NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

PESHAWAR
11TH MID CAREER MANAGEMENT COURSE

Individual Research Paper

On

WATER CRISIS VIS--VIS WATER RESOURCES IN

PAKISTAN AND SUGGESTIONS FOR WORKABLE
SOLUTION
By
LT(R) SHUJA NAVEED, Pak Navy
FIA
A paper submitted to the Faculty of the National Institute of Management in partial fulfillment of
the 11th Mid Career Management Course (MCMC).
The contents of this paper are the end product of my own study and reflect the original data to
make a conclusion about the theme of paper and the views expressed are entirely my own and are
not necessarily endorsed by the National Institute of Management, Peshawar.

Signature _________________
LT(R) Shuja Naveed, PN

Date: 28-03-2011

Supervised by ________________
Mirza Khalid Amin, (ADS)

PREFACE
This study on Water Crisis vis--vis Water Resources in Pakistan and suggestions for a
Workable Solutions, reminds me of my Research Paper while conducting my Course studies in
the Engineering College more than two decades away. It gave me a fresh opportunity to go
through books again and extract information necessary for the Research Paper with the added
advantage of internet facilities which were not available to the students in those days. The topic
being scientific in nature also made me to contact experts in the field and interview them.
Engineer Husnain Ahmad, President Pakistan Engineering Congress, presently serving as
Director General Research, Senate of Pakistan, Islamabad extended great help and provided me
with the knowledge which helped me to complete the research paper in a scientific manner. The
Library of National Institute of Management, Peshawar, provided me with the books which
turned out to be very beneficial for completing the task. The Directing Staff in general and Mr.
Mirza Khalid Amin, in specific, was of great importance without whose continuous guidance and
encouragement, this would never have been realized.
I also thank the Administration of the Faculty of National Institute of Management,
Peshawar and the worthy Director General for maintaining such a conducive and friendly
environment at NIM which enabled me to complete my paper while at the same time, broadening
our mental horizon through involving the trainees in stimulating and challenging task for
achieving the goal of experiential learning. It is no hidden fact that the intellect and knowledge
of Mr. Naimat Ullah Abid Director General NIM Peshawar has no comparison with anyone. His
arduous commitment and tenacity of purpose towards National Institute of Management,
Peshawar and a stimulating paternal bond extended to the participants of 11 th Mid Career
Management Course (MCMC) has left a permanent and pleasant impression on my mind.
I am grateful to Mirza Khalid Amin who being my Faculty Advisor for the paper guided
me so well that I have been able to compile the study in limited time. Always on hand when
needed, he constantly encouraged and appreciated my humble efforts towards my assignment. I
acknowledge his commitment towards his duties and valuable support extended during the
completion of this Research Paper. I can safely regard him as a future intellectual in the making;

his efforts are bound to impart guidance to the future generation of students to come and shall
prove an asset to NIM, Peshawar.
I also owe my gratitude to Dr. Faizanur Rehman in his capacity as our Chief Instructor,
whose unbound able knowledge and experience, in nearly every field of management proved a
guiding beacon for me.
I also owe to Dr. Sikander Hayat Directing Staff (Research ) NIM Lahore, for delivering
a guided lecture on Research Methodology and his Research Methods Manual which will be my
guiding icon on conducting any research work in future besides Akbar Zaman, a member of the
Faculty and

Mr. Shahzad Mahmood, Lab Administrator of computer lab NIM for their

cooperation.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Water Crisis is a global phenomenon which needs special attention. This form of crisis is
increasingly spreading and the main targeted nations are the developing countries. Pakistan being
a developing country is already enshrouded with this problem. The desert of Thar, the length and
breadth of Balochistan, the dry lands of Sindh are already facing water crisis which is being
added to by the areas comprising Southern Punjab, some parts of Sindh and KPK through
depletion of ground water, water logging and salinity besides other factors including climatic
changes occurring globally at a very high pace. The Worlds Glaciers are melting at a very high
pace and the global temperature is rising at an alarming level due to accumulation of Carbon
dioxide which is a heat absorbent. This green house effect which entraps heat from the Sun and
depletion of Ozone layers at the Poles has resulted in the entrapment of Sun Heat. This state of
Affair has created a situation which is getting out of hand if appropriate measures are not taken
in the near future.
The study of water crisis in this research paper has mostly been limited to Pakistan as per
requirement of the topic at hand. A critical review of the water crisis in the country has been
given along with the available resources of water. The per capita decrease in water resources
since 1947 mostly due to population growth and wastages, clearly indicates that efforts on war
footing are mandatory to curb this dangerous trend in the continuous increase in shortage of
water available to the masses in general otherwise Water Resources will become yet another
thorn in the development of the country which has already infested many a projects in the field
turning them into political issues.
All efforts have been made to recommend the methods to avoid water wastages through efficient
water management; a portion has also been dedicated to give plausible reasons to increase
awareness that the objections to new dams by the provinces are mostly unfounded and
misguiding. This Research paper shall be a guiding factor for the future managers of the country
to deal the water crisis problem in the most appropriate way depending on the severity of the
problem in the future which is already gaining momentum and is expected to be one of the main
problems of the country in the near future.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.................................................................................................................................................II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................IV
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM............................................................................1
RESEARCH QUESTIONS....................................................................................2
SCOPE OF THE STUDY:....................................................................................2
METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:.................................................................................3
SECTION 1................................................................................................................................................4
WATER CRISIS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE.....................................................................................4
1.1 UN REPORT 2006 ON GLOBAL WATER CRISIS.......................................................5
1.2 WORLD CLIMATIC CHANGES AND ITS EFFECTS.....................................................5
SECTION 2................................................................................................................................................6
WATER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN..............................................................................................................6
2.1 SEMINAR ON WATER CRISIS AND ITS SOLUTIONS ON 17TH MAR 10.................................6
2.2 WORLD BANK AND ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK REPORTS.........................................7
2.3 REASONS FOR WATER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN..........................................................7
2.4 FLOODING DUE TO NON CONTROLLING RIVER INDUS THROUGH DAMS............................8
2.4.1 DROUGHT IN PAKISTAN............................................................................................ 9
2.4.2 WATER CRISIS HAS RESULTED IN ENERGY CRISIS..................................................9
2.5 INDUS WATER TREATY IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ITS EFFECTS.....................10
2.5.1 SALIENT POINTS OF INDUS WATER TREATY:...................................................................11
SECTION 3..............................................................................................................................................14

WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN................................................................................................14

3.1

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN......................................................14

3.2 GROUND WATER.....................................................................................15

3.3 FUTURE PLANS FOR DAMS:........................................................................17
3.4 WATER UTILIZATION...............................................................................17
SECTION 4..............................................................................................................................................19
SUGGESTIONS FOR WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO WATER CRISIS.........................................19
4.1 CLARIFICATION OF MISCONCEPTION BY EXPERTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT...................19
4.2 WATER MANAGEMENT AND WORKABLE SOLUTIONS..............................................20
CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................................23
RECOMMENDATION...........................................................................................................................25
BIBLOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................................26

INTRODUCTION
The Government of Islamic Republic of Pakistan is fully conscious of working standard of its
organs as to meet the international standardized requirements and of effective methodology to
combat the requisites for achieving the intended goals of public policy; and feels that on job and
off job training is the sole tool to polish the skills of its functionaries and enhancing their

capabilities for comprehending the ever changing requirements of public demands and for
extending the services delivery therefore the National Institutes of Management in the major
cities of the Country have been entrusted with gigantic task of training Civil Servants in field of
Modern Management and Public Policy procedures. The Mid Career Management Course is one
of the leading steps in this direction being taken up by the National Institutes of Management in
Peshawar and Major Cities of Pakistan in general. This impartation of training at the mid career
level shall enable the Government of Pakistan to achieve its goals for enhancing the method and
techniques of comprehensive, complete, concise, coherent and collaborative writings;
The Faculty has been gracious enough to allow me an opportunity to write a Research Paper on
the topic, Water Crisis vis--vis Water Resources of Pakistan and Suggestions for Workable
Solutions. which is a comprehensive study of the depletion of water resources in Pakistan
resulting in water Crisis in the Country and the need arising to deal with the problem in a
scientific and methodological manner with empirical means and high grade data availability to
stop the problem in the making before it overwhelmly engulfs our country with unmanageable
consequences.

Statement of the problem

The intent of this study is to discuss the water crisis being faced by Pakistan and explore the
sustainability of water management projects by checking the adaptability and accountability of
the people and Government of Pakistan with reference to mismanagement of water resource use
on the one hand and finding out the elements of construction of the dams/ Reservoirs on various
rivers of Pakistan through water resource management. This will be done by discussing the
various resources and dams constructed or are planned to be constructed and plausible solutions
of increasing water resources to meet the severe shortfall of this resource which is becoming a
matter of Life and death for the People of Pakistan, This research paper is expected to bring out
awareness among the masses regarding the continuous drain on this resource whose future seems
to be quite bleak if nothing is done when there is time to curb the negligences being meted out
by both the Government of Pakistan as well as the general masses who are creating barriers to
progress in the field for the sake of petty politics and negative propaganda by the vested interest
groups who have their own small axe to grind neglecting the essentiality of water availability for

Agricultural use, the back bone of our national GDP but also fresh water for usage of the general
population of Pakistan

Research Questions

Extent of Water crisis existing in Pakistan in the Global and Historical perspective?

How is the decision taken to build such infrastructures?

What are the different water resources available to exploit to overcome the crisis which is
expected to be increased with the growth in population and development of Pakistan?

What are plausible workable solutions to Water crisis in view of the various dangers
arising from geo-strategic location of Pakistan and the continuous threat being imposed
by our Eastern neighbour India as well as mismanagement of Water resources

Scope of the Study:

The study of this topic is not only extremely desirable and important but also the need of the
hour which cannot be ignored or set aside as another problem plaguing the country like
prevailing energy crisis or political instability in the country as it shall have deep consequences if
left unattended as it shall lead to severe conflicts within the boundaries of the country as well
with the neighboring countries. Pakistan has already fought a war with India and had to suffer
through the stoppages of the 3 important tributaries of River Indus the backbone of water
resource available in the Country. From the study conducted it is clear that Pakistan solo efforts
may not be fruitful and the cooperation of developed countries and neighboring countries like
Afghanistan, China and India is very essential under the emerging scenario therefore requiring
the nation for enhancing cooperation on this terrifying development of global and internal water
crisis which is a monster in the waiting for the survival of future generations.

Methodology
This paper does not employ one research method but a combination of descriptive, analytical,
qualitative and quantitative methods i.e

i)

Data collection from various sources.

ii)

Visits & discussions with experts

iii)

Internet surfing

iv)

Review of relevant literature in NIM library.

v)

Analytical approach

Review of Literature:
A number of experts have been consulted directly and have gone their various research papers.
The research papers of Engineer Husnain Ahmad President Pakistan Engineering Congress and
Engineer Abdul Wahab member of the Pakistan Engineering Council Think Tank subcommittee
on Water Crisis as well as Energy crisis mounted a great help in the formulation of this research
paper. An International Journal of Water Resources, Towards Poverty Alleviation: The Water
Sector Perspectives, also proved quite informative besides material found on the internet web
sites relating to water crisis.
Commissioner on Indus Water Treaty Syed Jamaat Ali Shah views In a seminar held at Pearl
Continental Hotel Lahore on March 17, 2010 Organized by the Insan Welfare Society of
Pakistan also gave me enough food to ponder on to compile the Research Paper however the
personal interview with some of the experts in the field were great help in the clarifications of
some negative ideas spread by miscreants against the construction of various dams in the
country.

