
therefore,
in
that high
no longer expecting
the im-
Americans.
Hence
parties,
because as
should cease
to exist.
The
proselytes
them.
and
many
to adhere to
w as
dif-
is
no design of which
99
may
not be given
some hoped
that
by the
own
and
fortunes;
Among
named who
it
enemies of estab-
prevails,
w ere anxious
T
in the revolu-
tion.*
The
first
to
w as
r
or
perform
this
to
and committed several errors in framing the convocatoIt was extremely defective, but with all its imperfections it was accepted
I could do no more than
perceive the evil, and lament it.
The census of the
ria.
deputy w as
appointed
hundred thousand
scarcely peopled
for
province
containing
inhabitants,
by half
that
enter into the calculations of the junta, that the representatives ought to be in proportion to the civilization
of the represented.
easily selected
citizens,
who might
to constitute
who
good deputies
cient ability to
whose
The
Alaman.
among
a thousand,
know w hat
T
mind
whilst
and
warfare
is
is
conducive
of
to the public
sufficiently enlarged to
is
first
suffi-
take
]00
affairs,
or at least to save
who
him
has suf-
ficient firmness
him
enables
his reach,
truth
its
These
defects
w ould be derived from the conIt had many other faults which
T
upon them.
But there
in silence, that of
will,
is
do not mean
one which
to
comment
at the
principal towns.
by the
to the
coun-
by the country
and a voice was also given to the individuals
who composed the Ayuntamiento of the principal town
But in electing the Ayuntamientos,
of each department.
people
it
as
own
all
pleasure,
the
therefore, filled
members possessed
This
is
at their
;
and
as
up
vitiated
is
To
cipal
exists
101
its
dependencies.
densely
cities
perhaps, of
ten.
Ayuntamiento,
reduced
to a cipher,
terminates
Thus
is
members
and the
of
of the
election
that
body.
whom
when
w as no such
in fact there
nomination, except on
Ayuntamiento, or
who,
name
in order to continue
their manoeuvres.
To
this
elections
the
It
was
enemy, or so ignorant
to
become
quisites,
so,
If
that
he might
easily
were
my
be persuaded
re-
archives
remonstrances
all
of state
almost
102
elected
as criminals:
men of broken fortunes, tumultuous demawho had capitulated, and who, violat-
others were
gogues,
of conduct notoriously
scandalous;
officers
ing the laws of war and their paroles, had again taken
The
w ere
down
that
the
in the convocatoria,
w ho were
T
when
department,
when
and
whom
the
intrigue.
chief;
all
my
sent to
in the
archives.
did not
saw
that they
w ould be
new
of legal prosecutions.
if
lost in
elections, as
the most of
The
evils.
was
the forma-
tion
wishes
congress,
of the
comfortable
perfectly
who
party
103
influenced
the
to
nomination.
its
reputation
fair
and
was so
selves
on
intentions.
sinister
my mere
installation
its
cipal object of
its
until
examine the
months
that elapsed
The
suspension.
its
do not
assertions
from
intriguers, of
prin-
it
was
written.
army
was exhausted
there were
there
had existed
had been
the repeated
in person,
it,
in matters of
itself
and urgent
solicitations
which
made
administration of justice
to
it
The
in the
some died,
avocations, and
the offices
left
deserted.
to take
Upon
any steps
officers had
had embraced new
and tribunals were nearly
others
congress declined
and wanted
empire was in
their assistance at
104
least of
What
rection
who had
fallen
What
Who
ought to nominate
demand
for
castle of
its
institution
was made
Add
for the
government of the
and
the people,
The
fell
into
a state
The
interior.
its
of abject contempt.
defects,
it
stood in need of
reformation.
It
gave
its
movements
to that
for
the
arrival
of
which they
secretly
Notwithstand-
see
me
all
which
its
authors.
The congress
in office
with
me
who was
well
known
my
purpose of reducing
be
my
enemy,
for the
lity.
to
105
to
my
w ell
influence
w ith whom
T
w ere
r
they
aware.
precipitate
w as submitted
r
to
the congress, should be read three times, at three distinct sittings, before
it
should be discussed.
After this
a commission, appointed
command
concerning the
They w ere
T
posal
lation,
to
jealous of
such
men
although
it
my
fear
my
at
w as
This regu-
very natural.
dis-
legislature
At
May.
memorable
Mexico proclaimed me
u Live Agustin the First !" was the universal
emperor.
Instantly, as if all w ere actuated by the same sencry.
timent, that extensive capital was illuminated
the
balconies were decorated, and filled with the most
the 18th of
respectable inhabitants,
acclamations of the
thronged
where
all
who
I resided.
Not one
citizen expressed
any disap-
my
ene-
my
106
No
favor.
The
my
first
impulse of
my mind was to
determination not to
people.
fore
If
them
restrained
yield
myself from
it
was
appearing
solely in
who happened
"They will consider
moment
to
be with me.
be-
compliat the
it
an
country
is
in
danger
circumstances
I felt
and
it
my
decision,
went out
and
I
in
which
an extraordinary
sitting.
the
my
compliance.
rial
to
take
this
107
it
consideration.
its
who
sub-
morning; the
the following
chamber
agitation
their
applauses
was observable
were incessant
in every face
joyous
the speeches of
multitude.
these
It is difficult to
obtain order in
should be present
declined
at
it,
deputation
was
me
my
personally,
presence
might be considered as a
restraint
to the clear
opinion.
however, prevailed on
I
the sitting.
who communicated
appointed,
me
and
of the
carriage,
capital
and
horses from
my
On
gress.
still
more
enthusiastic,
and
The
there
was not a
single deputy
who opposed my
acces-
108
The only
hesitation expressed
by a
It
necessary to
case alone.
new powers
specifically
supported
applicable to this
this opinion, as
it
But the
decline.
opinion, and I
w as
against fifteen.
These
frages
sion
would be
and to
it
provinces,
subject to
require from
granted, or
notify the
which
latter
for
me
evading
majority were
elected
afforded
of
contrary
by seventy-seven voices
did not deny me their suf-
provinces ought to
be
enough, but
at the
persuaded that
their constituents
had proceeded
I returned
it.
my
home
as
drawn by
the people, who crowded around to congratulate me,
expressing the pleasure which they felt on seeing their
I
wishes
to the congress,
carriage
fulfilled.
The
was transmitted to
by express, and the answers which suc-
the provinces
cessively
added
it was precisely
would have expressed their wishes long before, if they had not considered themselves precluded from doing so by the plan
what
they
desired,
and
that
that
they
109
sworn.
who commanded
vidual
a regiment,
He
me
Mexico.
The
me
my part,
and the
intrigues of
my friends.
I feel
assured
will receive
my
September, as well as on
my
washed that
it
was with no small difficulty that I prevailed on those who were then raising the shout, to
wish
desist
If,
it,
and
from
it
their purpose.
been imputed
as has
me,
to
I at that
time con-
should
adding
w ith w hich
T
for the
Nay,
if
that
the enterprise
dova, when
same clause
w as under no
r
in the treaty of
Cor-
necessity of dissembling?
110
If
cause to conceal
my
wished
for
some
particular
to its
actually ruled
by
my voice
my
;
command
throughout
decrees
as I
w as
T
all
New
Spain, to
whom
it
could address
reach.
its
when
can
it
be said that
intrigue
It
obtained
how
afterwards only
it
by-
and cabal?
freedom
it
was
my
election,
on.
carried
inasmuch
It
as I
has been
That the
chose to
rise,
itself
untrue
each member,
who
such importance
is
at a secret sitting.
The
I
office
which
me
those
whom
could communicate
my
Ill
orders in case of
necessity.
my
imposed
retinue
persons
who
restraint
convinced that
accompanied
eight captains
my suite
assert
that
not true.
officer of
my
first
mingled
therefore,
no
if it
mankind.
filled
It
is
hall
had been
What
What
of an auspicious result
What
hope
And what
opinion can
its servility
its
own
free will
but as
am
it
has
itself
not in a situation
;;
112
little
honorable to
its
reputation.
present
ties
was not
sufficient
to
election.
two was the total number for that portion of the empire
which was previously called the viceroyalty of Mexico
from the kingdom of Guatemala which was subsequently
to
An
framed.
w hich they
be made as to the
convocatoria
particular
my
who ought
adversaries, but
to
However, taking even the twentyfour deputies for Guatemala into account, the total
number would be one hundred and eighty-two, the half
The sitting was attended by
of which is ninety-one.
pendent of Mexico.
w hence
T
are
it
sent,
still
all
the restrictions
which
more pre-
which,
it
although
this point
been present.
nullification
And what
say to the
will the
fact, that
supporters of the
1822, without any desire on the part of the government, without any extraordinary assemblage of the
people which might overawe the deputies, without being
in
113
my
without
deliberations,
their
tranquillity, the
its
in
profound
own accord
resolved,
who were
ditary in
my
my
title
whom
eldest son,
they
my
Union to my father,
They also premy sister
my inauguration, and all this
to
first
acclamation.
mention
this,
w hich
have
will,
but to an-
me, and
to
faith
with which
have been
treated.
my
elec-
such occasions.
It is
or that I gave
that of a
my
his regiment,
my
whom
of
wished
proof
repeat
serve
and
it,
my
but improved
8
my
it
from anarchy.
was
that I should
be persecuted by envy
that
114
would
was impossible to please all
that I was about to clash with a body which was full of
ambition and pride, and which, at the very moment it
was declaiming against despotism, labored to concen-
many
dissatisfy
trate
w ithin
T
that
it
own
its
pow er
T
of the state,
assuming
a tyranny
which
sin-
gle individual.
less
had
carried
designs into
all its
effect.
may
it
w hich
surround them shall be found inwas well aware that I was about to become
the difficulties
superable
which
undertook
Upon my
all
it
though
latent,
continued to burn
appeared as
But the
if
fire,
machinations
became
I repeatedly re-
a government, be
it
115
that
The
have a pretext
w as
T
Not a
and, in order
found
time when he
knew no
becom-
how
neces-
it
desirous of
was
offered
rival in the
Indeed,,
who
him
twice
who,
opinion of the
people or army, not only did not seek to preserve the unlimited power which he had obtained, but dismembered
and parted with it? When I entered Mexico, my will
was law
commanded
the tribunals
my
authority.
me
compelled
because
Could
wish to be absolute
How
it
just.
could
extremes
The
my power?
to divide
considered
And who
be more absolute?
my
I,
and
Then, at least,
have desired
it
I alone;
I
did not
afterwards
by
the con-
gress
that this
is
saw with
be ascribed
to themselves.
116
selves
up
up with
as sages to
whom
reverential respect
In the meantime, so
many
denunciations, complaints,
my
hands, that
could not
w ere exposed
and
safety
midable kind
w ere on
T
should
who were
implicated, as
attributes
may
see
was authorized
possessed
if
to
do by the
extent, he
the
which
deputies
in the denunciations,
In order to see
if
and
that
sufficient,
in
it,
cortes.
I resisted
until
it
tribu-
was composed of
who were
117
They
own
which was
in
body.
The
At
mutual contention.
end
abused
to their sufferings
their-
invectives
ever,
of delegates,
to
them.
brought
itself into
representation
contempt, by
by
its
had already
apathy in
all
that
activity in creating
its
upon
their
by
They endeavored
at that
while
people.
supported
it
But since
my
it
relying on a
its
mere
fundamental prin-
118
On
and the
calling in
to
In
itself.
documents had
those
fact,
the
thus
their
treaty signed
tion
It
powers
the government of
by
Donoju, nor
to
far,
not
when conbecause
ratify the
no
itself,
or
its
proposition, taken
representatives.
by
true,
itself, is
it
to its
If,
therefore, these
did the
its
deputies
and whence
attributes of legis-
Numerous
are the
119
the
Bourbons was
clined to accept
null,
But
it.
every part,
is
And
it is
the
and seventy-two
On
deputies.
occurrence of any
on
that day.
their fall
from
all
sort, the
No
on the contrary,
quarters,
and
received congratulations
in consequence of
this
proceed-
120
power of making
assembly which
"
it
myself the
arrogated to
same day, an
I called the
institution
sisting of
all
its
its
the provinces.
by
their respective
tatives.
new
all
power only
the legislative
They understood
in
it,
full
measure of
and
whom
their liberty,
first
junta of
particularly to
they were to
and
whom
they
much as possible
those who would not
Happily so
far
my
on the
installation of the
At this period the empire was tranquil, the government was actively engaged in consolidating the public
and our
prosperity,
It
interior grievances
were removed.
Vera Cruz
the Havana,
its
and on account of
its
commanded
by troops from
proximity to the
Cuba,
it
121
an internal enemy.
The
Brigadier Santa
fortress of
Vera Cruz, and was commandant-general of the province, under Echavarri, who was its captain-general.
Both of these had instructions relative to the capture of
some jealousies arose between them concerning their respective authority, which they carried to
the castle;
for
to
owed
have the
during a sortie
own
mea-
his
account,
officers,
of his
I
and
hoped
which
had
was
I also hoped that experience, and
not unacquainted.
an anxiety not to displease me, would have brought
him to reason. I confirmed to him the rank of lieutenant-colonel which the last viceroy had given him by mistake, I bestowed on him the cross of the order of Guadalupe, I gave him the command of one of the best
regiments in the army, the government of a fortress of
in a soldier,
122
on
this
be framed
was not
volcanic passions; he
felt bitterly
who
exercise great
it
put an end
the inexhaustible
manded and
There
it
was
obtained
that Santa
itself,
Anna proclaimed
a republic.
He
all
his infantry
by
and
He
attempted
and the
placed
government.
;;
moment
123
an end to
for putting
General Echa-
traitor.
varri
divisions,
fortress of
to pursue him,
might
resist-
done.
The
affair
any credit
now
he was
to the
delusive
promises of Santa
of
his
own
escape by sea, as
were
command
to the
fortress,
for his
which was
prepared to
all
fly
the
of such of
who
in his cause,
moment
they should be
attacked.
it
highest
from
me
opinion of him.
like a brother
it
was
as unreserved with
pains
me now
I treated
him
to
him
as if he
be compelled
in
which he enjoyed
were
to
my
son
and
speak of him,
gave orders
own
discretion,
124
artillery, provisions,
plied
him
in
and
any direction
standing
all
these
Notwith-
when
had
in
view.
The fault which I think I committed in my government was, that I did not assume the command of the
army the moment I had reason to suspect the defection
I deceived myself by reposing too
of Echavarri.
to a states-
because
it
human
sity of the
It
heart descends.
it
for his
let
if it
was
the feel-
had arrived
at
at that
period commissioners
America, which
lion.
it
Echavarri
a correspondence with
125
enemy
and by entering
him, though
at the
time in
into a capitu-
command
of
service, as
pass no judgment
upon him.
Let those do
it
I shall
who
can-
CasaMata,
the besiegers
and
it
was expressly
me by
when
the
reduced
know
a commission.
one
to
in
officer,
motion, and
who
when
of,
wholly or partly
if
It
was
also
the provinces
of Puebla ad interim.
had experienced
anti-
Notwithstanding
all this,
to
Vivanco
obey the
government.
I
went out
to take a position
126
rebels,
for
purpose
the
of
I resolved to
We
new
agreed that a
by
draw a
veil
issued.
and
foi
was
it
meet
and decide the question, all parties agreeing to submit
Such was the agreement entered
to its determination.
their lines, until the national representation should
commissioners
purpose
into
lations
whom
had sent
for that
them
to abide
Several of
it
but
at the
same moment
tion to respect
my
arts
and
in order to
of their feelings.
It
power
wished
to
assume absolute
this charge.
also, of enriching
this
mo-
that I
have funds
of them
The
as he thinks
in
may make
such use
fit.
am
that I
when
possessed
ence of
not rich
my
127
country.
I not
to
me
The
me.
made an
first
order, that a
me
real.
a decree that
all
my
me
I received
subsistence,
and
this
was drawn
in small
dollars.
for
sums by
my
my
shows
may mention
my own
and those of
my
me
my
passion.
When
the
and
sum
to the formation of a
bank,
w hich might
T
contribute
to the
had gone
to ruin in
consequence of the
late convulsions.
