CE2203 - CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES EQUIPMENT AND

CE2203 - CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES EQUIPMENT AND

PRACTICES

PRACTICES

UNIT-2 ---QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWERS

PART-A

1) What is meant by composite masonry?

Masonry which uses more than one type of building material, ex. Stone and brick, brick and
steel, etc. is called composite masonry.

2) Differentiate English & Flemish bond?

Sl.

English bond

Flemish bond

Alternate courses of stretchers

Alternate arrangement of a stretcher and a

and headers.

header in each course.

2.

Less mortar is used

More mortar is used

3.

Skilled labors is not required

More skilled and experienced labor is

no
1.

required
4.

Less economical

More economical

5.

More compact & stronger for

Comparatively weak for thicker walls

thicker wall

3) Write notes on Zig-Zag bond?

This bond is similar to herring bone bond, except that the bricks are laid in Zig-Zag fashion.
This bond is commonly used for making ornamental panels in the brick flooring.

4) Write notes on temporary shed?

For the short period projects facilities cannot be made permanent so that temporary sheds
made out with sheets are provided with adequate safety.
Facilities like drinking water, sleeping areas, office, stores are to be provided.

5) What are the types of scaffolding?

Single scaffolding or brick layer scaffolding

Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.

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Double scaffoldings or masons scaffoldings

Cantilever or needle scaffoldings
Suspended scaffoldings & Trestle scaffolding
Steel scaffolding & Patented scaffoldings

6) Write about centering and shuttering?

Centering is a temporary structure used for the construction of arches,
Whereas shuttering is a temporary structure used for the construction of R.C.C. structures such as
beam, slab, balcony, porch, etc.

7) Explain about suspended scaffolding.

During repair cleaning and painting various types of working platforms are required at
various levels which can be easily provided and removed. Such types of platforms can be
suspended by ropes or chains from parapet wall of buildings or cantilever beams placed at the
top of the structure.

8) Define dampness.
Presence of hygroscopic moisture on a surface is called dampness. It affects the health &
comfort of inhabitants & deteriorates the stability of damped surface. Thus in any construction,
prevention of dampness is an essential feature.

9) What is slip form?

The formwork is raised vertically in a continuous process. These forms are moved buy
mechanical or hydraulic jacks which climb either on a pipe or a solid rod embedded in the
concrete. This is applied where continuous concreting and monolithic structure is designed.

10) What are the types of Stone masonry?

Stone masonry may be broadly classified into the following two types:
1. Rubble Masonry

2. Ashlars Masonry

Random rubble masonry

Ashlars fine or coarse masonry

Squared rubble masonry

Chamfered ashlars masonry

Dry rubble masonry

Rough tooled ashlars masonry

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PART-B
1. Describe the step by step procedure of marking a site for setting out a foundation?
For setting out the foundation of a small building the centre line of the longest outer wall
of the building is first marked on the ground by stretching a string between wooden or
mild steel pegs driven at the ends. Two pegs one on either from the central peg are
driven at the each end of the line.

Each peg is equidistant from the central peg and the distance between the outer pegs
corresponds to the width of foundation trench to be excavated. Each peg may be
projected about 25 to 50 mm above ground level may be driven at a distance of 2m from
the edge of excavation
When the string is stretched joining the corresponding pegs at the two extremities of the
line the boundary of the trench to be excavated can be marked on the ground with dry
lime powders. The centre line of the other wall which is perpendicular to the long wall
can be marked by setting out right angles

2. Write the fire protective requirements of the building?

General fire safety requirements for buildings
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The exits shall be so placed that they are always immediately accessible and each is
capable of taking all the persons on that floor a s alternative escape route.

Escape route shall be well ventilated as persons using the escapes are likely to be affected
by smoke.

Fire proof door shall conform rigidly to the fire safety requirements.

Floors are required to withstand the effect of fire for full period required for all persons to
exit safely from the building.

Roofs of the various fire grades of the building shall be designed and constructed to
withstand the effect of fire for the maximum period.

3.

Explain the various types of foundation with neat sketches

The foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the ground level, which
transmit the load of super structure to sub soil.
Types of foundation
Shallow foundation
eep foundation
Shallow foundation
If the depth of foundation is less than or equal to width of foundation it is called as
shallow foundation
Types of shallow foundation
Spread footing
Strap footing

ined footing
Mat foundation

Spread footing
Spread footing is those which spread the super imposed load to of a wall or column
over the large area. Spread footing support either a column or a wall
It has the following types
Single footing

Stepped footing

Sloped footing

Wall footing without step

Stepped footing for wall

rillage foundation

Combined footing
A spread footing which supports two are more columns is termed as combined footing
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It has the following types

Rectangular combined footing
rapezoidal combined footing
Combined column wall footing
Mat foundation
A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire beneath a structure and supports all
walls and columns. It is used when the allowable soil pressure is low are the building loads are
heavy.
Deep foundation
If the depth of foundation is equal to or more than the width of the foundation is
called deep foundation
Types
Deep strip rectangular or square footing
Pile foundation
Pier foundation or drilled caisson foundation
Well foundation or caissons

Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.

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CE2203 - CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES EQUIPMENT AND

4.