SECTION 1
WATER CRISIS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Water crisis is a term used for shortage of water resources in global perspective. The term is used for
worldwide water scarcity by the United Nations and other world organizations like Food and Agriculture
Organization. The major aspects of the water crisis are the overall scarcity of water worldwide and
increase of water pollution due to man created cast atrophic environment like industrial waste, chemical
wastes, nuclear and biological pollutants etc. which are dump in the oceans, rivers and on the surface or
underground thus directly polluting the fresh water natural reservoirs.
The developing world, as a whole, faces water scarcity more than the developed world (World Water
Commission, 2000). 1Lawrence Smith, the president of the population institute, asserts that although an
overwhelming majority of the planet is composed of water, 97% of this water is constituted of saltwater;
with only 3% as freshwater used to sustain humans. Therefore, Smith believes that the competition for
water in an overpopulated world would pose a major threat to human stability; world wars may be
fought over the control of water resources. It has been estimated that some 25 per cent of the worlds
population live in regions facing water-stress; by 2025 it will increase to 35 per cent (Hinrichsen et al,
1998 cited in Bigg, 2004).The Earth has a limited supply of fresh water, stored in aquifers, surface
waters and the atmosphere.
About 884 million people access to safe drinking water and water for sanitation and waste
disposal for 2.5 billion people is not enough. Pollution and overuse of water resources is is bound to
harm biodiversity. Waterborne diseases and non-availability of clean domestic water are one of the
leading causes of death worldwide. Drought increases the problem of safe water supply, but it is the
imprudent actions of humans that have rendered the human population vulnerable to the devastation of
major droughts. Water is the only resource that cannot be generated, it can only be preserved. Farsighted
nations are conserving water because of the awareness that if this commodity is not prudently preserved,
the human survival itself would be jeopardized.

1The Population Institute Washinton DC USA

10

1.1 UN Report 2006 on Global Water Crisis

A 2006 United Nations report focuses on the issue of water crisis stating that,"There is enough
water for everyone," and "Water insufficiency is often due to corruption, mismanagement, lack of
appropriate institutions, bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and
physical infrastructure". Official data also shows a clear correlation between access to safe water and
GDP per capita.
Water shortages, are already causing heavy grain imports in many smaller and third world countries..
The water tables are falling in scores of countries due to widespread over pumping and droughts. The
affected countries include Pakistan, Iran, and Mexico. This state of affairs will eventually lead to water
scarcity and decrease in grain harvest. If the population growth is not slowed down quickly it is feared
that there may not be a practical solution to the emerging world water shortage.
According to UN report on world climate, the Himalayan glaciers that produces and are the
sources of Asia's biggest rivers - Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow could disappear by 2350. Approximately 2.4 billion people who live in the drainage basin of the
Himalayan Rivers which include people living in Pakistan India, China, Nepal, Myanmar and
Bangladesh can suffer from floods followed by droughts in the coming decades.

1.2

World Climatic Changes and its effects.

Climatic Changes has a major role in water crisis Pakistan is facing. Global warming is leading to the
melting of the Himalayan glaciers and as a result depleting the flow of water into the Indus River
system. This trend is will continue with the rising temperature which is going to further aggravate the
present water crisis in the future. This shortage of water resources is going to severely affect the regions
of Baluchistan Province, Sindh and Khyber Puktoon Khawa Province where there is already a water
shortage and simple drinking water is hard to find. This state of affairs will not only damage the
agriculture sector but also further aggravate the already short power-generation output from the
hydroelectric plants, having a dangerous impact on the countrys industries as well.

2 Federal Minister for Food and Agriculture, Mir Israrullah Zehri has frequently addressed the
parliament and the Cabinet that climatic changes are affecting the food supply adversely and
the problem needs to be addressed.
11

SECTION 2
WATER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan a country of abundant water resources is now facing a severe water crisis due to
unbridled increase in population and wasteful technique of farming combine to reduce the
availability of water. According to a study done last year by the U.S.-based Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars one third of Pakistan's 175 million population lack safe
drinking water and approximately 630 children reportedly die each day from diarrhea and other
waterborne diseases,
3

Engineer Husain Ahmad, President Pakistan Engineering Congress, presently working as

Director General Research, Senate of Pakistan, Islamabad, whose Research works have been
duly published and recognized, states, Nature blessed Pakistan abundantly with the most
important resource of water but we failed to take care of it, the most feared water shortage event
has at last hit Pakistan. which is nothing unexpected. The manner in which we have handled our
natural resources and national affairs, this catastrophic occurrence was bound to come. Due to
the natures gift of water blessings upon Pakistan has always been envied by the world at large.
When Pakistan attained its independence in 1947 approximately 5000 cu/m of water was
available for each citizen, which has now been come down to 1000 cu/m because of fast
population growth and no planning.

2.1 Seminar on Water Crisis and its solutions on 17th Mar 10

In a seminar held at Pearl Continental Hotel Lahore on March 17, 2010 organized by the Insan
Welfare Society of Pakistan. Commissioner on Indus Water Treaty Syed Jamaat Ali Shah pressed on the
need for construction of maximum dams and reservoirs in the country in order to save water and resolve
water issues, which is essential for increasing the meager 30 days contingency reserves which puts us at
the mercy of India in case India decides to stop our water resources for any catastrophic reasons. Mr. Ali
stated that due to unavailability of sufficient number of dams and reservoirs not less than 26 maf of
water is being wasted every year where as the Indus delta needs only 4.32 maf per annum. The capacity
3 Engineer Husnain Ahmad is a renowned expert in water crisis in Pakistan and
writes regular papers on the subject in Pakistan Engineering Council and Pakistan
Engineering Congress journals.
12

of present reservoirs and dams is insufficient as well because silt was decreasing their storage capacity
and it was the main obligation of the Government to construct maximum number of dams in order to
save water not only for the sake of producing energy but also saving agriculture sector of the country.

2.2 World Bank and Asian Development Bank Reports

The World Bank (WB) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) has declared Pakistan as one of the
most water stressed countries in the world and has predicted that it shall face an acute water shortage
over the next 5 years due to shortage of water availability for irrigation, industry and human use. The
WB report further states that water supply in Pakistan has fallen from 5,000 cubic meters per capita to
1,000 cubic meters in 2010, and is likely to further go down to 800 cubic meters per capita by 2020. The
factors which are contributing to the shortage are increase in population, Climate change, No solid
vision to construct water reservoirs, use of Jhelum and Chenab rivers by India under the Indus Water
Treaty (IWT) of 1960 which has reduced the flow of water in Pakistan.