Regulations for the institution were drawn up by individuals experienced in the subject, and specially
com-
As
them
little
lucrative employments.
influence
those
who
obtained
my
relatives
I listened to
by giving
no private
official situations
through
128
being
It
improved by
at all
my
their situation
suspending
It
To
it.
this
made
perty, because I
amounting
to
which
Mexico, bound
left
At
Havana,
for the
dollars,
in October,
pressed by the
government
to supply the
fund.
out pay;
all
for the
were with-
could be obtained
at
home
months
at the least,
and the
five
or six
were
as I always have
been
129
if I
to the
Mexicans.
to
have been
my
cumstance that
cir-
part
foreigners
all
appear
me
an order from
for its
restitution.
wrong
to seize the
above-mentioned funds,
error to be attributed
.
had no authority
Is
it
to
to
it
was
whom is the
be ascribed to me,
who
congress, which, in
period
of eight months,
had
Is
it
to
be imputed to me,
who could
not
which dictated
The
act of
it?
Casa Mata
fully justified
my
conduct in
130
late revolution.
Echavarri.
their ingratitude
indulgence
receiving
me
They despaired of
me (which was another
confounded them.
from
to
my
pardon
my
enemies, and
public authority to
The
Mata united
who
the
never could
It was as well,
mask as soon as
possible,
sembled
and
I re-
from
surrendered
my native country.
my power, because
it.
As
in resisting
was already
compelled
none.
irresistibly
to her
them,
domestic foes,
my presence
at
far
that time
free
me
to
services
it
had
it might have
war was made
might have furnished the
my
ambition, and
it
hypocrisy.
their political
sense of fear
know
all
my
eight
hundred men
131
moment when
possessed
it
all
who had
plot.
Had
line,
and seventy or
firmly
progress of Hidalgo's
fear,
would
opposed the
been actuated by
to the
danger of
assassination,
well
knew
that at
the brave
My
induced
love for
me
to
my
country led
me
first
to Iguala,
it
132
ceeded
after
as I
have done.
having obtained
for
have
it
the land of
left
my birth
me
will not
is
be wanting persons
who
will charge
the
make
To
would
select
this
fix
such troops as
escort that
It
was
it
to attend
and gave
wished
to
country.
me
me
to the place of
to
form the
embarkation.
among
tion,
my
be taken from
bay of Mexico
whom
also
commanded by
selected from
my
who now
On
the
day fixed
for
my
field
from leaving
calling itself
army, made
its
The
in the
fear.
me
people prevented
strations
133
entry, there
it
When
it.
knew
army
the
pal approaches.
it
was
much
passed,
managed
so
that I
privacy as possible
ring-
my
new
my name
governprevent
whom
tion to hear
I left at Tacubaya, he had the dissatisfacthem shout, " Live Agustin the First !" and
appear too
trifling
effected
I
that
my
if
demonstrate that
it
that the
my
at
interrupt
continuance
the
public
moment
the head
tranquillity,
I
if
should
cheerfully
be prejudicial,
should discover
of affairs tended to
my
view might
to its establish-
134
ment, because
it is
my
principles to
welfare.
not oppose
and
it,
that
my
added, that
abandon
my
the
first
quently
country.
to
the
the troops,
and
and
to
arrived
thank
my
for
my
having afforded
showing
my
greatest sacrifice
still
retains
age rendered
sister
whom
it
to
had provided
have only to
word, and
that
me
my
an opportu-
language was
intentions.
which
my
w hich
fre-
it
junta,
instituent
complied w ith
nity of unequivocally
The
to the
repeated
The
enemies
would
congress,
in public.
that
heart,
impossible
to
Mexicans
this
my
life
show you
that
w hich
T
instruct
common
tell
season of his
my
last
At
my
life in
adieus,
Receive
135
POSTSCRIPT.
this
finished
it,
has afforded
my
me
an opportunity to observe
the congress.
It
Mexico, since
in
has been
seen
functions, in
its
and
ali
to
own
its
pleasure
tempt
it,
sentations addressed to
that
it
should confine
convocatoria.
vinces, in
Hence,
it
itself to
it
the formation of a
new
to
refuse
to
obey
government which
its
it
ordinances, and
This
has created.
those of
fact is
it
may be
the
an une-
and expense
new
con-
and, there-
would
if
and virtuous
legislators, or if the
to
own
336
after
him
to return
secretly,
the
he landed
July, 1824.
invitation,
at
of eighteen
This condition,
complied with
sum
his partisans
unfortu-
encouraged
imitating Napoleon, he
and
leaving
Europe
Here he terminated
Murat,
On
ner.
137
In
was wrong.
It
vessel,
and
that the
decree by
of
He
when
we can-
ever beat with hope and love for his country; and
we
and so
who had done so much good for his counharm. The idea that Mexico is capable
little
such, in
fact, are
in his
own
it
member
family.
Iturbide
knew
it
that this
children, than a
Bourbon
all
the wants
ably.
He
would
probably have known no Santa Anna, no Alaman or
Ampudia. The Mexican flag would now have been respectable, and not have been looked upon as the equal of
vices,
and her
virtues,
and had he
lived, history
fear alone.
He
citor
138
know
the truth in an
authentic manner.
"By
united;
much
a misfortune that is
principal provinces of
all
Mexico
to
be deplored, the
are at this
New
those of Goatemala,
moment
dis-
Galicia, Oajaca,
Such
must
"
live for
My
ages to
peril.
come
it,
she
in frightful slavery.
me
by
different parts of
power
am
assured that
it is
in
my
my
country-
When
dence.
crown of Mexico,
abdicated the
my
sentiments
remain un-
changed.
"
If I
succeed in realizing
my
if
139
deprived.
is
secure.
which
nation,
this
statement
"
tions
my
children, in
my
separation from
to
your atten-
whom
will
be
AGUSTIN DE YTURBIDE.
"Michael Joseph Quin,
Esq,, Gratfs
InnP
was
and but
acquitted,
lately resided in
If Iturbide deserved
why
Mexico
in high
death, Be-
fate.
the latter;
The
then
of a few
who
depart or to
under
fortress, to
which lay
their guns.
power
140
was confined
to a
commission of three,
until a constitu-
tion
could
After
some time,
this
was
effected, and,
on the 4th of
upon
that
of
of
basis
the
solemnly proclaimed
the
United
was
was, how-
States,
was no
trial
United States, and the chief executive power was committed to a president, chosen for
;
duties.
became
greatest
active
and persevering
totally unfit to
both
men
In the
president,
These
officers, the
number of votes
vice-president.
Bravo vice-president.
by the
years
four
can-
after the
first
election,
and General
appointments were
in
were
they were
simplest
relations
and
at
election,
fully
mistrust.
Fears
confirmed.
CHAPTER
VI.
MEXICAN REPUBLIC.
Recognition by the United States of the independence of the
Mexico
merce Boundary
of Masonry on politics
We have heretofore only incidentally noticed the connexion of the United States with the Mexican revolution,
as
it
little
"While
Ferdinand was a prisoner, there had been no communication between the Union and any of the rival authorities.
An
junta,
and
&c,
eclaireurs
were sent
to Chili,
La
Plata, Venezuela,
at different times.
made by
officially
the
independence of La Plata;
Public opinion,
in favor of the
by the
seizure of the
142
Many
made
in
attempts were
in Congress, particularly
At
length,
in a
on the 8th of
message
to
the
commencement
of relations with
from the
cated to
the
president
decrees
the
of the
cortes,
and
amount
to a large
for
the
made for
meet
at
Panama, and
after a
a general congress of
to
The
from Peru,
143
to
which
all
About
countries.
the
represented by Mr.
the world
tion
it
is
Ward, and
all
in behalf of
ratified,
Mexico
22, 1819,
States.
w as however,
ter point,
this
settled
line
February
of foreign
relations
lat-
certainly maintained
sett
new
conclude no negotiations
w as an
T
had been
to a
by the United
States.
may be
It
to
said, as the
144
insisted
territory, in
order to
fix
new
one,
much
greater
since than
before the
separation from
Spain.
The
and
were enemies
on
actually,
appeared
at the
145
one
occasion,
head of forces
He
January,
in
1828,
insurrection against
in
was, however, on
this
at
defeated
One
ment.
the aristocracy
and the
and
clergy,
for that
purpose was
ment; the
these privileges,
By
and
putting an end to
wished
to
reduce
all
titles
was passed
in
1826,
among their
children.
be allowed
by the
same party, the expulsion of this class
of the population was effected, in virtue of a decree
passed on the 8th of March, 1.828.
The affairs of the state also became involved with
Masonry, which produced as much evil in Mexico as it
appeared once to threaten in our own country.
Those
to
influence of the
who
know
rites, cere-
word Lodge
York
Scotch
is
principles.
rites,
Masonic
had existed
in
all
constituted
societies,
Mexico
for
upon
the
professing
the
some time
pre-
10
146
of other information
lishment
of the
among
republic,
On
the people.
these
societies
the estab-
were
filled
government
first
election,
and
supposed
are
to
have
1828, which
his insurrection in
ter-
On
his arrival,
to
obtain
York lodge in
of Mexico, which was granted by De Witt
Clinton, of
New
establishment
York,
at that
of a
never had
order in Mexico.
president
held.
their
Mr. Poinsett,
In 1828, the
it
may be presumed,
either
branch of the
second election
The Escoceses
failing
their
elected,
put
plan
to
for
be
have
forward the
strong character
in
to
147
The candidate
weak and
illiterate,
region
intrigues,
finances,
and
bold,
he was much
march through a
for
counteracting
The
election
was required
to
make
new
choice.
Anna
143
whom
he was
at least
kept at
by Lorenzo de Za-
man
of influence, talent,
vala, the
governor of Mexico, a
was exposed.
friends, they
carried into
effect
when
body of
It
was
Alameda
or public gardens
The excuse
there.
Spaniards expelled
for this
this
to the
United States.
chiefs of the
duties
on the
state
entered
1st of April,
upon
1829.
life,
their
Santa
149
now
history,
nation
the
progress
We
any
twenty- six
far
of
Mexico whose
embodies
other's,
and
years,
have thus
to
that
it
of
review the
have observed
absolute
than
for
the state of
man
more
We
despotism,
its
all its
resources at the
feet of a
We
it
have seen
and humanity
as
superhuman
it
so long
it
virtues.
to tyranni-
looked on justice
We
have seen
on
heretic
We
fire
of Liberty of Thought,
men.
weighed on
We
it,
have seen
and
its
rise to
children
its
150
Alaman and
had
it
We
have
now
become
other.
We
corrupt, until
it
are to
appears
wrong.
We
are to
w atch
T
the course of
its
principal
upon
and proclaimed
as spoils
as
We
may have no
it is
annals,
who
appear from
it,
rise successively
should be recorded.
We
dis-
bombarded almost
them unable
151
men
We
we
always
find
men
of
we
impera, seeking to
new path
Wily and
for himself.
all
astute,
We
all
it
of them,
it is
about."
We
shall
sively to him,
men pay
We
see
the
hundred minor
shall
in a hostile
152
to
make
which would
tivity to
Visigothic
conquerors, that
if
beautiful
were
may
not be true
or
soil
We
shall be inclined to
ruled
by Montezuma, and
if
when
doubt
it
w as
T
human
enlightenment.
Finally,
we
many
sins.
if
shall
wonder how
CHAPTER
VII.
SANTA ANNA.
AnnaMango de Clavo Pronounces against Iturbide
President ZacatecasTexan WarRevolution Exile
Santa
Proclamation, &c.
In regard
have as
to
Mexican
the
we know
him
Don
Of
military chieftains.
nothing certainly
one
it
account representing
and the
we
little
other, as
how
life
of
may
not, however,
be improper
to
make
a recapitula-
tion here.
is
by
to
as can be imagined.
sterile
gulf,
seem
grateful in-
deed, and then becomes lost amid the masses of a tropical forest, extending
can reach.
mony, which,
if
he travel
or palanquin), lulls
him
in a
Mexican coach
to sleep
or, if
(a litter
on horseback,
$4
fills
his
mind with
around him
all
is instinct.
From
brow of an untamed bull, which exhibits but for a moment his rugged form, and in an instant becomes
lost
in
The
who
traveller,
his political
meditated on schemes
to
has
whom he
whom he had
overthrow those
retired,
one of
those crises
life, it
is
necessary
we
command
an apanage.
as
it
were,
Anna the aspirations of a man who, Richeknows no such word as fail, who has found
acter of Santa
lieu-like,
is,
155
SANTA ANNA.
who
own
with his
life
who
sports
he does
as
is
and who
enough
patriots well
Santa
years old
pression on
and raven
him
hair,
which
is
curls over a
He
pressive of daring.
He
as yet.
or forty-six
forty-five
has the
air
He
intuitive
human
springs of the
of
He
manded
At this
body of
which he
first
is
insurgents, at the
all his
to give
nation.
power, he was
He
comhe
whom
whom
summoned
he supported
to appear before
He w as
T
ment which he
ed.
head of
so famous.
him
knows what
won-
in 1821.
which he
possesses an
and
character,
all
by no means expect-
and
after a
The
cities
republic.
Gen-
but, contrary to
of Oaxaca, Gua-
156
Cruz,
the capital.
therefore recalled to
gallant Iturbide,
dis-
w as by no means
T
Far from
sur-
rendering his
city of
the
whole
province,
appealed
the
to
faithful
Vera
castle of Perote.
Anna an
The
Santa
outlaws, but
ful.
The
caliente
to suffer
Anna w ere
T
soldiers of Santa
;
men whose
all
from the
tierra
seem
after a day's
Anna laughed
a cigar.
at pursuit
At
fruits
the
of the country
157
SANTA ANNA.
however, forced
and
Perote
leave
to
towards
retire
which
in
city
he
for-
tified himself.
to
shut himself
to
finally
more than
by the
all,
sanctity attached to
for
He was
it.
no man
in
Mex-
would
ico
lift
assailants.
Santa
Anna knew
therefore, without
war or peace
ble in
of the convent.
but w ere
T
also
whom
with
down
to a
The
and rest.
On the next day the firing began, for
though it would have been impious to injure the walls
of the church, there was no objection to slaying the
men who
w^ere
behind them.
The
were
skilful
managed
first
little,
deadly musketry.
day and
Santa
the shelter
w hich,
T
who
it
A signal was
silently
satisfied
w ith
T
their
success,
158
The
their
yellow jackets.
much
who
w ho
their
Domingo dashing
saw
troops
The commander
once
at
were on
and
with soldiers,
filled
how
it
at full
speed
immediately
of the government
much
the besieged.
Anna's
last
manoeuvre.
since Santa
fires,
many
After a lapse of
days,
sought by
mistaken,
Don
in
the towers.
joined Santa
last
to
cast
latter
occupied,
" Unless
am
busy in shooting us
monks
means
all
the
officer
for
three
Anna!"
so, otherwise
they
Soon
after the
friars
were
if
make up
for lost
time.
One monk
especially
seemed
to excel his
comrades
159
SANTA ANNA.
and
in zeal
hood
and
activity,
to fall off
and discover
The
moustache.
moment
a bright red
The
the
be occupied.
to
regiment
the
monks
let fall
their
gowns, and
brilliant
shower of
on the
effects of
decimated
cross-fire
uniforms
balls fell
which
once
at
Suddenly
The
position of Santa
Arista,
who
had contrived
to
of Oaxaca.
Tell
me. Arista," he
this occasion,
"Not
administrador,
Santa
is
protests
he had no money
tell
his
"but
do you bring
I
me?"
it.
together^
Anna to
Manga de
tierra
Clavo.
caliente.
He,
too, returned
to
advantage from
it,
however, the
in
the
He reaped much
command of the state of
160
What
will therefore
omit
all
that
ensued
could
followed
and
to,
as the
summer of 1829,
Tampico in command of
at
Anna was
Santa
men
in
From Tuspan
in
gulf.
sand
mediate attack
1829, and
lated.
men, and
left
one thou-
at daylight the
1st,
retreat
reappeared.
SANTA ANNA.
161
Anna should
his
retire into
own
quarters.
Santa
Anna
of course consented, and, with drums beating and banners waving, crossed the river and returned in safety.
When
mortification
it
Anna
was
States,
New
Orleans;
been
landing amid the wind and the rain, which enabled the
officers of engineers to
such
to
that occasion
11
was second
to
no
feat of
162
occurred on
this continent,
The
Orleans.
result of this
Santa Anna.
man and
Guerrero was then president, a gallant
administrathe
for
soldier, but altogether incompetent
the people were genetion of a civil government, and
with him. It would undeniably be
rally
dissatisfied
treason
of the
blackest kind
in the
United States to
to the constituted
raise the standard of disobedience
may be doubted if in
authorities of the country ; but it
where all was
just emerged from a civil war,
Mexico,
and
after
remaining quiet
Guerrero
Bravo at Chilpanzingo,
took arms, but was defeated by
became a refugee.
and
1831,
on the 2d of January,
embarked
Picaluga, to
the authorities
He was
for
the
of a neighbor-
of state,
who
paid the
rascally
Italian
(a
SANTA ANNA.