PRACTICES

Explain the types of flooring with neat sketches

FLOORS
The purpose of floor is to provide a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of
the building, furniture, equipment and some time interior wall.
Components of a floor
Sub floor, base course or floor base Floor covering or flooring Selection of flooring materials.
Factor that affect the choice of flooring
Initial cost
Durability
ermal insulation
ardness

earance
amp resistance
Fire resistance

anliness
Sound insulation
Smoothness

ance

Types of flooring
ring and muram flooring
Brick flooring

rble flooring timber flooring

Flag stone flooring

errazzo flooring

flooring

flooring

Asphalt flooring

er flooring

Linoleum flooring

rk flooring

ass flooring

Brick flooring

Plastic or PVC flooring

Mosaic flooring

Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.

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CE2203 - CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES EQUIPMENT AND

Tiled flooring

Glass flooring

Rubber flooring

Terrazzo flooring

PRACTICES

Mud flooring and murram flooring

Over a well prepared ground 25 cm thick selected moist earth is spread and it rammed
well to compacted thickness of 15cm

In order to prevent cracks small quantity of chopped straw is mixed

Muram flooring
Muram is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material. To construct such a floor a
15 cm thick layer muram is laid over prepared sub grade over it 2.5 cm thick powder layer of
muram is spread and rammed.
Brick flooring
The sub grade is compacted properly, to the desired level and 7.5 cm thick layer is spread.
Over this a course of brick is laid flat in mortar is built. Such flooring is used in cheap
construction, especially where good bricks are available
Flag stone flooring
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Flag stone is laminated sand stone available in 2cm to 4cm thickness in the form of stone
slab of 30x30 cm or 45x45cm and 60x60 cm. This type of works also called paving. The stones
are laid on concrete base the subsoil is properly compacted over which 10 to of lime concrete or
lean cement concrete is laid.
Cement concrete flooring
This is commonly used for residential, commercial even industrial building. It is moderately
cheap quite durable and easy to construct. The base course will be 7.5 to 10 cm thick. The topping
consist of 1:2:4 cement concrete.

Terrazzo flooring
Terrazzo flooring is another type of floor finish that is laid in thin layer over concrete topping
It is very decorative and good wearing properties. Terrazzo is a specially prepare concrete surface
containing cement and marble chips in the proportion to 1:1 1/4 to 1:2
Mosaic flooring
Mosaic flooring is made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of
marble arranged in different pattern. These pieces are cut to desired shape and sizes.
Tiled flooring
Tiled flooring is constructed from square, hexagonal or other shapes made up of clay
cement concrete and terrazzo. These are available in various thicknesses. These are
commonly used in residential houses, schools, hospitals and other public buildings.
Marble flooring
It is the superior type of flooring used in bathrooms and kitchens of residential building
and hospitals, sanatorium, temples etc. After the preparation of base concrete 20 mm thick bed
layer of 1:4 cement mix spread under the area of each individual slabs. The marble layer is
then laid over it and pressed with wooden mallet and leveled.
Timber flooring
Timber flooring is used for carpentry halls, dancing halls auditorium Etc. These are not
commonly used in India because its costlier. But hilly area where wood is available and
temperature drops very low timber flooring is quite common. The suspended type of wooden floor
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is supported above the ground. The solid type of wooden floor is fully supported on the ground.

5.

Explain the various types of stone masonry with neat sketches

Types of Stone Masonry:

Stone masonry may be broadly classified into the following two types:
1. Rubble Masonry
2. AshlarMasonry

1. Rubble Masonry:
The stone masonry in which either undressed or roughly dressed stone are laid in a suitable
mortar is called rubble masonry. In this masonry the joints are not of uniform thickness.

Rubble masonry is further sub-divided into the following three types:

Random rubble masonry
Squared rubble masonry
Dry rubble masonry

Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.

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2. Ashlar masonry:
The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or lime mortar is
known as ashlars masonry. In this masonry are the courses are of uniform height, all the joints
are regular, thin and have uniform thickness. This type of masonry is much costly as it requires
dressing of stones.
Suitability: This masonry is used for heavy structures, architectural buildings, high piers and
abutments of bridges.

Ashlars masonry is further sub divided into the following types:

Ashlars fine or coarse ashlar masonry
Random coarse ashlars masonry
Rough tooled ashlar masonry
Rock or quarry faced ashlars masonry
Chamfered ashlars masonry

6)

Explain the different types of joints in concrete structure with neat sketches

Joints in concrete structures are provided to continue a specific work or for change in temperature.
The two types of joints usually provided in concrete structures are:
1) Construction joints
2) Expansion and contraction joints

Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.

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Construction joints

This type of joints is provided at the location where the construction is stopped at the end
of the days work or for any other reason so as to bridge the old work and the new work by a
proper bond.
If the work is well planned such that the days work is to be stopped at an expansion or
contraction joint
The construction joints may be vertical, horizontal or inclined depending on the type of
structure. In the case of inclined or curved members the joint should be perpendicular to the
axis of the structural member.

Expansion and Contraction joints

These joints are provided in all concrete structures when the length exceeds 12m. These joints
are made to satisfy two requirements, viz.,
i)
ii)

To accommodate for changes in volume of concrete due to temperature

and
To retain the appearance by maintaining the same shape of the concrete
Structures.

The joints are filled with some elastic materials like filler or dowels or keys. The quantity of the
filler should be in a position to withstand cold weather. It should be compressible, cellular and not
brittle. The conventional materials used as filter are strips of metal , bitumen treated felt, cane
fibre-board, cork, soft wood, etc.,

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