2.3 Reasons for Water Crisis in Pakistan

The water crisis in Pakistan exists due to the following reasons:
a) The leadership of Pakistan could not develop a consensus on the construction of large water
reservoir, particularly the Kalabagh dam that would have dealt with water crisis which we are
facing today.
b) The Pakistani nation is divided and nearly every province is in dispute over the share of water
under the IWT especially over the utilizing the water for Kharif and Rabi seasons through link
canals managed by the Indus River System Authority (IRSA).
c) Sindh Government has demanded the abandonment of the hydropower project on Chashma
Jhelum link canal, a project which is very essential for the future of Punjab Province due to the
wrong perception among the Government of Sindh that this project would constrict flow of water
and hurt the agriculture of Sindh Province.
d) Punjab was accused of cutting down 16000 cusecs of water between Taunsa and Guddu by the
Government of Sindh where as Government of Punjab blames the system losses for the water
that disappeared.

13

e) Due to water slit, stony debris, rain water flowing from and through the mountains, flash floods
carry along slit mostly due to deforestation thus choking our dams.
f) Water wastages and land destruction caused due to seepage of canals, water courses, rivers etc.
g) Old antiquated and traditional techniques of irrigation lead to excessive loss of water.
h) The Water Treaty between India and Pakistan know as Indus Water Treaty has contributed a lot
to the water crisis in the Country.

2.4 Flooding due to Non Controlling River Indus through Dams.

The absence of policies of conserving and storing water has resulted in keeping the Indus open
to flooding. Lal4 Khan an expert in water management has described the recent flooding in Pakistan as
follows. The worst monsoon-related floods in recent memory are the words used by UN for the recent
historical floods in Pakistan. The River Indus or also known as Sindh River, once gave life to the cradle
of historys earliest civilizations, devastated the same land to which it gave birth. The force of the floods
has washed away some of the ancient remains that reminded us the history of the Indus basin dating
back to thousands of years.The heavy toll of life both in terms of human, animals and wild life was
another catastrophic disaster. Approximately 12 percent of the entire population which is more than 12
million people suffered and are still suffering from the historical floods. Some 160,000 square
kilometers which is 20 % of Pakistans total landmass, has inundated. More than 10 hundred homes have
been destroyed or badly damaged. Some 50 million acres of the agriculture land had standing crops out
of which, more than 10 million acres of the standing crops, mainly sugarcane and cotton the cash crops
of the country, have been destroyed or severely damage. Mr. Lal Khan further states that apart from
global warming, the two main factors for this unmitigated disaster were the fragile infrastructure and
drastic deforestation. Due to unplanned cutting of forests it has reduced from 28 percent of Pakistan
territory in 1947 to 2.3 percent today. After the worst flood (2010) in Pakistan, the Prime Minister of
Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gilani, confessed that the devastation of flood would be less if Kalabagh dam was
built.

4 The writer is the editor of Asian Marxist Review and International Secretary of
Pakistan Trade Union Defense Campaign. He can be reached at ptudc@hotmail.com
14

2.4.1 Drought in Pakistan

There was a severe drought which hit Pakistan from 1997 to 2002 due to a phenomenon also
known as the Lalina effect which resulted in stoppage of rains and drought thus exposing our country to
its wrath due to reduced storage capacity of water reservoirs. Water supplies are falling globally whereas
the demand for water is increasing continuously at an unsustainable rate. This increasing in demand of
water resources shows that the average supply of water worldwide per person is expected to drop by a
third over the next 20 years,. At Present, many countries are already in a state of crises. As Pakistan is
also the part of the world and unfortunately a developing country, is facing the same problems of water
deficiency, like the rest of the world. The developed countries, contrary to Pakistan, are continuously
putting in action short-term and long-term water development policies and implementing various
techniques, to overcome these crises. Pakistan could only built 2 big reservoirs over the last 60 years
which is an unfortunate for the country in the short and long run.

2.4.2 WATER CRISIS HAS RESULTED IN ENERGY CRISIS

Due to shortage of water and bad planning besides a number of other reasons the Government has
resorted to other methods of getting energy which has created a severe shortage of energy coupled with
expensive electricity which has literally destroyed our industry and has send the country into a spiral of
economical turmoil which may take years to recover from plunging our country into the dark ages of
backwardness whereas on the other hand nearly all our neighbors minus Afghanistan which has been
torn by decades of insurgencies and wars have crossed into the 21 st century whereas we are lagging
behind waiting for some miracle. Conversion from a cheap source of hydro electricity i.e dams to an
expensive source of thermal power has caused the country great economic problems. The figure below
shall give a complete picture of the transformation of Pakistan electricity requirement from a cheap
source to a very expensive source thus heavily burdening our already fragile economy.

15

5 The above figures have been provided by the WAPDA authorities when 11 MCMC
visited WAPDA house on inland tour to Lahore 16-03-2011.
16

2.5 Indus Water Treaty in the Historical Perspective and its effects
With creation of Pakistan India controlled 3 of the 5 Rivers of Punjab which stopped the water
supply to our canals feeding the eastern districts of the United Punjab and the Bhawalpur State. This
arbitrary action ruined our part of Punjabs cultivated land. This adversely affected the economy of
Pakistan and famine loomed over the country this forced us to mobilize our resources. The search for
alternate arrangements to sustain our mainly agrarian economy started. The construction of small dams
on our rivers like Warsak on Kabul and Rohtas on Jhelum were taken up with the help of
Commonwealth nations. In pursuance of Pakistans mobilization of water resources policy in 1960 a
treaty between Pakistan and India was signed which was mediated with help of World Bank. This treaty
is widely known as the Indus Basin Treaty.