163
dollars.
however/
not,
peaceful.
presidency
on
expired
the
him, with
Gomez
31st
of
Pedraza's
March,
to
1833,
succeed
In con-
power of
the aristocracy
that if
it
Santa
Anna having
in fact
was
plainly intimated to
May
its
Immediately on
Anna appealed
this,
Santa
in a proclamation, to sustain
sessions,
14th, 1834.
to the people
164
the
May,
church, the
was
against
the
viduals,
until
new
coming with
right to
all its
mahad a
members
it
affecting
Roman
Cath-
freedom of the
The
press.
legislatures of a great
many
since 1829,
became
The
state of
He
away.
Notwithstanding
with
its
it
frittered
labors,
this opposition,
and
a constitution
congress proceeded
was formed
governments, dissolving
anni-
their legis-
latures,
165
SANTA ANNA.
of Mexico, which has produced
and
by
from
all,
its
selected
later
its
troubles,
senate
all
the present
is
these
president,
supreme
court.
also
It
embraces what
composed of
members, and,
five
is
and a
termed the
on everything,
veto
words of the
in the
God and
public opinion
alone"
While
stitution,
the legislature
The country
new
constitution violated.
congress
persons
of nine
assembled
at
Goliad, and
by
ington, Texas.
nized, and
in
commander-in-chief.
mediately after the
was appointed
Hostilities
first
When
ment he acted
as
if
he
expected
no
difficulty,
and
166
and Spanish
Zavala,
extraction,
who had
may
time
state, that
new
rare energy
ment
He was a man of
and great decision of character, and an orna-
Yucatan.
destroyed
The people
be surrendered.
of Texas, however,
of latitude crosses
it.
Colonel Castonedo to
which empties
into the
He
They
SANTA ANNA.
about one hundred
men
to attack
167
him.
They did
will, that
attack
though he had
to
the
of
constitution
to the
by them in defence of
American congress
appealed to the people of Ireland, Scotland, and England, this address was disregarded, and it became evident that arms alone could decide the controversy.
A
Texan general, named Burleson, was then before the
ments of the republic
to stand
constitutional liberty.
As when
walls of the
Alamo,
the
hundred
when he joined
these he immediately
and
knife in the
days of incessant
strife
after five
had lost more men than the besiegers numbered, with four
hundred stand of arms, &c. The Texans loss was
5
168
news
flies
Santa
apace.
w hich w as
T
to give
to
no
borne a red
quarter.
Alamo,
the
in
flag, a
van
in the
Messen-
Texas,
to
sword.
have answered
Our
shot.
shall
flag
still
floats
never surrender or
surrender at
be put
summons with
his
to the
a cannon-
We
retreat.
Liberty or death
!"
It is to
w hich
lost before
force,
military position.
Anna
arrived and assumed the comFor four days longer they held out,
almost silenced.
Two
until at last their fire was
w
were
repulsed,
Texans
alls
the
attempts to scale the
but at
mand
last
Santa
in person.
w hen
T
fifteen
No
quarter
Santa Anna,
was asked
for
The
effect.
The pages
this
and
number
of history record
States of
Mexico.
In
169
SANTA ANNA.
Alamo
defence of the
the
Bowie
Travis,
fell
Crockett, and
bed unable
to
move,
The
all
and burned.
When
Anna
Santa
Coa-
The
one,
was evidently
and the
battle
alone.
When,
to
therefore, Santa
be fought by Texas
Anna, flushed by his
was overrunning the whole country, there remained but one alternative and. on the 2d of March,
1836, Texas declared itself independent.
How the campaign in Texas progressed is now well
known, and more than a glance at some of its events is
success,
One
unnecessary.
number of volunteers
is
this transaction,
and
surrendered to Urrea
that
and be permitted
States.
By
to
order
embark
of
at
Coporo
Santa Anna,
for the
this
United
capitulation
Anna
was taken
to
subsequently
task
for
this
when
in the
United States
assassination
by General
Mr. Thompson,
that
he thus accounted
their
at
for
Mexico,
it.
The
170
The terms
ever, have
mand asked
that
on the route
the prisoners
this
how he
consequently
all
act,
In
and
Coporo
com-
should proceed.
for
to
the officer in
have
satisfied
General Jackson,
Imprimis,
if
General
capitulation
observed
thousand
men
it,
in
re-
This explana-
Santa
Anna had
ten
in Texas,
guard needed.
about
this
time
com-
gradually re-
but few
Santa
detail
With
the Colorado
view he
this
left
It
Anna
hundred men
Santa
his
he would
forces,
artillery
drive
The
SANTA ANNA.
concealed
latter
his
forces
171
the
until
Mexicans had
Then Houston
enemy.
in
skirmishing,
April,
mystery
had
his
artillery,
and
w ith
five
their
guns
They rushed up
forces.
at a trail, until
when
The enemy's
than one
fire
artillery
w ith
T
were not
idle,
great coolness,
was
frightful.
w hich
T
the
Texans
and
the
at the
renew
fire.
At length one company dashing forward
went pell-mell over the Mexican position and captured
their
the guns.
ton,
All
The order
for a charge
men rushed
opposition w as over.
and
his
like a
The
all
Alamo
How
and
slaughter at the
w ere
fearfully avenged by
hundred and twenty Mexicans, and
hundred more, among whom, sad to
accounts of
it
often described,
MEXICO AND HER MILITARY CHIEFTAINS.
172
allowance.
avowed
author
and
Suffice
it
to
say,
he was taken
when
and,
"
mon
destiny
induced deliberation.
that the
It
One
"
that
for the
with
same.
all
And
their personal
and
final
official attributes, to
and complete
all
procure,
ratification
and
SANTA ANNA.
ters plenipotentiary, to
173
5
of Texas for this purpose.'
Santa
Anna was
permitted to
in a
It
made
that
Houston, under
to
in duress,
competent
It is
Anna was
city,
expense of the
at the
Mexico
Washington
visit
man-of-war
to act.
have been
justified in
it
doing
They
so.
acted, however,
man
Mexico, and
it is
Santa
Anna has
w ill
T
our duty to do
for a
return thither
We
all
are at
we can
war with
to injure her.
his country,
he
made
and
in a
it.
probable that
if
Santa
presi-
dent after his return, this would have been the case.
also
was devoted
capital five
When
Santa
This state
and
constitution.
son.
w^as
referred to.
Anna marched
he reached Zacatecas,
to
against
it
w as
T
hafl at its
defend the
them
in per-
arranged that
The gov-
and confided
to
him
affairs,
the
com-
174
mand
mander of the
who
artillery,
acted
still
with
forces
of
to place himself
and
Zacatecas
between the
town, rendering
the
commenced
Santa
military precaution.
all
fire
their
on them.
him with
his artillery.
city
Mexican
officers.
it
Texas.
The
constitution,
it
will
arrangements that
was unable
w ould have
T
to assure
those
of the
the
wished
ral
to benefit.
in
Europe,
it
Mexico
possesses a purer
man
is
not improba-
It is
doubtful
if
whom
even his enemies have not been able to make one allegation of dishonesty or peculation.
been
undrawn and he
;
is
said to have
for several
been so poor
months
that he sold
latter
of which
was
SANTA ANNA.
to
Mr.
W. Thompson,
175
tors
were so poor
This
expense.
as to require to
is
when
be buried
her dicta-
at the public
who
has
been president of Mexico, where so little check is imposed either by law or reputation, on the desire and manBustamente was at once aware
ner of becoming rich.
that the
could not
last
and had,
turned to Mexico.
The government
of
Frenchmen
and the
on the
retail
trade.
After
Mexican continent.
Having found
the remains of
two
176
human
why
they
sacrificed
that
it
name
of Ulua, by a natu-
and though
tion, the
immense sum
this
consider that
its
and
it
we
T
has resisted
all
the force
an annual
to consider
of an attack.
it
best
its
first-
con-
mode
it.
made
dition
no doubt an exaggera-
to the
is
of defence, in case
by the English
corsair, Nicholas
Agramont, incited by
to death for
remain,
still
it is
is
whole
fortress is
is
the battery of
composed of
a stone
three
defended by
low battery
is
and
San Miguel. The
The
it.
which abounds
in
SANTA ANNA.
177
but
Anna
then
commanded
the
in
province, under
the
orders of Echavarri, the captain-general, and with instructions from Iturbide, relative to the taking of the
Don
Jose Davila.
balls,
plains
Some made
their
way
to
in
the
environs.
some
unhealthy country.
the peninsula;
12
178
The next
dition.
year,
Don
hostilities
his
troops, sur-
fleet
was
come
from thence
keeping back
all
to
fire
and
and above
all,
The
came
and the
evacuating
it
able honors.
suit-
commander of
the
Mexican fleet, judged it prudent to return to Havana to augment his forces. But it was too late. On
the
the
Of
its last
assault
in
1838,
179
SANTA ANNA.
there
no need
is
Every newspaper
to say anything.
of the
the
new
St.
Jean d'Acre
Queen of
the Seas
States,
and forgotten at
Mango de Clavo, during all that had been taking place,
but was aroused by the echoes of the French artillery,
Santa
forgetful
He
authorities at
was unable
was,
it
He
which
tion, but
was
The French
far
more
successful
on the main-land.
make
at
five
patched an expedition,
in
and damp, so
a demonstration against
to
be foggy
it
as
to point
w as
T
unfortunate enough
to
on the
castle,
sufficient
dis-
towards the
180
Both
parties,
'"horrors of war,
tion
however, had
55
now
media-
by whose influence
was
induced to lower her demands nearly two hundred thousand dollars, and did not longer insist on the retail trade
being allowed to her citizens. In the events of this war 7
a conspicuous part was borne by the Prince de Joinville,
a younger son of Louis Phillippe, who was the nominal
commander of one of the French vessels employed in
fleet
On
the attack.
this part
of the history,
be remembered by
all.
It is
it
is
scarcely
are so recent as to
one of the
evils attendant
the
authorities,
by
and President
Santa
Anna
unaware
that there
chair, without,
how-
On
killed
and wounded
were forced
Governor Valencia, who arrived with a reinand on the 27th of July, they
forcement of troops
to yield to
SANTA ANNA.
capitulated, on condition,
lencia
would use
among
181
in the constitution,
and
General Busta-
who
tion of Farias
mente,
tive
whom
he had
As
manner.
till
all
if that title
can be applied to
be improper
we
to
Mexico
to
Valencia,
out.
may
it
not
Madame
Calderon de
in the capital,
was
the
la
first
" Soldiers
The despotism
of the
Mexican govern*
which
met with no
tention,
is
suffers,
is
this
the
at-
evening,
energetic
defend
is
that of all
interest.
The
cause
Mexicans; of the
w hich we
T
rich as of the
182
poor
We
want a
not doubt
ample.
The
it.
and
we
nation will be
let
us
her defence,
the
to
valiant
General Cortazar
" In
now
General
Paredes,
the
brave
few days we
The triumph
we proclaim
is
is
secure,
my
friends,
and, happen
we
what may,
shall
be
w^e shall
is
In Mexico, as well as
understood
at once.
just pro-
SANTA ANNA.
183
The united
president.
he asked nothing
march
to assist the
now advanced
persisting that
good of the
Anna
Santa
was
in the city
remained
still
An
was
in
at
Mexico during
intelligent
this scene,
Frenchman who
and subsequently
cross purposes.
corrupted
mates,
these generals.
all
who
Almonte, one of
his inti-
tra-
game of
occurred that
all
and thus
fall
of Bus-
tamente.
After several days of threats, and marchings and coun-
Anna wrote
that
Bus-
The people
shells passing
the city.
city,
Mexico.
tional palace,
who had
to
from the quarters of Valencia to the nawere destroying the most beautiful part of
On the
kept Santa
Anna
in check,
was ordered
at the
head of the
to the
Santa
at the
head
184
It
was
government
to
Paredes.
had
marched to meet Paredes, leaving Almonte and Echavarri in Mexico, to act in his stead.
After some delay
the president met Paredes, and after an interview, left
him for the seat of government, in which direction
Anna was
He
idle.
What
on the 27th.
is
mystery, except
simply,
met
result of
Tacubaya, the
thirteen articles,
by which are
them seeming
to look to a principle.
The
first
declared
It is
its
will
be limited
The second
A Junta
named, composed of
two deputies from each department, elected by his excellency the commander-in-chief of the Mexican army,
Don Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, in order that they
may be
is
to be
who
is
to
SANTA ANNA.
The
third
This
person
185
immediately
is
to
assume
The
fourth
The
provisional executive
power
shall
The
in
fifth
This
months
six
occupy
after
itself in
The
seventh The
The
is
it
convened, and
shall
solely
sixth
The
all
the
powers necessary
foreign
The
ninth
Each
worthy individuals
judgment
to
department
is
have two
to
in all matters
may be
on which they
trust-
shall give
consulted
by the executive.
The
fulfil its
The
tenth
eleventh
Till
the republic
and
will not
The
The
twelfth
-The
men
is
organized, the
and
general-in-chief
named,
functions.
all
all
the other
thirteenth
When
if
the general-in-chief
complishment
will
be proceeded with
186
in the
troops
which counteract
be held responsi-
all
the
no
better.
Bustamente, and
left
Santa
Anna
uncontrolled.
After
The
people
who had
for
and
Madame
silently,
officiated, retired
to
on a small
Warwick king-makers.
The new ministry were Gomez Pedraza,
:
scale, of
for foreign
SANTA ANNA.
and home relations
187
only person
were not paid, and Mexican bonds were far below par
Soon after this revolution
in London and New York.
men who
chair.
If so,
as yet
why was
The Mexican
in
that Bustamente
all,
w as
Bustamente
make him
retired at once to
his instrument.
his
enemy
General
Mexico.
left
Santa
Anna w as now
T
How
completely he
had possession of Mexico the following extract from a
letter published in a Boston paper in November 1842,
T
dictator.
show
"Mexico, Sept. 28th. Yesterday was buried, with
great pomp and solemnity, in the cemetery of St. Paul,
will
deposited in a
Ignacio Sierra
Santa
'*
by a vote
by the
leper os.
MEXICO AND HER MILITARY CHIEFTAINS.
188
For the
formed.
first
him to terminate the legislative sessions of that congress which was the guarantee of their
rights.
In the December of the same year, the presithe people requested
new
constitution.
not a
new
name
to their
The
political organization
the
The
of
Slavery
The
is
it is
a guarantee,
Equally theoretical
is
No
thority.
Mexicans
to
be
preferred
for
public
offices
to
Persons
who have
and
who have
dollars, either
if
un-
an annual
profits of capital.
who
privileges of a citizen
By
so, also,
189
SANTA ANNA.
The
by conviction of an
The
legislative
power
be elected in
is
composed of a house of
thousand inhabitants.
office.
supernumerary deputy
shall
all
regular deputy.
years.
hundred
The
dollars.
elected every
senate
thirds of
two
is
whom
assemblies
years.
by the departmental
gate of
tors.
all
The judges
for
by each of those
the
president (Santa
The
Anna)
The first
made by the
alone.
president of the
republic
themselves by important
Amongst
members of the
190
The
senators elected
to be five agriculturists,
manufacturers
who have
foreign
filled
minister,
is
thirty-five years,
thousand dollars
is
The age
of a
required.
all
laws of congress.
alter the
mestic industry.
No
retrospective
of contracts to be passed.
The
army
Members
limitations,
amongst which
is
in our
It is
made
191
SANTA ANNA.
his
which cases
justice,
and he
may
He
shall be tried.
dollars,
Certain
large powers are conferred upon him in relation to concordats, bulls, decrees, and other ecclesiastical matters.
He
gress.
He may
ca]l
upon the
acts of con-
The
the
Not
consent of congress.
more than
pjixris^on.
pre-
office,
to leave
the
republic
its
expi-
six leagues
He
from the
shall in
capital,
it
properly belongs.
He
cannot
by the
his
;
if
The
the sessions of
which may be
desired.
The
secretaries
are
192
may have
approved.