2.5.1 Salient Points of Indus Water Treaty:

1. Three eastern rivers, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas to given over to India with some minor rights to Pakistan.
2. Three of the western rivers namely Indus, Chenab and Jhelum remained with Pakistan.
3. Under the treaty allowed to use water from the western rivers for irrigation purpose. India was
already irrigating 642,000 acres of land from these rivers however it was given entitlement to irrigate
another 701,000 acres of agriculture land.
4. Entitlement for some storage for the purpose of power and flood controls was also given to India.
5. Pakistans requirement was to be fulfilled through construction of replacement works from the
western rivers to replacing the canals from eastern rivers.
6. The treaty provided for regular exchange flow data of rivers, canals and streams in each other
territory.
7. An Indus Water Commission, with one Commissioner from each side, was to be set up to resolve
issues.
17

8. Set procedures were spelt out to settle Questions Differences and Disputes between the two
countries through Neutral Experts and International Court of Arbitration.
9. As Pakistan needed time to build the required infrastructure India was to allow the Historic
Withdrawals during the transitory period.
10. For the two large multipurpose dams on Indus and Jehlum Pakistan proposed sites at Kalabagh and
Rohtas (Mangla),later the Dam site was changed to Tarbela instead of Kalabagh. . It also decided to
make barrages like Sidhnai on River Ravi, Marala and Qadirabad on River Chenab, Chashma on River
Indus, Rasul on River Jhelum, and Mailsi on River Sutlej. A Siphon and 7 link canals (Rasul-Qadirabad
on Rivers Jhelum and Chenab, Qadirabad--Balloki on Rivers Chenab and Ravi, Balloki-Suleimanki II
and Sidhnai-Mailsi on Rivers Ravi and Sutlej, Chashma-Jhelum on Rivers Indus and Jhelum, TrimmuSidhnai on Rivers Indus and Ravi to be constructed in Pakistan. To compensate Pakistan for the huge
expenditure involved in the projects India was to pay an amount of US $ 62.060 million over a period of
10 years. A grant of 900 million dollars was pledged by an international consortium for the projects to be
constructed under the treaty,

2.5.2 India Pak Issues on Water Crisis

6

Indus Water Treaty has been a great success story, but lately India has taken up some projects Occupied

territory of Jammu and Kashmir which is the source of our western rivers.These projects have become
major irritants and serious concerns in Pakistan. These new Indian projects are explained briefly below:
a.Wullar Barrage also known as The Tulbal Navigation Lock
India started construction of a barrage in 1985 which is 439 feet long, with a lock at the mouth of Wullar
Lake. The stated purpose of the barrage was to make navigation passage in 22km stretch between the
towns of Sopore and Baramula, during the lean winter season by regulating the flow of River Jhelum.
Pakistan raised concerns to this project resultantly halting the project in 1987. The contention of
Pakistan is that India cannot store water in excess of 0.01 maf as incidental storage on River Jhelum
under the treaty and Wullar Barrage may cause damage to its own project of linking Jhelum and Chenab

6 A detail report on the issue is given on the net

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/2234971105737253588/ IndusWatersTreaty 1960.pdf
18

with the Upper Bari Doab Canal. In addition it will give India the Control of flow of water into Pakistan
territory in case of any war or tension. The matter is still unresolved.
b.

Kishanganga Project on River Neelam:

The Kishanganga Project was initiated by India which shall bring water from River Kishanganga to
Wullar Lake, for running a proposed hydroelectric power station. A channel and a tunnel has been
planned for this purpose besides building a dam River Kishanganga at the point where the river crosses
the Line of Control into AJK. where the river is known as Neelum. Pakistan has plans to construct 969
MW capacities Neelum-Jhelum Power Plant with Chinese assistance on River Neelum. The Pakistani
project is expected to be completed in 2017.Pakistans fears are genuine because Kishanganga Project
shall result in a shortfall of water flow into Neelum, decreasing its power generation by 9%.
c.

Construction of Baghlihar Dam by India.

India began work on Baghlihar Dam in 1999 on River Chnab in Doda Distt of Occupied Kashmir The
proposed hydro electric power project was to be 470-feet high, 317 feet wide. Though Indian Authorities
showed it be a run-of-the-river project, the dam was to have a pond age of 15 million cubic meters with
submerged gate spillways. Pakistan raised objection to the design of the project because the submerged
gate spillways would enable India to increase the storage capacity of the reservoir and when India
wanted it could halt the supply of water to Pakistan for more than three weeks during winter season
therefore losing between 7000 to 8000 cusecs of water per day for Rabi crops and the danger of
inundation of the area above Marala Head Works in case India decided to release water simultaneously
from Dulhasti, Baghlihar and Salal Dams into River Chenab. Pakistan also viewed the Project as a
security risk, in times of tension or war, as India would be able to control the flow of water facilitating
or hampering the movement of Indian/Pakistani troops according to its requirement. The matter was
referred to Indus Water Commission failed to resolve the issue, thus it was taken up with World Bank
whose verdict was accepted by both sides therefore the matter stands resolved for the present.

19

SECTION 3
WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
Allah Almighty has blessed Pakistan with abandoned water resources though badly mismanaged, with
melting snow/glaciers turning into water which flows down the Himalayas and Karakorum mountains,
the glaciers being one of the worlds largest, a unique natures gift for this land of alluvial plains. Due to
this natural resource and bountiful gift of Allah Almighty, we have the worlds most wonderful and
largest irrigation system that irrigates over half of the 34 million hectors of agricultural land available.
Pakistan has two major sources of water i.e. surface water & ground water.

3.1

Surface Water Resources of Pakistan.

Pakistan has three hydrologic units given as under:

(a) Indus Basin River
Indus river basin comprises of the Indus plain, Karachi plains, mountain basins and Sindh province
desert areas. The principle rivers and tributaries of Indus Basin are Rivers Indus, Shyok, Gilgit, Astor,
Siran, Kabul, Jhelum, Chenab and Sutlej. The coverage area is 516,600 sq. km.and water sources
include snow, melting of glacier and rainfall generating 141.67 maf of water resources annually.
(b) Closed basin Kharan desert

20

It comprises mountain basins of Quetta division and basins of tributaries flowing down in to Kharan
desert. The water resources are provided by rivers namely Pishin Lora, Mashkhel Baddo Rakhshan,
added with small streams and springs of natural water covering an area of 120,100 sq. km. The water
sources are rainfall with a small amount of snow generating approximately 4.5 maf of water.
(c) Makran coastal basin
This basin comprises of natural water springs, streams of Malir, Hub, Porali, Kud, Hingol, Nai, Mashhai,
Dasht, Nihing and Kech. The coverage area of this basin is 122,400 sq. km however the main water
source of the area is rainfall which is 0.78 maf.