The
The judges
some public
station.
of the
years old.
may
also
the
cases.
permanent court-martial
also organized,
is
com-
them
may
in order
establish
establish corpora-
fit
make
the selection)
with
establish
many
other
The whole
republic
hundred inhabitants.
ballot one elector.
is
Each of
These
SANTA ANNA.
in the ratio
193
These
primarily elected.
electoral
departmental assembly.
The secondary
income of
five
electors
must
On
November preceding
also
have an
the
of
first
is
On
make
greatest
who have
This election
is
who
has
required to
is
tie
made by
to be
Punishments
shall in
lot.
of property, or to attainder.
No
cruel
punishment shall be
inflicted in
The judges
mistakes in their
offices for
13
life.
official
any
proceedings.
capital
life.
irregularities or
They hold
their
194
Amendments
of the constitution to be
made by a vote
The
of
Catholic religion
tution
is
all others.
consti-
United States.
Santa
January
1841.
to
Anna was
1,
is
be expected
It could scarcely
generally entertained.
war would be
most of the
have
at least
This
may
able
;
but
requisitions of society
been remembered.
be considered as the realization of the
Thus again
tamente.
did
this
chieftain succeed
in
fastening on the people the central system, which revolution after revolution
to
throw
off.
was
his
is immense
power was collected in the hands of a very
small number of that people.
No one, we fancy, will
call Mexico a republic, or Santa Anna a patriot, as
Mr. Thompson says he is not a model man, but he is a
and that
great one.
while every
or
in
exile.
He
has outlived
He
rides
all
life
above
his early
with him
the
The
all
condition of
Mexico
is
associates,
either dead
storm,
the
very
will.
at the present
day
recalls a
195
SANTA ANNA.
own
to his
Italy, at the
century
who
are not
was
soldiers,
the
To
in driving
strangers
the
from
her
soil
create this
who
failed
which the
of Mexico, on the
soil
why
should
it
not be hopeful
Canalizo,
it
of Bustamente
some time with but three hundred men, and by his valor
won the name of "El Lion de Mejico" As soon as
all was settled, Santa Anna determined, Richelieu-like,
to blot him from the list of his enemies by favors, and
appointed him in his pK^ence president ad interim an
exhibition of shrewdness which subsequent events have
;
proved prudent.
quarrelled, and
arrested at Tula.
Mexico
and information
of
its
inhabitants
thither,
he
set
its
lands,
in point
that
it
first
opportunity.
to pronounce on the
it is
probable, became
196
aware of
this,
On
The
affair at the
in the downfall
Anna, contrary
manage
gether unable
manage
to
The pronunciamento
w as
T
his
president.
He
Anna between
the 16th of
Oc-
w hich
r
support him.
The
civil
he ap-
them
to
Jalisco,
Aguas-calientes, Queretaro, San Luis de Potosi, and Zacatecas, all of which openly declared against Santa
Nor was
in
this all.
General Alvarez,
Anna.
who commanded
197
SANTA ANNA.
became general.
disaffection
was
The
first
act of Paredes
Vera Cruz
obnoxious.
revolt,
began
finally
to
show
signs of
Quixano.
Things might have remained
assumed the
responsibility of
Anna
dictator.
this
palpable violation
on
its
er-in-chief also
being reported
at
Puebla, the
little
atten-
command-
On
the
A new ministry
leave Santa
new
regime.
tion of Garcia
that he
still
was
Conde, referred
to
198
command
debarred from
gress.
was obvious
his
slight, unless
it
some
which
one idea, self, might have an opportunity to undermine the many-phased Mexican republic.
Santa Anna was a man for great emergencies, and
his
He
against him.
capital; when,,
city, these
men
declared
remnant of
hundred men of
all
arms.
He
fled to
San
fled thence
at
by
a party of Indians at
detained,
His
address
" Napoleon,
contained
after
having
this
remarkable
outraged
Europe, was
all
passage
whom
he had
My
services
his,
but
have the
SANTA ANNA.
199
my
can show by
and permit
was generally supposed in Mexico, that
congress would confiscate his property, especially as
it became generally known that from apprehension of
some such difficulty, he had sent eight thousand doubloons (one hundred and twenty-eight thousand dollars) by a previous packet to Havana, and had also
invested in European funds, more than one million of
nal exile
It
dollars.
to debate
on
him, so that
one time,
at
it
its
course in
around
rallied
was
final
He
money,
the hands of
estate
administrador or agent.
part of June, 1845,
his
his
woman
whom
of fortune, of
should
not
become annexed
to
the
Anna immediately
?nd
be
at neace.
left
it
United States.
Santa
it
a treaty
Havana,
at
length
200
existing
power.
On
his return to
strange
tion so
in
but so
itself,
curious, both
as
Mexican people,
the
that
it
will
not
be considered
Mexicans
it.
Havana on
the 8th
inst., at
its
my
joy,
w hen,
T
on arriving at
Great
this point, I
own
forces
as
sides,
proof of so
much
utmost loyalty
allow
me
to
me
all
with the
enter
into
make
it
means the
flourish
integrity of our
my efforts, in
immense
consequence of the
w ith
T
down
Without ever
SANTA ANNA.
201
call
on
God
to
witness,
that
with
acted
this
good
faith.
in
trial, I
some departments
showed tendencies of separation from the others and
that the public discontent was daily increasing.
Wavering then in my convictions, they afterwards lost
all their power, whan a part of the country had been
occupied by strangers, and our national existence of the
I called on the people to the
wiiole was endangered.
the republic did not advance
that
me with threats
as if
any other
then
country
determination that
was
we
placed.
Urged by the
firm
then became
convinced
we
that
by seeking
called
for
advancement of
its
own
good,
and to
202
In our time,
it
to
was anxious
similar conflict,
government
we have
to oblige
to
its
endeavored
to subjugate
instance,
their
do as much
enjoyment of
by
all
under foot by
all,
in
trodden
who
it.
sovereignty, acknowledged
though
its
administration of affairs
On
governments,
the
practical
owe
this point I
to
my
to declare frankly
to first principles,
Upon
difficulties
we were
and
was beginning
purpose,
it
to the
when
to
my employment
December, 1844,
it.
posed
it
under the
was sup-
an administra-
SANTA ANNA.
live system,
removed,
in placing
203
my
themselves in
by calling public
would respect that
stead,
it,
opinion, and summon the nation to organize its government according to its own wishes. Pained, as I was,
still
it
because
left to
save us.
our northern frontiers, the European press began to indicate the necessity of a foreign intervention in our
tic
domes-
which raised
to see in a
my
That, however,
newspaper of
credit
and
influence, published
made
in
October
last, to
My
masters.
that
conviction
w as,
T
nevertheless,
still
strong,
his feelings
and
still
recommend them
less to
to the
for
me
reached
w hich
T
of a revolution pro-
revived
my
hopes
had
believe
and
honored him so
for
far as to
European
204
He
lie.
saw
in
it
my
uneasiness
because I
good
general, seeking, in
faith, to
remedy
the evils of
his country.
summons
[for the
Mexican
fine, fully
assemblage of
As one
at this
endeavor of some of
its
it
back
to the
come and
choose to shed
it,
in
me from
the republic;
my
country,
and see the countless sacrifices made for our independence, and the right to govern ourselves, all rendered
illusory.
Mexicans
The
its
government
205
SANTA ANNA.
as
now been
chose, have
it
come when
all
open
laid
true republicans of
all
parties, the
government most
sacrificing his
the majority.
wise, opulent,
sume
to
it
suitable to
This
may be among
own
rights,
of
people
less extorted
w ho
T
own
given of their
latter,
still
by
force
monopolized
among
the midst of so
developing
affairs
to
effected
wishes, each
its
have
adopt
at liberty to
community, or
the
to place
everything;
whom
us, in
many
but
to the few,
it
is
who
not to
be
by
nation.
the
constitutions hitherto
afford the
peace which
is its
instinctive law,
which it produces.
Hence the convulsions which have so long agitated us, and of which
some European writers have taken advantage, so far as
ineffable benefits
206
it
or
w ho,
T
interested in transplanting
among us
in
the fruits of
w hich
they
it
rash aggressor
who should
w ith
r
would be
To
responsible.
w hich
r
no doubt with
defects
of
evil intentions, to
administrative
entirely democratic,
the
New
such assertions.
monarchical
forms,
engrafted
bitter fruits of
on them, without
To
207
SANTA ANNA.
monarchy, under a foreign prince,
existence in
it
is
to suppose the
its
or that, wearied
liberty,
by
its
is
In the
this idea.
emancipate
itself
efforts
of the nation to
birth,
by a project such
as that advanced,
would be
to
to endeavor to cure an
to exasperate
it.
Fasci-
its
own government,
has attained a
whom
it
by
itself,
management of
its
own
or through representatives in
resources of
its
in its
dominant,
bosom.
its
absorbing idea,
would have resisted the other plan with all its might
and if an attempt had been made to change its direction
by the employment of foreign bayonets, it would have
flown to arms, and war would have burst forth throughout its immense territory, renewing even more disastrously the bloody scenes of 1820 and the succeeding
it
years.
From such
its
new
208
by exciting
their
no
in repelling a project
This
in
some departments
liber-
restrain
On
into effect.
composed
for
the
fathers,
rely
where
the
An
influential aristocracy,
organized here.
is
it
ever be
its
whom
means
to free
them-
they depend,
all
209
SANTA ANNA,
greatest facility,
that
all
he can ask
all
for his
independence
monarchy
nearly impossible
the
establishment of
in
greatest
the
into
disorder,
preventing
the
its
another nation.
In
this
manner the
many
faction
ricide project,
to carry the
second into
manner almost
direct,
effect,
by provoking,
in
States to aggrandize itself by taking our rich department of Texas, and then advancing into the very heart
To
of our country.
them
them
either to
to
resource, in order to
alternative
obliging
ambition, or to
existence,
its last
fly,
for
the
monarchical
safety of their
forms
national
under a European
prince.
For
this object it
was
it
it
raised
pressed
14
and, on
its
triumph,
it
scattered
the
means
210
The
independence of Texas.
who
fatal inspirations,
own
supreme
European intervention
in our
interior
administration,
Having
Rio Bravo.
enemy time
to
ad-
and
at length
most tardily he sent to Matamoras a small
body of troops, needy, and unprovided with anything
necessary for conducting the campaign w ith success.
T
Who
can
fail
enemy
means of
conflicts of
plan of Iguala
government
of the viceroys.
With
this object,
and
moment, which
211
SANTA ANNA.
it
convenient to attend in
affairs
The
made by
and
base designs.
of
March
last,
when he saw
followed
same way
and,
when
the press
w as
r
prohibited
them
212
republican system.
means
in his
all
he
move-
abandoning
Palma.
No, Mexicans!
let
there be no
with
it,
however
compromise with
have nothing to do
it
may
and what-
in future
invest
itself.
In the
assure
its
last
safety
convulsions of
by
its
its
agony,
it
sought to
It pro-
accustomed manoeuvres.
it
detested.
It allied itself
by that means,
itself as
the
to avoid its
The
all,
its
mis-
honestly to
tory,
its
fix its
own
honor, and
liberty to act, as
it
its
welfare.
Thus placed
in entire
and squares,
it
213
SANTA ANNA.
the evils which surround
them
sisting
own
and
it,
re-
people
to be
engaged and
its-
which it is
come out of them, not only
will
In this
war with
endeavoring to save
itself,
ternal dangers.
Its national
ropean dominion.
it
Eu-
Such
is
we have
by which the
ficed to the
forces,
have been
we
and
sacri-
in
compliance with
army and
the people.
By
this
union
confirm
public
it
by establishing peace on
liberty;
integrity of our
thus
united,
immense
we
we
shall conquer
thus united,
we
shall
preserve
the
territory.
214
revolution,
that
my
is
it
my
honor and
duty to observe,
to the
what
its
own
discretion on all
other points.
This would be investing the provisional
government with a dictatorship, always odious, how-
it
which may
power
acting with
nation
the
provisional
entire
executive
submission to
its
of the
determi-
nations.
I consider
it,
of the departments
this
1824 be adopted,
purpose
until the
allow.
both
I submit
who may
of the revolution
visional
be established in consequence
forth-
it
be
SANTA ANNA.
215
The
merits, in
slave of
seeking for
it
it
it,
may
known and
wards entirely
be
bly, the
Mexicans
soldier
the republic.
justify
popular commotion.
is
spite of
two
sig-
defeats
nal
Of
all
the
men
in that country,
know that
selfish
own
is
he
emergency as
life
is
a meagre sketch,
but will suffice to show that he has played no inconsiderable part in the
Mexico,
effected
all
of
w hich
T
by him or
have been
though
It is
it is
by no means a consequence
States, in
is
that he
is
good.
his
name
is
never
216
The
known; and
will the
so long as English
written,
is
We
punishment.
w ord,
T
Houston
world points
Malta
to as models.
is
it
may be
whom
the
mised
its
violated
prisoners.
It
may
of these occurrences, as
first
" As
Alamo, he
was not
troops when
so when the
said that
still
less
it
hopeless
make
w as
T
command
of
Alamo
the
He
summoned them
Mexicans, with
different times
artillery.
risk
and
cept
it,
last
"
217
SANTA ANNA.
justification of the shooting of
His
Fanning's men,
Anna
to need
no
fancy touches and misrepresentations to give them theatrical effect to suit those
who most
prefer to sup on
horrors.
twice married
Anna
was an
women
it
does not,
officer
The
of estate.
all
first
Senora Santa
Much
popular.
Fe
prisoners
was
to be attributed to
The
is
submitted, to
Such
is
much
more
brilliant colors
or, it
may
is
yet
in yet
CHAPTER
VIII.
Elected vice-president
Congress suspends
sessions Farias banished Returns
Mexico Pronounces
against Bustamente's government His attempt defeated
Early
of Bustamente Election
the presidency
Banished Returns
Mexico His second election
the
presidency Resigns.
an opponent of Iturbide
Farias
Attempts
its
to
to
life
to
to
Valentino Gomez Farias is one of the most eminent men in Mexico, and has always been found in the
same phase of the
reform.
first
liberties,
self a
congresses
commencement of
his career
his partisans
at the
ment of popular
He
first
liberty.
expiration of Pedraza's
presidency, Santa
Anna was
or " exaltado"
w as
T
Gomez
anxious to increase
ment
219
much
of the
to the principles
it
was repugnant
removed.
employ force
would
manoeuvres
w hich
T
He
proceeded
be his friends.
At
officer in
all
command, Captain
known
who had
to
been
educated in the United States, represented, in a conversation not long afterwards, that though he obeyed
his general, he felt as if he were guilty of matricide,
knowing that he destroyed the liberties of his country.
its
the 14th of
remember
it
stituents
that
This
its sessions.
duty to do
all
is
It should
its
con-
may
sit,
be with
softie
enemy
Romans, calmly
in the capitol
it
till
and
it
should
Gauls
220
It is
continents, to love
The
titles.
won by
everywhere fond of
those
The
who
titles,
race
be
is
Mier y Teran, when he dispersed the congress of Chilpanzingo, said " that instead of attending to the interests
of the people,
its
in taking care
and
this
all
the characteristics
The consequence
since.
of such a state of
affairs
could
w hich
tence of
diately
Santa
Santa
of.
Imme-
Anna appealed
which he
to the
people by a proclamation, in
views
all
How
is
The minds
effected
at
Cuernavaca, a town of
capital.
strange
ment from
vision that
repealed
put a negative on
it
all
this
occasion was
prospect of improve-
by a pro-
enactment that
all
and
221
mem-
be convened, the
full
powers
to re-organize
the government.
to,
to
New
Orleans,
It
then proceeded
form of govern-
ment,
&c,
the result of
make any
congress might
alterations
it
that
pleased in the
religion
was not
interfered with.
Gomez
far
men
Farias
was removed, and he returned to Mexico. Bustamente, it W'ill be recollected, had been a friend of Farias,
or, at least, at one period of his life, had professed as
lay
and
this notice.
but
his expedition
w hich declared
T
indivisible,
Anna on
the
in the
all
and any
man
safest is best,
222
Madame
him
as boldly
it
fessed
The
old
The
constitution,
were
the
beings.
different
him an excuse
for
acting as he did.
No
now
to ascertain, than
almost im-
it is
he set to
w ork
T
to ar-
campaign of
his
At
now
distinguished as being
Mexico, but
in this
who
men
in
head
would suggest.
The whole
circumstances
bulletin,
Yesterday,
at
its
neighborhood,
president,
Don
other chiefs.
mayor
Don
de la Plaza, and
minister of war,
Anastasio Bustamente,
Mayor
Don
re-
223
Although summoned
to
tinued
till
midnight, recommencing
at five in the
The
mor-
colonel of the
who were
corps,
escaped
and the
palace.
clamation:
"The
this
the forgetfulness of
the defection of a
few
soldiers,
whose misconduct up to
confusion by the valiant
who have
and
example of
officers,
mayor of
the
The government was not ignorant of the machinations thai vjere carrying on; their authors were well
army.
known
to it,
ency which
and
it
it
had
foresaw that
hitlierto
" This
the gentleness
employed in order
to
and clemto
disarm
with ingratitude.
to
remain
224
my
be disturbed; but
to
tranquillity
liberty
dissidents,
may be caused by
evils
these tumults,
"ANASTASIO BUSTAMENTE.
"Mexico, July
Previous to
16th, 1840."
One
had escaped.
pro-
president
by
his party,
" Fellow-Citizens
two
facts,
famy, to
Bustamente
all
;
this
man without
in-
name of General
faith,
breaking
his
for
is
now
enemy of
basis
which w as proposed
T
to him,
the federalists
countenance, this beautiful capital destroyed, a multitude of families drowned in tears, and the death of
who was
killed as she
225
was passing
Amongst
woman
enceinte,
that
" Another
fact,
of which
an example in history,
is
we
shall
with
difficulty find
the following.
most valuable
effects.
make
Thus,
all
known
The
France,
fact.
raise
The Mexicans
them above
possess
all
the
226
This
is
fellow-citizen,
this,
the governors
all
'
effect
"The
this
it
is
reformed
ment, communicate
at
the
same time,
it
to
all
the Mexicans,
by proclaiming
toleration of all
opinions, and respect for the lives, properties, and interests of all.
"God,
VALENTIN
"
GOMEZ
Thus
less
FARIAS.
July, 1840."
in
his cause
!:
227
the military,
the city.
capital.
On
was issued
Valentin
Gomez
of
people
to
to
complete
money, without
efforts.
nullity.
aH
artil-
credit,
abundance,
which adhere
to our
while
pronunciamento in
all
the parties
which they
who
are
Our enemies,
in
to
weapon, calumny.
In a communication
of having attacked
No
the
soldiers of the
the
228
cause of liberty
is
its
This
much
interested
in
your reputation as
the
who
renown of valiant
soldiers
are as
in their
well as
dim
let valor, as
the answer
is
ow n.
T
all
other
may
never
and of good
citizens.
was made a
ruin.
and Mexico
la
fortress
w hich, added
circumstance
days
The
had
re-
government
make
to
drals,
At
dated
this juncture,
Mango
came a
letter
w hich
T
he professed
This
commotion.
letter is
sented
the
last
as
their
remarkable
as Farias
and
to act but
lendo,
&c,
in a bulletin,
229
would be
Anna was
devoted Santa
The
his professions,
They saw
how
now made
was seeking
a catspawr
On
good of
his country.
it is
" Ministers
liberty
was made
myself without
not be
and
chiefs
my
to falsify
difficult
since,
my
am
although I
obligations,
signature.
to the congress,
who
let
is
rals
Let
it
will
be
this
fidelity.
"ANASTASIO BUSTAMENTE.
"National Palace, July
The
15th, 1840."
stated that
that he
even
if
made
in
good
of the
federalists,
cessation of arms
" Article
citizen,
faith,
would be disregarded.
On
of the troops
1st. It
MEXICO AND HER MILITARY CHIEFTAINS.
230
mand,
to attack in
is
firing to cease
who on
do
the same.
The
3d.
president
shall
serving of public confidence, and shall promise to reestablish the observance of the constitution of 1824,
Upon
4th.
all
who
mente.
On
him
lace, a proposition
ensued
unanimously acceded to
but unfor-
contest
rilloy in
since
blood.
Gomez
following
"
1st.
Farias, on the
The
parties
shall
agree that
231
3d.
new
the
constitution,
which
tutive act,
upon the
4th.
The
elections
vention
will
be verified
the
according to
directed.
No
6th.
now
consequently,
all
who
be respected.
vernment will
parties.
may
necessary to both
That the
7th.
first
article
55
w as
T
it
same time
The more
gusting
at the
it
was
who
stated
the capital.
became
w ere
T
acting
falsely to
was taken
pursued
the
leper os,
who thronged
the capital.
The
conse-
"
We
ZloZ
that
the
happily.
night, to
of
revolution
capital
this
has
terminated
offered, in the
conditions, his
to-day
verified
quillity,
and
established.
all
the
empire of
laws,
order,
tran-
55
all
the departments
The
sidered
Anna may
be con-
its finale
me by your
municated to
the 27th,
citizen
is
who
always
and
sand congratulations.
filled
this occasion
so
you a thou-
fortunate
and
w ith
T
whom
may
I anxiously desire to
return to to
if
offers to
my
hacienda, and
com-
entirely
may
lay
down
the
233
excel-
lency orders
my
particular esteem.
29,
1840/
its
The
time,
all
it
stated,
win
its
The
earth.
first
among
and fundamental
Mexico
in the
the
composed of four deputies from each state. The constitution, after a scrutiny by this body, was to be sub-
The
spected
(respectada)
the
The
fourth pro-
w hose
T
all
internal
all
custom
taxes having-
234
absolutely pardoned.
It has not
even one
Farias
ceed.
also
Where
is
selfish clause
published
yet
it
letter
denying any
this
was
On
tulation
sides
city to Tlanapantla,
was evidently
Madame
lost,
whence they
Gomez
When
Farias disappeared
all
and
His party did not, however, lay down their arms but
on the following terms
" 1st. Their lives, persons, employments, and proper:
ties
may
all
stitution.
since
may
to be given to
in this agreement,
solicit it.
5th.
to
is
The
by one of
and
commit.
235
this treaty,
and see
to its exact
accomplishment.
7th. It only applies to Mexicans.
8th.
parties,
Whenever
it is
ratified
is
chiefs of both
by the
Gomez
it
in the
history of Mexico.
When
Louis
of
Philippe,
It is a matter of
was highly
some self-congra-
to
impugn the
was
a king in
cratic
all
Of
unite in
this there
down his
when he
was indebted
mente.
It
may
he received, not to
life
of Busta-
236
When,
in
He was
is
about
fifty
Mex-
leagues west of
Aba-
Mexican
it is said,
He was a
liberty.
participator as a subaltern,
The result of
we will not
is
it
horrible.
Suffice
is
to say that at
it
of the
first
It
is
was
to take
down
affixed, the
whom
he had op-
posed, and have them buried with the rites of the church
for they
and accursed.
bide,
which
to
whom
for
the
peror.
loyal,
and
in
who was
first
the
first
to hail
to declare
From
this
time to 1828,
when
237
affairs
nulling the
election of Pedraza,
and
power of Guerrero, who, though called
was the chief magistrate de facto. In the
encamped
when,
commanded
a divi-
happened often in
that portion of the Roman republic Mexico has ever
seemed to imitate, the soldiers proclaimed their general
On the 18th of December, he
the ruler of their country.
set out for the capital, which he approached with his
sion
at Jalapa,
as
w as
T
w hich
T
seat of
oppose him,
he confided to a subordinate
Mexico can-
officer.
not be approached from Jalapa without a great detour, except over a long and exposed bridge across the lakes
marched
tion
at
w as
T
the
to destroy the
Aztec empire.
at the barrier of
This causeway
across
Its
made
fied their
warehouses.
Cortes
pillaged,
it
communica-
erected.
city of
city.
Montezuma, and
year,
All
who have
that in the
238
is
serious
impediment
to
an enemy.
national
in
imitation of the
an impenetrable
veil,
of the city.
was
this
At
body of men,
length, the
for such
sentinel.
"
Amigos"
in
un-
satisfied
by being
left
told,
at Cordova.
w ere
r
suf-
At daybreak,
through the
city,
in
239
all
commence an attack on
mente
the startled
garrison.
but
Busta-
result to leave.
three
for
During
his
government he sought
to
endow Mexico
with the benefits of art and manufactures, and established the banco de avio to protect them, and
em-
the natives.
in
a con-
a state
republic,
Of all
in
the world
attributed
whom
to
it
will be
his
has
acquitted
Santa
Anna become
the
participation
Bustamente,
terminated by
only
and
life
of
circumstances.
w as
T
replaced by Pe-
president,
after
the
was induced by
Santa Anna to banish a number of his enemies, among
whom Bustamente had the honor to be included, and was
sent under an escort to Vera Cruz, whence he expected
The ship which he purposed to sail
to go to France.
in, was not however ready, and Santa Anna caused
him
it
castle
was
with
useless.
much
240
attention, and
it is
When Texas
life.
He w as more
fortunate
prisonment of Santa
act as
it
pleased, he
than he expected
w as
the im-
the nation to
Bravo,
latter,
his
all his
private
wrongs
in the
high functions of
his office.
A few days
power, Bustamente,
who had
w hom
T
the treasury
thousand dollars.
He
long been
own
w as
T
funds, ten
finally
consented
to
recognise
all
the
independence
hopes of conquering
of
it.
The
The penury
Two
Mexico.
all
articles
Commerce was
the
241
raised
of.
the 12th and the 27th of July, the result of which has been
and the
effect of
There
into exile.
On
and it was
would soon be over. The staff and friends
of Bustamente besought him to fly, but he refused, saying that honor and duty required him to remain.
Just
then a band rushed into the room, crying, " Death to
had beaten
evident
all
Bustamente!"
The
showed them
life,
lift
The popular
ever,
the
was but
new
tax,
a hand
partially successful
cause,
how-
congress removed
his
new
affairs.
w ith
against the
power.
In
revolution broke
Bustamente,
to Europe
months
He
in the
of September and October, 1842.
passed some time in travelling, and finally established
himself in Genoa, where he remained until the new
troubles of 1844 and 1845 induced him again to seek
disgusted
16
the
his
242
way
to
leans,
Had
Mexico.
gone
New
to
Or-
last
is
to the revolution
whole aspect o f
things which
affairs,
may conduce
Mexico, provided
state of
must fade
and
faithfully
The
liberal in character
executed.
president, Bustamente,
more
Don
Don
his-
Jose
Maria Bustamente, well known as a botanist and contributor to the natural history of his country.
The whole
devotion to Mexico.
CHAPTER
IX.
deposed
himHerrera
Escapes
to
EuropeAlmonteBattle
to
of San Jacinto
England and FranceHis char-
is
acter.
General Paredes
Mexico, though one of
cipated in
all
the events
days of Iturbide.
his country
its
when
He
new man
in the history of
first
one which
who
referred to pointedly
by General Valencia,
tion of Jalapa
There
tial
i
to the capital
doubt that Paredes was very influenwhole movement and was understood ta
is little
in this
244
Zacatecas,
speak the sentiments of the people of Jalisco,
Aguas Calientes, Queretaro, and the other mining diswhich had become aware that their mineral wealth
tricts,
employment
could only be turned to advantage by the
repeal of those
of foreign capital, and were eager for a
acquiring
organic laws which prohibited foreigners from
been
always
has
he
by-the-by,
real estate (which,
Whether he
anxious to effect), religious toleration, &c.
the
was sincere in this has appeared a mystery, as in
revolt of Farias,
When
have opposed that person with all his power.
to
positively
refused
Paredes
the crisis, however, came,
being
its
on
accept the executive office, and insisted
on Santa Anna. His reasons for this have
to
conferred
a general in
been supposed to be that he was aware, as
be able
always
would
he
command of a strong division,
himof
care
take
much influence, and at least
to exert
be
while as president, he might, at any moment,
of October,
unseated, and driven into exile. On the 7th
self;
Santa
his division.
As
head of
affairs
as
Anna
continued at the
January,
In the course
president.
1844, when he was installed as
broke out, the result
revolution
a
year,
one
than
of less
the election of Herrera
of which was his deposition, and
to replace him.
his
pared to submit to
the
it,
Mexican people
245
As soon
States.
Texas was
saw
as he
inevitable, he pre-
The consequence
was, that towards the end of 1844, the views he had gradually begun to promulgate, were received with
disfavor
marked
head of a
at the
in the deposition
When
of Santa Anna.
and banishment
Paredes commenced
men
this revolt-
We
fully
given in the
life
of Santa Anna,
Many
race,
years since, a
were sent by
their tribe to
many
difficulties perpetually
occurring
in contact.
It
need
that the sons of the forest should see all that passed
them, and
all
the
faces.
around
They finally
were required
to
acts.
They
its
told of
thousand
inhabitants (this
was
246
were
in the
ing himself,
who, among
along
the
other feats,
an
frontier,
amused
be exhibit-
to
eastern juggler,
the audience
by swal-
some
The Ojibway
peculiar legerdemain.
believed
council had
all
power of the government it had swallowed the histories by which the envoys had been imposed on, but
would not hear one word in relation to the steam engines
which manufactured cloth and ribbon, for they had seen
the juggler pull them from his mouth.
Arguing a pos;
teriori,
they disbelieved
envoys were
liars
and
all
former
unfit to live,
territory,
death.
measures what
it
tales, said
that the
at
once to
world always
its
own
expe-
rience.
So
it
Mexico, he used
city of
not a
New
little
surprised
a prisoner,
at the
was better
lose Texas
for
the
it
irretrievably,
247
till
in other countries,
Herrera
w as
T
presidency.
"that few
die,
this
This
resolution
gave
in
made
inevitable that
rences,
war which,
w hich
T
at the
mercy of a
248
:xico
General Bravo
elected vice-president.
command
ment
The
this
and
recalled from
war belong
events of the
ciamentos
to
w ho was
Bravo,
to
to
Vera Cruz.
it
w ere made
T
Cruz,
Anna
to
Bravo assumed
ately did.
return,
w hen
T
him
in the citadel of
said that in
is
he immedi-
vana.
sional president.
September,
w hich
Europe he
is
now
perse ve-
in the existing
war, in behalf
of Mexico.
The motives
discussed, and
it is
much
intercourse prevents
denied,
if it
ever was.
Why
it
now
not
249
was no doubt
Mexican army
that the
but
Palo
at
feated,
whom
pendence of Mexico.
so favorably
resided,
is
known
said to be
In
of Nucupetaro
is
said
by
travellers to
have hung
in the
would scarcely be
we
When
first find
dier an approbrium,
we do
by the picture
Anna marched
name of Almonte
the
elicited
Santa
oc-
name of
the
Mexican
sol-
it is
in the act of
performing a military
have deserted
At
all others.
when
the Texans
rifles
made
and bowie-
250
won
knives, which
Mexicans
them
to such
an attack, that
it
never occurred to
Trusting exclusively
indiscriminately slaughtered.
was
and by great
him a few
officers,
remnant
found
all
He
was,
it
is
said,
When
When
the
first
overt act
to be in the street,
who
of few soldiers,
Almonte drew
arrested.
it
cut his
way
where
he concerted the measures which enabled Bustamente to
Urrea immediately
repress the revolution of July.
retraced his steps, and passing the house of Almonte,
discovered his lady at the window, of whom, as quietly
through the insurgents, and reached the
as if nothing
health.
Her
astonishment
may
citadel,
well be
conceived,
When
fall
of the year
251
left office
with
United States, he supported himself by delivering popular lectures in the capital on scientific subjects.
many
in this country,
making
course
returned to Mexico.
When
difficulties
and
diplomatic inter-
in favor
with
worked in his
it was doubtful if he would not be removed from the citadel, where
he was a prisoner, to the national palace as president.
These efforts, however, were unavailing and, w hen all
was over with his friend, Almonte was sent, in a diploin prison,
He
repaired thither
now
be determined
with
sion
to a
more exalted
having
now
and
is
likely to rise
of his countrymen, of
all
CHAPTER
X.
Arista
in
Duran's insurrection
to
La Vega.
When
1828
Santa
of Vera Cruz, in
and participated
made
in the attempt
When
Anna
with success, on
congress, in conse-
the
all
To
his fortunes.
Arista,
who
has the
world,
it is
Anna was
indebted for
whom
first
other checks he
may have
officer
established the
and
in spite of
dispute.
all
from the
tierra caliente, of
proof against
w eather and
T
we have
fever, very
mixed
said be-
Arabs
in
mountains
alps.