3.2 Ground water

The Indus plains comprise of nearly 34 million hectors of land which is cultivable. The ground
recharge is approximately 72 maf, out of which some 48 maf is controlled by the Indus basin irrigation
system (IBIS). Ground water is also available in (barani) lands which is rainfed and mountain valleys at
depths which vary from 100 to 200 ft. Approximately 240.22 maf of water is available in these plains.
For effective utilization of water resources in Pakistan it is essential that the present storages/ water
reservoirs and its capacities may be given studied for future planning and making the resources available
through various controls.
Barani Dam at Bannu: Its a water catchment dam for facilitating water supply to the population of
Bannu City, The dam was constructed in the early 1980s
Dohngi Dam lies 2 kilometers northwest of Gujar Khan in Rawalpindi. The dam is being used for
irrigation and drinking water, to the local population.
Gomal Dam is located on Gomal river in South Waziristan, Khyber Puktunkhwa Province, it provides
water for irrigation and domestic use.
Guddu Barrage is constructed on the River Indus at Kashmore. It was completed in 1962 having a
design discharge of 34,000 m/s. technically it is a Gate--Controlled weir type barrage with a navigation
lock. It provides irrigation water to 12,000 km of agricultural lands in the Larkana, Jacobabad, and
Sukkur districts of Sindh province and district Naseerabad Balochistan.

21

Hub Dam is one of the larger water reservoir of Pakistan constructed in 1981 on the Hub River located
on the provincial border between Balochistan and Sindh. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in
Lasbela District of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi.
The Indus Basin Project a water control project which was constructed in the light of Indus Waters
Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 that provided for Pakistans share of water from the
River Indus so that the water resource could not be controlled by India.
Tarbela Dam is the largest earth and rock filled dam in the world constructed on the River Indus located
in District Haripur and bordering District Swabi, KPK province, about 49.5 kilometers from the capital.
The dam ha is 148m height with a surface area of some 250-sq Km. Tarbela dam was completed in 1974
to store water from the River Indus for irrigation, flood control and hydroelectric power.
Mangla Dam located in District, Mirpur and is the 6th largest dam in the world. It was built with the
help and funding of World Bank in 1967 through a consortium of 8 U.S. construction firms.
Karoonjhar Dam is a dam located in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan for water supply.
Khanpur Dam is located on River Haro near Khanpur, KPK, some 40 km from the capital, Islamabad, .
It forms a reservoir supply drinking water to the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi besides
providing irrigation water to the surrounding agricultural and industrial areas. It has a height of 151 m
and storage capacity of 140,000,000 m.
Mirani Dam located in District Gwadar Balochistan province. Its a multipurpose project, is located on
River Dasht, in Makran Division of Balochistan province.
Rawal lake is a water reservoir on River Korangi with a coverage area of 8.8 sq Km. It provides for the
water needs for the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Shakidor Dam located near Pasni, in Balochistan province .It is148 meters long built in 2003, for
irrigation purpose for nearby farms. On 10th, February 2005, the dam gave in and burst due to pressure
of water after a heavy rainfall killing at least 70 villagers.
Simly Dam an earthen embankment dam on River Soan having height of 80m , some 30 km from the
capital city Islamabad. Water is collected from melting snow and springs coming down from Murree
hills.
22

Sukkur barrage was built during the British rule across the Indus River near Sukkur, completed in
1932 as the Lloyd Barrage to deal with famines caused by lack of rain. The barrage allows water to flow
through the original network of canals 9,923 km long of the region, feeding the worlds largest
irrigation system ,consisting of more than (20,000 km) of cultivable land.
Wali Tangi is located near Urak Valley and was constructed during the British rule. The storage of water
comes from the melting snow of Zarghoon Mountains and streams feeding Urak Valley, Quetta..

3.3

Future Plans for Dams:

Some big reservoir dams are under consideration or under construction to fight the future scarcity of
water however and more dams have to be made all over Pakistan to deal with the coming disaster which
is already nibbling at our feet.
Bhasha Dam is proposed to be constructed on the River Indus, near Chilas. The storage capacity of the
dam is expected to be 7.3 maf and shall produce 4,500 MW of electricity from 12 units besides
supplying domestic use water.
Akhori Dam shall have a storage capacity of 8.6 billion cubic meters of water and help the decrease of
split filling of Tarbela reservoir during the monsoon season.
Gomal Zam Dam is a dual purpose project producing hydro-electric power and irrigation project which
is under construction on the Gomal River at South Waziristan. The project shall have a gross storage of
(1.41109 m3) and irrigate some (660 km2) of cultivable land beside producing 17.4 MW of electricity.
The Kalabagh dam a proposed hydroelectric dam planned to be constructed on the River Indus near
Kalabagh in District Mianwali of Punjab Province. Presently the project has become politicized and
controversies surround it.
Besides the above the following reservoirs of utmost importance for local
irrigation, drinking water and Power generation, are in construction process and
most of them are destined to be completed in 2011-12., Khan Khwar (KPK), Duber
7 President Zardari on 23rd Feb 2009 while visiting the Three Gorges Dam in
China stated that Pakistan requires dams like the one in China to cater for the future
needs of Hydro electric power and irrigation.
23

Khwar (KPK), Allai Khwar(KPK), Jinnah(Pun), Satpura dam(GB),Neelum Jhelum (AJK),

Tarbela 4th Extention, Gholen Gol(Chitral)

3.4 Water Utilization.

Water is utilized for various purposes however it is utilized basically for irrigation purpose besides
power generation, domestic use and Industries.

(a) Irrigation.
172.21 maf water is utilized for irrigation purposes, out of 240.22 maf of available water resources,
Canal diversion utilizes 105.23 maf; system loses absorbs 144-40; Rainwater contributes about 6.0 maf;
whereas ground water available is 41.30 and utility above rims is 5.28 maf.
(b) Power generation.
Water released after producing hydropower by hydroelectric plants returns to the river system where as
the water reservoirs are used only for irrigation. Due to bad planning more reservoirs could not be build
on time as a result conflicts some time surfaces on the distribution of water among the provinces,
however the recent increase in thermal generation has reduced the potential conflicts.
(c) Drinking and Domestic Use.
The rural and urban areas normally uses ground water through tube wells and hand pumps with the
exception of some big cities like Karachi, Islamabad, Peshawar etc. The estimated usage requirement of
Urban and Rural areas both domestic and commercial is 15% of the surface water out of which 80%
returns to the river system.
(d) 8Industry

8 Water and waste digest a US based monthly which provides data on industrial use
of water in details
24

Water is utilized in Industries for a variety of purposes which includes cooling, cleaning and other
manufacturing processes. The usage in industry of water is less than 1% however the percentage of use
of water is quite more in the industrialized nations which means that the percentage of use of our water
resources is bound to increase with time.

SECTION 4
SUGGESTIONS FOR WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO WATER
CRISIS
Water crisis is bound to take over as the number one priority problem of the county sooner or later and
its going to take the country by into severe crisis whose effects may take the whole nation into turmoil
therefore its essential that we may take it seriously when its still time to recover thus needing actions on
emergency basis. To build a consensus over the issue we must first increase awareness among the
masses for which its essential to inform the whole nation of the true facts of the problem and the
artificial issues created by some disgruntled politicians.

4.1 Clarification of Misconception by Experts of Water Management

After going through the work of various researchers and engineers on water management besides
discussions with the President Pakistan Engineering Congress, Engineer Husnain Ahmed and his team of
Engineers, it has been revealed that if we dont build four or more mega dams, starting now, by 2020,
we will have no surplus water at all. But we have made dams also controversial. It is said that dams stop
river flow and deplete the river, when in fact Mangla dam was built to make up for the water lost to
India. Canal supplies increased from the pre-Mangla 83 maf to 103 maf post-Tarbela. Sindh got an
additional 6 maf. Kalabagh dam will add another 6 maf to canal supplies of which Sindh will get 2.2
maf. The flow in the Indus will increase and not decrease as being claimed. The canals at Kalabagh dam
will take only the surplus flood water stored in the reservoir and not from the river. It is the barrages
25

which have no storage, that canals take water directly from the river. There are thirteen big canals at
Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri barrages which deplete the Indus river .To counter the fear that Punjab would
deprive Sindh of its due share in Kalabagh dam because of its location was dealt with under the Water
Apportionment Accord of 1991. River water distribution was taken away from Wapda and entrusted to a
new federal body IRSA. Provinces can only raise ten day indents for their water requirement to IRSA. A
monitoring team of engineers from the Sindh irrigation department was deputed on major head works of
Punjab who are in daily communication with their head office and have not reported any water
misappropriation to date. The canals at Kalabagh dam will also come under their jurisdiction. Without
the left bank canal at Kalabagh dam, north Punjab will not get water from the Indus from any future
dam. With Mangla dam reservoir capacity decreasing due to silting; two thirds of north Punjab may have
to revert from irrigated to barani resulting in 50% loss in food production of Pakistan. Under the Accord,
Sindhs share was increased by decreasing Punjabs share despite the vast difference in area under
cultivation and the population. Both will get 37 percent of the 6 maf water stored at Kalabagh dam in
addition, not a single person and land shall be affected by the dam. Similarly the apprehensions of KPK
are not based on facts too. Nowshera will be 25 feet above and 10 miles away from the Kalabagh dam
reservoir, even at maximum storage capacity Attock Bridge will remain above the water, hence will not
create back flow in the Kabul river or deposit any silt there. The drainage from the Mardan Scarp and
Peshawar valley will remain unaffected. The high water level marks on buildings of Nowshera were as a
result of a faulty foreign consultants report during the Governorship of late General Fazle Haq. Later
three-dimensional hydraulic model by Irrigation Research Institute at Nandipur set the record straight.
The right bank canal at Kalabagh dam will provide the only link between the Indus and KPK as the
province KPK will not get any water from any future dam on the Indus. More people will be displaced
and land will be lost in Punjab than in KPK and still both provinces will benefit from the power and
water from the dam bringing millions of acres under cultivation. Since the flow in the Indus will
increase because of Kalabagh dam, it will have no adverse effect on the Indus delta. The latest foreign
consultants study has determined 4.32 maf per annum to be sufficient to check sea incursion. The sea
incursion problem can be solved by storing the requisite amount in dams and then releasing the required
dose every month. Not building dams will make the situation at the delta much worse. Only more dams
can help to reverse the unacceptable thermal to hydel generation from 70:30 to 30:70.A ratio of 70:30 is
unheard of in any country having rivers. A mega dam pays back its construction cost in 5 years and then
pays back the same amount every year. Tarbela dam is generating power at 75 paisa per unit, and

26

Mangla dam at half that cost. The argument is that there is not enough water in the river system to justify
a third mega dam is incorrect. By the time Kalabagh dam comes on stream in six years time, Mangla and
Tarbela will have lost capacity equal to Kalabagh dam. Kalabagh dam will store the left over water
which is not being stored at Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs with no additional water needed. Alternate
means of energy may give us electricity but not water which is a basic necessity of life after air/oxygen.
People can live without electricity but not without water and food.

4.2 Water Management and Workable Solutions

Water resources management is the need of the hour, and Pakistan has already got water crisis setting in,
a strategy should be chalked out on war footing to deal with this disaster We can save around 1.3 maf of
water from the existing losses. Water management experts suggest the following actions to fight severe
water crisis problem in the coming future.
1. Exploring new avenues of getting more water therefore dams must be constructed.
2. In some regions of the country the ground water is decreasing at high rate due to excessive pumping it
is high time that the authorities must take control to save the region water resource from depleting
helping in recharging the area by artificial methods.
3. Potable water underground water needs to be pumped through tube wells and used for agricultural
purposes.
4. Rain water needs to be collected in ponds and downy areas/catchments.
5. We must use the drainage water for agricultural purposes through recycling process.
6. Seepage from Canals, barrages and irrigation channels can be reduced to negligible level through
cementing the same.
7. Government legislation is required for water conservation, like most of the developed countries.
8. 9Modern irrigation methods and techniques, which includes trickling, sprinkling etc, through pipes in
the fields has a great potential to improve water distribution.
9 Sprinkling method of irrigation is sparingly used in developed countries and its
methods are given on the net http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684e/s8684e06.htm
dated 01-03-2011
27

9. Illegal extraction must be curbed with an iron hand by the authorities and ensure its equitable
distribution.
10. Irrigation distribution system needs to be privatized through water user associations.
11. Water Users, farmers organizations and private sector should be involved in the process of
conserving water resources, construction of dams/ irrigation systems, operation and maintenance of the
irrigation system besides increasing the water utility bills to make agriculturist realize the importance of
water resources.
12. The prevailing rotation based irrigation system must be converted into demand oriented system.
13. Low Tech solutions of water desalination must be explored to provide water resource to the coastal
areas population.
14. Control of population growth at such a high rate is also an important factor which needs to be
reckoned with.
15.