Their horses
253
ARISTA.
were
like
their riders.
and
their food,
this corps,
creased indefinitely by
the district
tically a
chanced
it
hombre de
said, able to
tle
The head of
find.
to
herdsmen of
the rancheros or
Empha-
horseman he w as, it is
of horsemanship amid the bat-
caballo, or
perform
feats
that
one
seat,
The
forces of Santa
Anna w ere
r
Oaxaca,
was
When
Santa
Anna
Anna thought
Spanish invaders,
last
When
all
the plots
commander
movement Arista
also figured
of a department.
In
this
men from
who
the
exalted Santa
end
of 1833
Anna
to
pow er
T
in
1832.
Towards
country.
General Duran,
w ho commanded
r
in Valli-
254
commenced an
Anna
and
insurrection for
dictator, the
was
self-sacrificing individual
stirred
Achates General Arista. The latter, howwas no Roman, but a genuine Mexican, and
his fidus
ever,
General
let
many
first
Anna would
if
and
Arista
;
that
Santa
willingly, he
of troops,
rochos, or
men from
whom we
Gomez
Anna was made prisoner and returned to
Mexico, whither the revolt of Duran had extended, the
known
Farias, Santa
adhesion to
it.
suppressing
it
Farias opposed
was reserved
for
it
Santa Anna.
This
and Duran,
whom
we say
Mango de
255
ARISTA.
We
which he was
at Cincinnati, in the
In connexion with
United States, in
an
exile.
interesting-
is
told.
receipt of funds, he
in
Joinville,
who
by the French
is,
have
authorities, said to
command
of the
army
The two
La Resaca, might
on the battle of
people.
This,
however,
is
have ended.
Mexican
a task incumbent on a
satisfactorily
till
the
war
256
of-
Santa
Anna had deposed Bustamente in 1840. He parmany of the events of the Mexican expedi-
ticipated in
His
first
in
frontier of
It
citi-
was never authorized by the Mexican government, but w as composed entirely of rancheros,
who were collected by the hope of plunder. Houston,
hundred volunteers
to
27th of October, to
consisted of thirteen
this
at
w ho,
arrival at San Antonio, found many perThe
dispute the command with him.
however, on his
sons willing to
the Rio
in
open defiance of
his authority,
off.
This occurrence,
so very
disgraceful,
and
to retrograde,
which
257
AMPUDIA.
convened
to
It is
much
to
be regretted that
far as
This circumstance so
terrified the
people that
among
at
Loredo.
There
much
w^as
dissatis-
the
tinue on to Mier, a
One
hundred obeyed him and the rest, under another commander, resolved to attack Mier, The force w hich remained consisted of about two hundred and seventy
men; and it is a mystery how they contrived to keep
men
his
to return.
Who
A message
really
w as
r
commanded
be extorted
all
the
money
that could or
informed that
is
w ere of
even now
and,
when
would be
seventy-three dol-
it,
at the
On
w hen
T
fire,
was slow lv
T
17
Texan
forcing* its
way
w as
r
attacked;
force,
under
and,
heavy
It
MEXICO AXD
268
HLit
MILITARY CHIEFTAINS.
was become,
the mass of
its
was suspended
The Mexicans
assault
after
morning.
then
assault
failed,
the
officers
being
con-
Texan
rifle.
Am-
much
The
have exceeded
loss of
five
Ampudia
hundred men
were accepted.
deliberation,
a thing likely
lost
two hundred.
killed
and
eighteei.
in
his
which secured
their
sion,
march
While on
its
arms, a
cir-
Anna,
to order
them
all to
be shot.
example
of.
259
AMPUD1A,
this occasion,
much
until the
Ampudia
has, however,
many
centuries
in a
civilized country.
town of Tobasco,
at the
a.
head of but
The
vessel
Ampudia
to be boiled in oil,
and hung
of the town.
Immediately
after the
battle of
December 1842, General Ampudia assumed command of the army, more than ten thousand strong, which
had been for two months besieging the city of Campeche,
(Yucatan), which port was also blockaded by the entire
place in
brigs,
ral
that port
was
relieved
by the
arrival
260
priated by the
Texan congress
in July, 1842,
were most
at
that
time,
aid
of friends in
New
Orleans, he sailed
from that
command
of the
sloop-of-war Austin, mounting eighteen (medium) twenty-four-pounders, and two eighteens, accompanied by
took place, which lasted more than four hours, the particulars of
which would
exhibit, in the
the
261
AMPUDIA.
for
for
trial,
two Texan
vessels.
commander, avoided,
whenever he chose.
his
two long
thirty- twos.
all
thirty- two
and
six eigh-
Paixhans.
teen-pound carronades.
Brig Yman, one long twelve and eight six-pounders.
six-
pounders.
This
ever
is
come
the
in
first
was
sail
vessels
had
sail force
co-operating with
two Texan
vessels.
262
Galveston, the
Yuca-
Campeche, and
off
Commodore Moore
defeated
the
Mexican
squadron.
Comment
is
useless
upon
little
navy
of Texas was to that republic, in her struggle for independence, by keeping her ports open, and the entire coast
clear of
all
Mexican
cruisers,
when
to the
the
w ho
T
that purpose,
and
left
Commodore Moore
navy with
for
for
cruise without
He was
proclaimed
to
keep up the
finally fitted
dollar from
a traitor
his
them out
government.
presi-
263
VEGA.
LA
that
Commodore Moore
fought the
w as
for
Campeche."
The resolutions of the people of Matagorda and Galveston counties contain some interesting statements and
show the feelings of the people. Meetings were also
held in many of the other counties of the republic, and
on
in
terms,
of the course
little
navy of Texas.
difficulties to
contend with,
to act otherwise
He was
pared to be conquered,
ordered to the
dence, to have
He
frontier.
done
He
appears, in spite of
all evi-
now
is a
soldier
by profession,
and wdien the war broke out only occupied the rank of
colonel of infantry, with the title or brevet of general
of brigade.
He
has
won much
reputation
in
this
264
He
unknown.
many
years on the
is
At
May
he was
It has
Mexico he
return to
to
suffered
men.
if
It
may
fit
recep-
be doubted, however,
He
is,
many
has,
it
will be
superiors,
it
and with
little
influence.
His gallantry
may
a rare
had confided
soldier.
be doubted
Whether he
;
for
de-
many have
may
to
compliment to be
is
be permitted to think
of himself.
General
La Vega
is
won
of the
he
is
not,
straint, unless
a guerilla
war should
force
re-
upon the
265
LA VEGA.
be married to a lady of
termination of the
New
war he
Orleans, to
will
this
whom
be united.
on the
He no
consummation of
his
CHAPTER XL
DON JOAQUIN HERRERA.
DON LUCAS ALAMAN AND
Alaman-His
personal
appearance-Character-Visits Europe
affairs-Reiorms rn the goof foreign
^ppointelminister
of
vernment of Mexico-Execution
-Revolution-Alaman
deposed-Akman
^nero-B^cod^o
^^
rjfE^
establishes a
failure-Made minister
cotton
in
of foreign affarrs
-B
1842-Herrera
His character.
hundred and thirty,"
About the end of eighteen
a mys there occurred at Mexico
savs a French writer,
kept public curiosity long
eTous circumstance, which
Correg dor
the body of the
awake. About daybreak
the
of
of the corners
carQuesada was found near one
a
with
midst of a pool of blood,
given with great earnestin the side, evidently
were deeply impressed on
dial.
wound
No-.
in who was
knew
that
the government.
.
eostle, was exposed, as is the
exertions were made, but
great
and
view,
public
to discover the assassin.
gran,
in vain,
DON LUCUS
A LAMA N.
267
ALAMAN.
immediately
after
he awoke,
took up a cigar
this senator
and ringing
his bed,
for his
valet-de-chambre, bade
His body w as
examined, and
w ere
T
brain
it
tell
killed him, as
described.
No
one
tor's table,
told
must have
his servant,
when he
most sceptical
that
he
w as
T
of his master.
guilty
People insisted
Lucas Alaman.
" This may be, and probably
story of the poisoned cigar
is
and belonged
is, all
calumny,
villiers, bjut
morals of
who,
to
Don
to
for the
is
La
evi-
Brin-
put on the
world con-
its
which
more heroic
is
the
citizens
and of
as
it
itself,
with a courage
sustained
by the
inspi-
268
who
writer
are
is
characteristic
of what
disposition.
said to
have governed
in fact,
had given
evidence of the
little
country.
The appearance
would
not
him
stature
is
their
indicate
His hair
him
betoken
to
to
Alaman
of
be
broad,
certainly
person.
His
wide, and
un-
that
is
complexion certainly
his
belong
to
the
Spanish
w ould
not
race,
but
One would
think
him
feeble,
irresolute,
and indolent.
He
In
is
forehead
low, his
wrinkled.
to
possessed,
in
fact,
of
great
determination, of
His
severance.
undertake
all
activity
conceivable
of
mind
prompts him
He
Italian,
his
said
is
countrymen,
to
to
to
yet
correctly.
Alaman
it is
is
a mere
man
realization of
hincr
is
dictated.
One
ALAMAN.
269
justified
wills
the
means
two strange
the
For
to
political opponents
while
his
human
future, he has
in our
He
years of age.
is
own
Jefferson.
be fifty-three or four
As
it
was, he
army when
entered the
the
had no
scenes.
He
was
sword
to study the
might participate
He
oc-
His
in political affairs.
political career
him would be
a sketch of men and things in Mexico for
invaluable as
able to
him
is,
plans,
but
immediately after
that he
had nothing
to
his
do with Iturbide's
deposition
became
when the
1844. The
la
Marina,
in
except
whom
at the
head of
affairs,
by
MEXICO
270
AxND
were beginning
lish
when
Eng-
the
and
ledge
for
w ho,
T
as the representative
was
ico
all
occasions
when Mex-
To
of England.
this
may
in the
hands
w ill
r
administration.
It is probable
Alaman purposed
fairs
that
when he returned
to interfere
no more
Mexico,
of
to
in political af-
Bustamente
insisted
minister of foreign
The
administration
on his taking
affairs,
on the plea of
to decline
in
many
office
under him as
his
many engagements.
He
Mexico,
When
the
is
by no means peculiar
to
it.
in
strange
position.
ALAMAN.
271
was
not restored
the south.
his time.
the
army were
all classes
of
handed plunder.
The custom-house
des and
officers
were part-
to
be partners of
robber bands.
durance, w^hile
it
all
en-
packed
by
in cases side
of
little
value, each of
nifest, 1, 2, 3, 4,
&c.
in the
ma-
The
from
one of the remote quays of Vera Cruz
unobserved,
whether the night were bright and starlit or the
reverse,
from the fact that no one passes through the
streets of
a Mexican city after the posting of the
watch.
cases
smaller ones
the one
filled
with costly
Morning came
to contain
silks
The
two
and duti-
which were
free.
212
Such a
government
soldiers necessarily
meet
to
became
bers.
way
obviously rendered
state of things
to the
South Sea
for the
its
it
impossi-
and
obligations,
its
highway rob-
associates of
German gentleman on
his
botanical inquiries,
escort,
" Such bands," says a writer who seems to underAlaman thoroughly, " may almost every day
stand
or the icy
in the fearful
the
gorges of Pinal,
Rio Fmo.
They
are
all
With
their faces
shaded by
and
husbanding
their
lonely traveller,
lance,
may
at
who
fiery
speed
to
strike their
prey.
The
pass quietly
the
ALAMAN.
273
them
He
is
at
safe, for
they are on the alert for a richer prey, and have not
come
pitiless
who
surren-
murderers.
(Good day,
your worship)
their children,
and return
and
it
may be
God watch
sir;
to their
over
life,
ment, which
to be judged
defiles
all
things,
rules of
and superinduces a
German
by the
traveller,
man
referred to above,
God
who is
as of
for-
and a
familiar
is,
that they have not long ago dissolved all the bonds of
society,
and attributes
their
who, grown up
clergy,
is
at least entire.
Alaman was the very person to put down such disorders and when he found the power to do so in his
possession, he would not pause for the many obstacles
;
When
terrified a
man
man
draw back.
Alaman, when he assumed the direction of foreign
affairs, resolved to make financial and political reform
march pari passu, and to make the second contribute to
the first.
The most obvious means to be adopted was
the employment of honest men, with ample salaries.
to
18
274
By
forced to keep.
this
wealth which previously had been exhausted by tidewaiters and collectors, and the soldiers, well paid and
w hat
The
first
time
meet
to
since
the
all
revolution,
government.
The highway
lators
in
public
office,
taken by
patrols of cavalry, and either summarily shot, or garrofeado, to encourage the others,
who
proceeded to hang
Alaman
of the world.
in
w ould
T
not stop
in
Mexico, and on
untouched
said that he
his
and but
for
interruptions
w ould have
T
in
his
accomplished
it
course
it.
had
though he had
a civilian
to
the
deal with
men
sinews of war
of the
at his
sword, and
command,
the
275
ALAMAN.
Mexico.
Santa
in his
and preferred
that he
efforts
field
for
senator,
Guerrero was
his authority,
An
named
Italian
that time
was
in the port of
of the general.
countrymen, contrived
in his
parade of which most Mexicans seem so fond, went without any suite to breakfast with Picaluga,
little
weighed
port,
was
his anchor
which was
at
after a hearty
meal went
had
a neighboring
enemy.
He
to the officers
of the government.
form of
trial
Oaxaca, the
276
wept
It is
He had
bitterly.
in defence of his
coun-
Picaluga,
fate.
it is
The
to
vessel of Picaluga,
Genoa, when
commanded by
the story
universal disgust at
it,
was
to
in
Two
1840 w as
T
it is
is
now
pre-
another, returned
name was
and became
Genoese citizens,
express one dyed in the deepest
luga afterwards,
and
told,
that his
the roll of
term
thatsum
said, apostatized
in the service of a
blotted from
in
Spanish a
villany.
Pica-
from Christianity,
Mahometan
prince.
and mercilessly
president of Mexico.
manufacturing industry,
its
Alaman wished
of Europe, and this was his great motive in the establishment of peace.
(comparatively speaking.)
It
a cloudless sky,
ALAMAN.
277
has refused to
it
if to
force
it
to rely
silver is
found
own
indus-
on
its
Its
must ever
it
in a
it;
word, Mexico
deprived of that
is
facility
is
then more
it
The
sterility.
vital to
it
cannot transport
question
raw material
its
to
At
who was
the president
was
name
employed
in
machinery purchased
as,
in
manufac-
cotton, iron,
manufacturers.
of imitation in
other
countries
w orthy
boasting of a
more
new
government.
man
that measures
for
Amid
all
however, one
this prosperity,
his
quiet as long as
with him
to call
him
past misconduct.
to account
remained
interfere personally
destroyed
the
influence
of
278
JVfEXICO
On
Santa
this occasion
Anna
He
him
his
to ruin him.
Alaman gave
It
was
The secretary at
war took the command of the army, but had no better
and Alaman being unable to place himself at
success
capitulated.
rero, Codallos,
Iturbide, Guer-
knew where he
sheltered himself.
Santa Anna,
of
all
his ap-
left it.
Anna
best
In this retreat he
and
all
his secret
motive for
was
it
is
now, when
He was
279
ALAMAN.
was
Bustamente forgot
all feeling
all
The
central constitution,
had created
consejo
del
of the person by
whom
it
of Tagle
was proposed,
a third
gobiemo, or council of
called
government, and
it
was an institution
like the
English star-chamber,
The presidency
of this
body was
to
offered to
Alaman,
The
power.
Moran, an invalid
in
dent de facto.
present position,
so
much
This
280
When
Farias
Santa
authority, the
came
great
and
United States,
the
to
Bustamente
Alaman, aware
to
that
he was
now
for his
to confer
on
his
for a
affairs,
He
avio.
the competition of
England and
by no means plenty
is difficult
where
to
force,
and the
boundless supplies
vicinity of
so that
it
New
Orleans with
The
that of
administration of Santa
Anna was
careful
spendthrift as
man w as
r
It is said that
it
His painful
was natural
HERRERA.
that a
281
him
said, consulted
is
it
when he
him
in
succeeded to power.
first
affairs
is
is, it
the
first
little
however, but
There
little
compunction
now
as he
and Victoria
fell.
member
of the general
1820
He
tendencies
its
in
advantages, but in
many
respects
is
Its greatest
when we touch on
is
made
book
not so con-
disadvantage
282
hausted, and
it
becomes necessary
This
to repeat or to give
large
who had
humble
to the
and
safety to a
contemned.