10

Proper regulations and monitoring in the prudence and economy of water usage must be observed

and judiciously regulated. It is an adversity that in Pakistan we get 58 maf of water out of 106 maf (due
to 45% wastage) and more alarming is the 30% wastage of water in agricultural irrigation due to lack of
land leveling and non awareness in use of water. Pakistan wastes 17 maf of water in irrigating
agriculture lands.
16. In shear contrast of the various crops cultivation techniques in the developed world, in Pakistan we
still cultivate crops which use a lot of water. 11Farmers and agriculturist needs to be educated to cultivate
crops which take low water quantity to grow.
17. Studies may be conducted through experts on a very high level to evaluate the available water
resources, the improvement and development of the irrigation systems, efficient and judicious use of
10 Germany has enforced policies on water conservancy on which a detailed
report is given at http://www.google.com.pk/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF8&rlz=1T4RNRN_enPK415PK415&q=regulations+and+monitoring+in+the+prudenc
e+and+economy+of+water
11 According to new research in agriculture field many crops can be grown using
one fouth the water required for double the yield per acre.
28

irrigation water, control evaporation from water surface in reservoirs and canals through adopting karaze
method still being used in some areas of Baluchistan where due to severe heat of the Sun the water in the
canals evaporates therefore underground canals known as karaze are used. The same idea but with
modern techniques of pipes can be adopted to save the water from evaporation.
18. The reverse osmosis method of economizing on water resources is extensively used in developed
countries and can be very beneficial in our country if worked upon.

CONCLUSIONS
The population of Pakistan is reaching around 170 million and is tending to rise to 208 million
by 2025. The growth in population at such a rapid speed shall increase the demand for food and fibre at
a tremendous quantity whereas both cultivable land and water resources are declining by the day.
Pakistans though being basically a food producing agriculturist country is importing food items and the
import bill is rising due to tremendous population growth and depleting water resources. Severe water
crisis is knocking at our doors and the available dams and reservoirs condition is deteriorating as their
total storage capacity is reducing to an extent that it shall soon be equivalent to the capacity of Mangla
dam reservoir. The slow pace in planning ahead and involvement in petty regional and street politics to
get electoral benefits beside unhealthy competition between the provinces on linguistic and cultural
grounds has let us fall into a dungeon which is heads towards a terrible end for the people of Pakistan.
We should act like a responsible nation otherwise we are doomed to destruction due to Water crisis. The
figures 12below obtained from a presentation made by Member Power to the participants of 11 MCMC
NIM Peshawar shows how thriving water resources of the country turned into water crisis in Pakistan
with future prediction of its getting more severe by 2025.

12 The figure given above was provided by WAPDA authorities on the occasion of 11
MCMC visit to WAPDA House on 16-03-2011.
29

Yea
r

Population
(million)

Water Availability
(Cubic Meter)

195
1

34

5260

201
0

172

1038

202
0

204

877

202
5

221

809

Global Criteria
1000 Cubic
Meter per capita
is the threshold
value

A number of scientific and methodogical approaches have been devised. These approaches include
empirical methods, mathematical models and physical modeling but all these approaches have their
limitations and need research and study to evaluate their effectiveness. Pakistan has no culture of
Research and Development in any field of science so much so that the researchers are mostly accused of
malpractices as it needs heavy investment and such investment may not bear fruit at all not such
expenditures can be properly audited therefore even the honest intellectuals avoid to indulge into
research and development whereas on the other hand the Private Sector is neither encouraged not invited
as stake holder into such affairs. We must change our attitude and learn from the past because the
Tarbela reservoir which is depleting due to silt accumulation at a very fast pace, is one such place where
ideal conditions exist to enhance our knowledge in area of sedimentation engineering. Simple increase
in budgets wont solve the problem, awareness and comprehensive efforts are essential with continuity
on the National level is required on urgent basis.

30

RECOMMENDATION
Water Crisis is a global phenomenon which is spreading at a tremendous rate and shall soon
caste its evil shadows over the whole planet as the climatic changes occurring all over the globe
have increased the danger of a violent world fighting over the increasingly scarce fresh water
resources. Most of the developed world has realized this fact whereas Pakistan which has already
been hard hit by this cast atrophic phenomenon is still lagging behind to address this problem.
The awareness of masses as well as the leaders of the country is needed so that necessary actions
were me taken on priority in the matter. The recommendation which have been given in detail
under the heading Water Management and workable solutions in section 4 of the research paper
needs to be studied at length and implemented as much as possible to nip the evil in the bud
before it engulfs us on a scale which cannot be dealt with in the scares resources of our country.

31

BIBLOGRAPHY
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Journal of Water Resources Development [Online], Vol. 19, No. 2. Pp.263 277. Available at:
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3) Allan, Catherine., Allan Curtis, George Stankey, and Bruce Shindler. (2008). Adaptive Management
and Watersheds: A Social Science Perspective. Journal of American Water Resources Association.
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4) http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41659 accessed on 24th Jan 2011
5) Brenner, M. 1981. Social Research methods and social life. London: Academic Press..
6) http://koolblue.wordpress.com/2010/03/17/seminar-on-water-crisis-and-its-solutions-ar-10/
on 15th February 2010. Seminar by Khurshid Anwer

Accessed

7) WB and ADB report water crishttp://koolblue.wordpress.com/2010/0...ntial-way-out/ by accessed on 3

rd February 2011.
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http://larkanatimes.com/featured/feasible-solutions-for-water-crisis-in-pakistan_310.html
28th Feb 2011.

accessed

on

9) Reservoirs of Water Resources in Pakistan from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Pakistan By amicus Mar 2 th, 2011 Category: Politics,

10) http://www.pakspectator.com/pakistans-water-crisis-search-for-root-causes/
2011.

accessed on 3 rd Feb

11) GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_crisis From Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia on water crisis management accessed on 26 th January 2011.
12) Hockensmith, Roy D, 1960 Water and Agriculture
13) Liefitinck, Pieter, 1968 Water & Power Resources of Pakistan
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