The
There
is little
w hich were
Mexico from a
war with the United States, and sought by conciliatory
means to avert it. It was, however, in vain, for the
w hole army under Paredes pronounced against him, and
he was deposed in November, 1845.
sequences
likely to result to
The
duct
in this
against
was played
of
case,
in effecting
this revolution
sident,
is
and the
restore quiet.
military,
it
was the
by
Arista.
No
The consequence
installation of
sooner
w as Paredes
T
Paredes as pre-
Anna
only could
installed
by Arista,
than
likely
mand
Cerro
283
HERRERA.
in the entrench-
fled.
He was
there
is
he
Mexico
in
it is
not unlikely
some
civil
capa-
Anna, was, that he was suspected of wishing to receive the American minister and consenting to
the final relinquishment of Texas. Should he be installed^
w e may expect the same course to be advocated by him.
exile of Santa
Thompson speaks
General
fessedly of high
remarkable.
character,
Madame
la
of Herrera as a
but in
of
mind
ruption
Can
Mexico y of
whom
a reputa-
the subjects
have frequently
occurred.
in
to
con-
is
much
man
no other respect
Mexico, while a
much
life
light
on the military
of Rejon
w ould
r
unfold
that country.
events. that
which the author believes will expose a waste of the blessings of nature in a manner unprecedented in the annals
of any era, or any degree of barbarism.
CHAPTER
The
If
we may
XII.
Mexico The
Church.
cler
and gardens,
its
filled
with
As
but
it
is
an index of a certain
when
the
King of
lieved to exist.
all
the
stories of the
was devoutly
be-
hill,
realities.
in
The book
of Bernal Diaz
reached
more
us.
The
tells
of vast temples, of
halls of
relic
life
Montezuma have
left
no
buildings of
hewn
of,
.,
;r
285
Yet
exists.
all
these stories
tell
ruins in
the people
us of no ruin of
belief that
Montezuma.
Mexico
pyramids
arts of civilization.
traveller,
is satisfied
he looks
is
more venerable than that of the Pharaohs or BrahIt no more follows, however, that the
minieal rulers.
Mexican or Aztec races were the authors of these,
because Europeans found them beneath their shadows,
than that the colossal remains of Egypt, or the beau-
tiful
attributed
to
the
Ishmaelite or
which bear
all
The
probability
is,
its
to do than
is,
conquest,
lake
for
way
The
286
canic glass of
is
by the
afforded
Positive
man was
hecatombs of Indians
Let
fell.
it
not be understood,
The
tierras calientes
On
the
is
seen the
first
Far
discovered.
snow of Popocatapetl
More remote is
The valley is now
brow
of Iztaccihuatl.
waste
first
lages,
which they
now choked up
tell
us were once
The
capital.
seen the
a
barren
w ere
under
viceroys, sufficed to
around the
in the
reflecting the
cities,
are
seen
clivity into
on the
left
The
the fresh
cities
w ater
T
salt
of Chalco.
their
names
would
walls.
find difficulty in
At a high
the traveller
first
pinal, or
cliff,
six miles
from the
city,
lS7
CITY
soil, partially
Zumpango,
Humboldt wrote,
is
When
mer
supposed
now
cover
to
in the arid
months of sum-
the waters
salt,
generally used in
the sur-
all
rounding country.
The
city of
lupe, of
Mexico
is
this valley,
The
valley itself
snows,
loftiest
domes of the
are a few
burning
low
city.
of vari-
feet
and eternal
above the
Cruz
hills
one vast
On
cliffs
a vast
feet in height,
fires
lifted
is
plain.
It is
a usual thing to
were
But
summits of
need we look
Iztaccihuatl
and
Popocatapetl,
disappeared
why
The Mexican
it
things dictated
it
the
countless
nation
is sufficiently
inflicts evil
enough on
now
The
expended on it. Wheat, corn, and vegetaproduced in great abundance, and the agave
extin-
288
South Sea,
is
in
the
roam over
the ex-
New Mexico, or
campagna di Roma, the classic land of
The city of Mexico, however, does not
Europe.
receive its supplies from this plain, which is so peculiarly endowed that every product of every land would
grow there in rich abundance. Vegetables of all kinds
country of
in the venerable
on
asses,
On
vessels at
hats,
Vera Cruz.
in panniers
by the many
all
The
differ
Cruz, except that the roads are worse and more lonely,
who
it
is
impossi-
whom
who
It
is
boast that
when
all
was
lost,
they
h3
289
they
hills
found
hills
still
In the
safety.
keep up a belief
in
Montezuma
entertained.
it
began the
moted
any
As
other.
but
is
who
which pro-
The houses
the world.
even
now owned by
of Monteleone.
is
are.
Duke
On one
halls of the
less,
is
on the
Montezumas.
site
of the far-famed
This building
is
utterly taste-
The
At
ministers.
is
a massive
in
is
is
known
to exist,
stinted trees,
and which
Madame
man
have seen
19
it
is
which species
human hand.
Mr. Thomp-
it
all
who
290
home
of the
The
in the florid
Gothic
been so fond
site
It
of.
divinities,
Almitzotli.
The wealth
of our
The
own
Mexican blood-stained
country
eye
On
its
inadequate to
is
interior, filled
each side of
it,
cast
component
with
is
is built
style
mas-
its
silver, and
more than
its weight in silver.
The separate pieces of which it is
formed are four feet high, and several inches thick and
Several years ago
its whole length is three hundred feet.
a silver smith of Mexico offered to replace it with a railing
of the same form and weight in solid silver, and to pay
the
parts of
it is
worth
far
On
where
filled
its
$500,000 besides.
sterling value.
we have dreamed
ized as existing
to
our minds
Here
all
his promises.
Montezuma, a round
On
291
CITY
column being
Mexican independence.
The square
of the cathedral
is
The Alameda,
ful
commemo
in all the
been so prodigal
is
in
Leading
Mexico.
and
is
its
Alameda,
rich edifices,
the
to
it.
its
architecture
interesting buildings in
In the university
least of
which
is
Tolsa, a native
much
is
that
is
artist,
who
ht*c left
artists
by
in
It
The
friend of Iturbide,
and multitudes of
dwellings of most
cities,
children,
The
ico,
first
singularity
however,
is
w hich
T
attracts attention in
Mex-
292
priests
their
them.
hordes of pariahs,
costume chance
in the
lazzaroni,
its
offers
with
London with
Giles in
St.
Calcutta
its
its
all
maimed
soldier
Words
victim of leprosy.
who
and the
so
Madame
the
be
by nature can be
deformed with
crime.
everywhere
in
a land so blessed
to
has served on
scientific naturalist,
in
her
house,
private
in
Everywhere, and
very temple.
Alameda,
amid wealth
the
media por
the gold
If these
los santos.
and
silver of
el
be the consequences of
Mexico,
sterility,
should force
by the sweat of
The
their
if its
it if
its
all
doomed
to
children to starve or
brows.
be
if this
true,
It
is
system, and
many go
government.
When
it
is
the
293
THE CHURCH.
under the influence of the
spirit
He
dom
God
Everywhere we
spirit,
idols
The
vast
that
and
to the priesthood,
was strange
we
The
vast
The
its
youngest conquest.
294
There
is
?.
selfishness
which
is
else.
In England,
when Richard
I.
their flocks.
No
to
ransom
their
president except
Gomez
Farias has
he has sought to
from power.
effect
that
sum
has
it
Roman
it
THE CHURCH.
295
hood of Goa,
Worshipping
in India.
at the shrines
of
implicitly that
and
his people
now on
Even
w ho,
the
is
which
From
America
all
it
is
Peru
St.
of
Rome have
saints.
many
es-
miracles said to
test to
subjected them.
w hom
This circumstance
new
beatification
Mexico of
from many of
of
wealth.
its
newT candidates
countless
whom
for
faith of
veneration,
On
to the city
to him.
296
She bade him immediately return and insist on the atDiego did so, but was not
of the bishop.
tention
more
successful
At
command
tain,
the
of the holy
The Virgin
tion.
them
Diego obeyed
bishop.
The
Blessed Virgin.
lupe,
the
all
in the
parts of
a spot of pilgrimage
is
The
Mexico.
where
built
shrine
is
as rich as
now hangs
any
in a case
all
On
Mexico rushes
to
its
shrine,
all
all
It is scarcely
ful altar.
this is
church of Mexico,
authorities of
Next
come
to
worship
Remedios
in-
unrecognised
by the
Rome.
Lady
the
wonder-
altogether
ple to the
at the
of Guadalupe,
is
our lady
whom
is
not
297
THE CHURCH.
conqueror of Montezuma,
Mexico by Velasquez, the
governor of Cuba, who, soon becoming jealous of him,
revoked his commission before he had left the island.
Cortes, the
less
strange.
was
originally ordered to
In this
of
all
little
episode of Cortes's
life,
intellectual
El Conquistador was
exchange
to
and of the
the last
we
vileges of an independent
set sail in defiance
Mexico
it
to dispossess
obligatory on
to his
Narvaez in person.
On
tory.
his return
How
he did so
is
a matter of his-
be
to
confronted.
determined
This he
retreat,
to
do across
the
triste,
about
hill,
dispirited
and mutinous.
was
having
daring imposture
army.
One
Castile a
Cortes
contrived
of his soldiers
little
some memento of
home.
seen
and determined
to
of Spain
in
America
at
reanimate his
far off
in alabaster,
unlikely
it,
to
had brought
left
not
at
have recourse to
that
from
it is
had
the friends he
It
lion's skin
men.
it,
The
to effect
soldiers
298
spirit,
and prepared
it
had
fallen
and
that they
When
his
There
image.
hill
it
on by nuns.
one of the
richest shrines in
Mexico, and
It is
now
in seasons of
is
borne in
be arrested.
rals,
when
place,
and
all
that
lous image.
The manner
built, the
in
to
work
Puebla was
at
and go
to
not Protestant,
show,
it is
all
many
is
and a hun-
surely not
Roman
at its walls,
received in Mexico, by
Mexico
is
Catholic.
this vast
ecclesiastical
Don Pedro
his bishops,
suffragans.
and resided
At
in
THE CHURCH.
299
all,
may be worth
two
the
It
other
Mr.
life
is
the
He
responsibility.
trouble, or a
is
venerated
tenth
He
part
of
Holy Father
in the
ditioned horses and sleek mules, seem the very perfection of comfort.
In
fact,
comfort, which
is
unknown
among
He
looks like
one on
whom
the
good things of
this
300
world have
fallen in a constant
He
is
fallen
on a rich and
fertile soil.
He
gaged
an
air
in a pleasant revery,
seems en-
He
sufficiently to
make
his leisure
from the
first,
seem
his life
to pass
on
like a
third.
headaches
So does
"
no doubt of
exists
this, it is
is
made.
charities
both
especially
priests.
am
direction of the
country.
" The archbishop is said to be a man of good information, and was at one time a senator.
In 1833,
being comprehended in the law of banishment, caused
by the political disturbances which have never ceased
to afflict this country since the independence, he passed
some time
but
in the
this, I believe, is
New Orleans,
its
THE CHURCH.
301
As
very unostentatious
austere.
On
and
the contrary, he
meet with.
to the rest, he is
conversation
his
is
far
is
men
in society that it is
."
is
from
a stout, healthy-looking
The
and very
He
jolly priest.
is
man
girl
who met
to
each other.'
came
to
me and
intended to
do
call
we swore
When I was
<
eternal friendship
me
to
make
the
that is the
man
in
302
to say
one word
The
their
Mexico
Puebla
Durango
Monterey
90,000
35,000
Yucatan*
100,000
$130,000
110,000
Guadalajara
Valladolid
Oaxaca
30,000
20,000
18,000
Sonora
The above
6,000
so
much
so that
it
for a singular
I perfectly
my
colleagues
tice,
It
their propositions.
many
foreigners in
die.
sent
the second
is
too expensive
am
no
HiE CHURCH.
3(p
and dead
vote
The
may be
buried
Mexico, from
allowed no direct intercourse
with the
Holy See; permitted no delegate
or nuncio to visit the
d
bU " r reSCri t t0 be ublisfa
,
ed until
P
P
?
fortified by the placet
of the king or council.
^e
fact that
it
l77Ti
To
maybe
this
by Aztec
which makes the
what
"
ESS*
but
,
dependence
on
little
iSj
the Pope.
ADDITIONAL CHAPTER.
spoliations-Annexation
la
Gordo.
Palraa-Monterey-Buena Vista-Vera Cruz-Cerro
Almost from
republic,
American
the
in
property of
Mexico, and
positively refused, or so
redress has always been either
United States the
delayed that both there and in the
violations of the laws of
idea became current that such
unpunished.
nations were to be overlooked and
especially
This course on the part of Mexico was
first
the United States had been the
disgraceful, as
hopeless.
Often
trivial
pretexts were
made use of
to justity
these
acts,
blockades
home, could not be brought to respect
flag, and
same
where both parties fought under the
at
common
in
to a
country.
patiently by the
This state of things was endured
MEXICAN SPOLIATIONS.
305
after
as
their
the
country,
we
Mexico, as
government
thereof,
war on
20
vessels of
MKXICAN SPOLIATIONS.
306
it
in taking
justify the United States
be disregarded, would
injuries
many
the
of
the redress
into their own hands
the
the 20th of July, 1837,
The
suides for
its
principles of public
conduct, the plainest
obligations
right, the sacred
faith
religious
and the
lai,
imposed by mtematwna
of treaties;" and that
respec ing
ment
W
Thftlemn
redress,
demands for
making them, how-
assurances, in answer to
were never
fulfilled.
By
further delay.
ever, Mexico obtained
of Mr.
administration
the whole
During
affairs existed,
a similar state of
Van Buren
presi-
MEXICAN SPOLIATIONS.
307
and a disposition
to
avoid the
mo-
On
congress hesitated.
was
Mr. Polk,
its
it,
in his last
The powers
of the commission by
conduct
"Four
consumed
in
the
and
it
was not
com-
that they
many
claims undis-
I!
for
308
MEXICAN SPOLIATIONS.
American
citizens,
hundred and
thirty-six
amounting
Besides
to
to the board,
five
and upon
final
adjournment.
to
spirit
republic,
of this convention,
all
<
this
on the awards
under
was
of the
thereon,'
was
said
awards, and
the
Mexico, and
be
prin-
accruing
interest
to
<
for the
Notwithstanding
MEXICAN SPOLIATIONS.
309
twenty instalments.
Although the payment of the sum
thus liquidated, and confessedly due by
Mexico to our
citizens as indemnity for acknowledged
acts of outrage
and wrong, was secured by treaty, the obligations
of
which are ever held sacred by all just nations,
yet
Mexico has violated this solemn engagement by
failing
and refusing to make the payment. The two
instalments
due in April and July, 1844, under the peculiar
circum-
they
are
due by Mexico.
still
we have
joint
this is
not
all
of which
1839,
But
To provide a remedy
whose cases were not decided by the
new convention be
"a
all
decided by the
finally
city of
and
"In
ascertaining
1844,
this
United States
festly
convention was
In January,
Upon
a reference
to the
marked
States.
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS.
310
it
would
or
to
upon
its
By
consideration.
5 '
failing to
This long
war, but
for
series of outrages
may
it
be doubted
if
it
recommend the
Mexico, and
produced the
It has ever
been the
governments
all
to
with
the
w orld
their capacity
free
themselves.
it
followed as a corollary
On
herself.
is
It
is
binding on Mexico,
it
inde-
w hich
T
never
ratified
On
Texas was
North American Union, as the
admitted
into
the
government understood
it,
embracing
all
the territory
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS.
Mr. Polk,
in
his
311
many
acts
defined
the
limits
of counties
Grande.
justice,
and ex-
She
and
a land
office,
within
its
residing
in
it.
She established
limits.
it
in
duties,
senator
were elected
to
for land,
and a representative
the
congress of
the
to
the terms of
who
itself.
This
is
312
COMMENCEMENT OF
HOSTILITIES.
livery at
<
Christi, situated
at
a port of de-
collect the
revenue
of his duties.
the
orders* for
the
Grande.
es-
Neuces."
It is not unlikely there
at
least immediately,
Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras. While these movements were being made, an agent of the United States,
Mr.
Slidell,
was
in
as a plenipotentiary, while
him
as a
much acrimonious
On
the
Texan
army of
313
PALO ALTO.
it
in
state of hostility.
infantry,
was
killed,
and a gallant
nance of the
city,
The bom-
when under
the
garrison continued to
were successful
firing told
them
army.
in front of
Fort
force of the
opposing force
on the
battle than
Ringgold, a battalion of
left
The
but rarely
fifth
the baptism of
fire,
war
in Florida,
The
had undergone
all
the ordeals
reserve.
six thousand
men.
The
first
RESACA DE LA PALMA.
314
American
This
forces,
effort
was
by the
which wheeled
Mexican lancers,
the right-about with a volley which
foiled
fifth foot,
little
The
execution.
w ere,
T
lancers
column of
divisions,
met them.
fire
however,
when
the third
They im-
of a section of
originally stood.
On
the 9th of
own
collected his
whom
officers
and moved in purenemy towards Resaca de la Palma.
;
made
by the
Here
artillery.
it
was
that
May
his
brated as the deeds of Cromwell's ironsides, and the assaults of Lee's legion.
He
and with
Vega.
The enemy
it
the
fifth
la
it
as-
was
in possession of the
The
315
taylor's despatch.
Head-Quarters Army of Occupation,
Camp
Sir
May
Mexican
on
and
forces,
hours, dislodged
my march
Our
an action of about
after
them from
9 ; 1846.
the
at
their position
five
and encamped
two eighteen pounders and two light batteries, was the arm
chiefly engaged, and to the excellent manner in which
upon the
it
field.
w as manoeuvred
and served,
The
artillery, consisting of
strength of the
is
enemy
is
killed.
four
men
comparatively
w as
latter mortally.
Major Ringgold, 2d
artillery,
I regret to
and
forward in
Captain
Lieutenant
so.
fallen back,
and
it is
his direction,
trifling
now thrown
immediately.
in
I shall
am,
sir,
diffe-
very respectfully,
Your obedient
Z.
servant,
TAYLOR,
316
TAYLOR'S DESPATCH.
Head-Quarters Army of Occupation.
at Resaca de la Palma, 3 miles from
Camp
Matamoras, 10
Sir
o'clock^
F.Mn May
army
at
9 7 1846.
\
)
marched with
When
am now encamped, my
advance
Matamoras
I immediately
field artillery to
by a squadron of dragoons and the regiments of infantry that were on the ground. He was
soon driven from his position, and pursued by a squadron
of dragoons, battalion of artillery, 3d infantry, and a
in succession
Our
Eight pieces of
artillery,
La Vega, and
among
on
this
One general is
The enemy has re-
am
bank.
were
Payne, 4th
killed
artillery
on the
field.
Lieutenant-Colonel
317
Taylor's despatch.
tenant Dobbins, 3d infantry
tenant Fowler, 5th infantry
Lieutenants
and
Selden,
Gates,
w ounded.
The
and wounded
extent of
is
is
The
affair
of to-day
may
be regarded as a proper
and the
two taken together, exhibit the coolness and gallantry
men
in the
most favorable
be
my
it
nobly.
light.
It will
pride, in a
actions, to dwell
distinction.
me
It affords
field
work
opposite
itself
160 hours.
its
His
loss
who
indeed
irreparable.
One
to the service
my
and
officer
is
orders
it
is
one non-com-
large
number of pack-mules
I
am,
sir,
left in
the
Mexican camp.
very respectfully,
Your obedient
servant,
Z.
TAYLOR,
The Adjutant-General
of the
Army.
Washington, D. C.
'
318
arista's bulletin.
was
defeated.
Constant in
my
purpose of
enemy had
that the
left
my
spies informed
me
heavy
artillery.
With
all
my
a great plain,
my
left
my
right resting
on a slough of
difficult
upon an
elevation, and
passage.
319
invaders were three thousand, rather less than more,
had twenty
The
battle
commenced
it,
enemy w ished
T
the
Matamoras, to
to follow the
and formed
of
road towards
fire
In the course
with which
employing
which
all
of
his
battle.
I was anxious for the charge, because the fire of cannon did much damage in our ranks, and I instructed
General D. Anastasio Torrejon to execute it with the
greater part of the cavalry, by our left flank, while one
should be executed at the same time by our right flank,
with some columns of infantry, and the remainder of
that arm [cavalry].
I was waiting the moment when that general should
execute the charge, and the effect of it should begin to
be seen, in order to give the impulse on the right but
he was checked by the fire of the enemy, which defended
;
Some
battalions,
which they
advance or
suffered,
fall
command
320
arista's bulletin.
upon
his reserve,
concluded
Every
to fall
back
battle
was
suitable
division took
scene of action.
The combat was long and bloody, which may be estimated from the calculations made by the commandantgeneral of artillery, General D. Thomas Requena, who
assures me that the enemy threw about three thousand
cannon-shots from two in the afternoon, when the battle
commenced, until seven at night, when it terminated
hundred and
six
The
fifty
damage.
fifty-two
the last
w hich
T
this
note to report
to his
I will
deed of arms
conduct of
under
my
all
and recommending
him
the
good
to
to
321
MONTEREY.
Accept the assurances of
my consideration
and great
regard.
God and
Liberty
sight
of
the enemy.
May
8,
1846.
MARIANO ARISTA.
Most Excellent
Minister of
Sir,
War and
Many were
Marine.
which occur-
which
it
The result
w ithin
T
The
fighting, General
rals, as
follows
teers,
Article
I.
As
21
322
MONTEREY.
tending armies,
tions,
it
is
all
other public
now
States forces
retain
at
Monterey.
Article
officers
II.
their
side-arms, the
infantry
their
arms and
Article
III.
retire,
within seven days from this date, beyond the line formed
by
forces to-morrow
occupy the
will not
article, before
be received.
officers
appointed
table construction, or
retiring army.
on principles of
liberality to the
323
M02STEJ.IEY.
Done
the
at
at
W.
J.
WORTH,
Army.
PINKNEY HENDERSON,
the
Texan Volunteers.
JEFFERSON DAVIS,
Colonel Mississippi Riflemen.
MANUEL
L. LLANO,
REQUENA,
ORTEGA.
T.
Approved,
Z.
TAYLOR,
PEDRO AMPUDIA.
Rarely has
it
so, because
der.
The
he did not
probability
insist
is
generals.
at
mean time
been ordered
to
was
Monterey.
the general-in-chief of the
army had
Washington
city to
so gal-
324
BUENA
VISTA.
Monterey and in the previous battles, the number of which was six hundred men.
General Taylor,
somewhat chagrined at the circumstance, immediately
lantly at
General
Buena
On
Vista.
22d
the
the
in position
occupying a
in position,
The road
valley on
at this point
its
for artillery
while on the
line
it
of remarkable strength.
becomes a narrow
defile,
the
gullies,
McKee, occupied
BUENA
in rear.
cavalry,
325
VISTA.
left
under Brigadier-General
May, and
Bragg, 3d
artillery,
were held
Sherman and
in reserve."
You
are surrounded
cannot, in any
to
General Taylor.
human probability,
but as you
you may surrender at discretion, under the assurance that you will be treated
with the consideration belonging to the Mexican character, to which end you will be granted an hour's time
to make up your mind, to commence from the moment
when my flag of truce arrives in your camp.
With this view, I assure you of my particular con-
you
sideration.
God and
Liberty.
Camp
at Encantada,
February
22d, 1847.
S.
326
BUENA VISTA.
Head-Quarters Army of Occupation,
Near Buena Vista, February 22. 1847.
Sir
me
to surrender
my
this date,
summoning
beg leave *o
forces at discretion, I
With high
respect, I
am,
Your obedient
sir,
servant,
Z.
TAYLOR,
At
night-fall
many
brave
men had
came
the
enemy had
Among
field,
j
j
fallen.
General
retreated.
the dead
Yell,
be omitted.
believe
it.
first
peopled
localities,
doubt
if in
to the sick
in those laborious
" The
nation, for
the cost of so
many
sufferings, will
learn that,
if
at
we
VERA cruz.
327
were able
the struggle
we
many
embrrass-
final
success in
common
defence.
will not, as
many
mere
deter-
imagine, suffice
We
Your excellency
cellency
'
ar
27th 1847
Ran h
'
(Signed)
went
he
to
Mexico.
In the
had landed
his
Generals
CERRO GORDO.
328
down
laid
'
line of
be attacked in
front,
and
at the
same time
probably before
ten
M.
left.
to
move forward
Road
to the
enemy's
It
may be
reinforced to-day,
one or
advance.
general-in-chief, if he be in
CERRO GORDO.
329
The
will follow
the
gade
will
march
at six
sunrise to-
if abandoned, he will
pursue the enemy with vigor
until further orders.
Wall's field battery and the
cavalry will be held in
reserve on the National
Road, a little out of view and
range of the enemy's batteries.
They will take up that
position at nine o'clock in
the morning.
The enemy's batteries being carried
or abandoned,
all our divisions and
corps will pursue with vigor.
This pursuit may be continued
many miles, until
stopped by darkness or fortified
positions towards Jav
lapa.
Consequently, the body of the
army will not
guard
the
As
its
soon as
have been
it
shall be
known
to load
up the
latter in
works
330
CERRO GORDO.
ment
who
back to
will be brought
wounded and
dis-
The
surgeon-general will
service
medical officers to be
that place.
left at
By command
of Major-General Scott,
H. L.
SCOTT,
A. A. A. General.
The plan
\
)
heavy ordnance,
of war,
down
field-batteries,
About
and accoutrements.
three
prisoners
small
thousand
arms,
men
company
officers,
and
and Obando.
laid
sixth general,
La Vega, Noriega,
Mexican army,
the
glorious results.
Our
loss,
mander of
activity, zeal,
moment.
miles, broken
The
field
and
He
some miles
'from
of operations covered
me
many
CERRO GORDO.
have not a report, as
331
yet,
now at
and Worth's
good
results, as I learn, that part of the Mexican army
perhaps 6000 or 7000 men who fled before our right
had carried the tower, and gained the Jalapa road.
Baker's) brigade, are
division
is
in route
or near Jalapa,
thither,
all
pursuing, with
wounded,
sick,
is
2d C. C.
Gill,
(Haskell's regiment),
gade 106, of
all
among
Among
the
wound
in entering,
sword
Lieutenant Derby,
now
dead,
in
hand, the
tower.
Second
slightly
Topographical Engineers
infantry
earlier,
-w as
T
very
now
severely
lieutenant-colonel of
wounded
some
days
while reconnoitering.
332
CERRO GORDO.
and wounded
may
and wounded.
In
fact, I
hour or two,
we
my
be
In the pursuit
to profit
to
haste to follow,
by events.
from a
commanded
fail, if
carried,
any direction.
in
retreat
artillery,
portion of the
first
7th
the
infantry,
rifles,
command
all
2d dragoons, during
the
his
and,
flying
after
flag still
finished
praise
is
is
due
to
officers
and men,
CERRO GORDO.
333
liant service,
followed.
at this time,
The
in time.
enemy towards
the batteries
The
Major-General Patterson
and
the dangers
left
fatigues of the
a sick
day
command
bed
and
to share in
towards Jalapa.
Brigadier- General
Pillow and
his
brigade twice
on our
left
contri-
have determined
officers
Our baggage
pany them
to
Vera Cruz.
increasing,
is
train,
Besides, a greater
though
number of
one
that
we
ten to
same body of
334
CERRO GORDO.
Some
Cerro Gordo.
to us.
Not one of
the Vera
to
lines of
go to Vera Cruz,
and thence, perhaps, to the United States.
The small arms and their accoutrements, being of no
value to our army here or at home, I have ordered
refuse to give their paroles, except to
we have
to be destroyed, for
porting them.
am,
also,
pieces of artillery
the
captured.
w ill
It
We
the present.
fifty miles.
us.
all
the
which are
to follow from
to-morrow.
but
here for
left
details of a
field;
We
intending
unless delayed
Vera Cruz,
have
to be at Jalapa early
Perote
meet with
certainly not,
WINFIELD SCOTT.
P. S. I invite attention to the accompanying letter
to President Santa
day
Anna, taken
&c,
in
which he
make
we had
'
We
W.
is
have
S.
some
335
am happy
may
One
soners of
war
is,
to diminish the
resistance of other
Wm.
The
L.
Marcy, Secretary
of
War.
felt at
Mexico
organ,
means, however
distrust
among
the invader
is
who
are laboring
us, as
our
own
more favorable
disunion than
Hence the
no
capital, neglect
and
to the designs of
all
the disasters
we
them
in such a
manner
may
but to treason.
" With a
like
enemy whom
is
the
internal enemies of
336
the country have published various pamphlets, representing the triumph obtained by our arms at the Angos-
At
tura as a loss.
the present
moment they
are doing
only
it
The
editorial of the
known),
are well
who
is full
is
of
there
all
the
We
rangements.
And
even blamed
a moment, a
new army,
just as if he
were
read, with a
trate the
in
We
France
in
partiality
is
need only
authors.
your
little
he
for not
its
suffice to detect
intentions.
be taxed with
of the 23d
tactics, his
artillery,
Santa Anna), in
its
number
and depicting
this action
mies
partiality to
inst.,
invader, his
and
all
that
tri-
" In
fact,
337
was
forti-
flanks
were
it
its
all
argument two
to this
First
to
have foreseen
sufficient replies
this risk.
may
be made
to 1821,
that the
practicable,
did
the general
cavalry in the
not
But
fulfil
mouth of
the object of
not neglect
it,
since he
the gorge
its
it,
and
if this
force did
We
do not intend
that is
the fact
is,
more than
sufficient
which
left
uncovered, and
to justify
General Santa
Anna.
a recent
" Secondly-
historical fact
We
may serve
for the
by the
dexterity of the
22
VINDICATION OF SANTA ANNA.
338
the result,
life,
that
the
among
*
ourselves
*
*
Men
are
patriotism displayed
down
After enlarging
of his career
have
perity,
flattered him in the season of his prosand now declare themselves his enemies w hen
T
Examine
is
against him.
(Signed)
MANUEL MARIA
Not
satisfied
with
this explanation,
JIMEN."
Santa Anna
who
replied
his cavalry at
Buena
attri-
officers,
removal.
That
strife
is
not
339
the
following extracts
show
will serve to
the
" In every battle which he has lost, and they are all
those in which he has attempted to command in person,
there was always some one w ho had caused the defeat,
to blame
at Jalapa, in 1822, Sr. Leno, who was shot
through the body and abandoned, failed in the combiat Tolome, Landero and Andonaegui were
nation
and to-day, it is I.
culpable at San Jacinto, Castrilion
T
It is certainly
absence of
turn
it
to
w hich he committed
T
all
in the attack
w ant
T
of foresight
for the
which might
field with-
in
fine,
in
" The
nation will
was
called, without
will
know
that
it
that
was which
had brave
soldiers,
worthy
It
to rival, in
had intrepid
that
it
the
combat
to
make use of
officers,
but that
it
The
nation
240
will
minon's statement.
know
that
if,
on those memorable
fields,
a true and
but him
be-
the
tions occupied
who
corps
consequence of the
which he suffered
partial defeats
according to their
war
that
is
reduced
General Santa
they choose.
Anna
believes
one
Anna
is
General Santa
happens
that a victory
by wise and
Santa
well-calculated manoeuvres.
been routed
Thus
it
and he always
is
will
who has
to
the
same
ideas
with himself
in
relation
war."
This opinion
of
Minon
is
perhaps justified by
facts
Santa
Anna
at the
CONDITION OF MEXICO.
he
Arista,
is
This
of troops.
341
is
not an unusual
failing,
though the
it
who
are
The internal condition of Mexico since the war became certain, has not been harmonious. Many revolutions have occurred, one of
and
While
been
at the
the streets
Salas,
for Paredes,
who
city,
seem-
How
Santa
has been
that
it
States
Anna was
much
discussed.
It is not,
however, denied
tell, for
politicos that
he dares not
The conduct
he
to
will
show.
make peace
or not,
is
now
of the clergy in
and
act openly.
all
342
CONDITION OF MEXICO.
it.
A new constitution
elections
or Valencia be elected.
Scott
coast
is
States,
General Taylor
internas,
is
east, the
western
The
California.
lost
by the naval
controlled
is
on Mexico, in which
all
is,
in
howrever, utterly
patriotism seems to be
extinct.
The Mexican
every battle
way
and horse,
foot,
In the
after
it
winning
against the
attacks of Burgundy.
To
triumph in
this
343
CONCLUSION.
when they
show.
It
is,
one which,
Whether the
strife,
history will
if it
fail,
the
subjects
and
conquered to the
This book
is
now
finished,
and such as
The author
it is, is
and things
opinions
in a country of
are
now
pre-
men
entertained
countrymen.
THE END-
92
\'
CJ"
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