Experiment -1

Numerical calculation and matlab simulation

Part-A : Invariant's, Principal Stresses and Strains with Directions
Part-B : Maximum Shear Stresses and Strains and planes,
Vonmises Stresses
Part-C: Calculate and Plot Stresses in Thick Walled Cylinder
Principal Stresses and Direction Cosine Calculations

Maximum Shear & Strain Calculations

Maximum Shear is calculated from maximum absolute value from either
of (1-2)/2 or (2-3)/2 or (3-1)/2
Strain & Stress Relations

Matlab Code for Calculations

Clc % Clearing the Screen

Clear % Clearing the variables

sx=14;sy=34.8;sz=16.1;txy=-0.6;tyz=6;tzx=-2.1; % Stress Tensor

E=200e3;v1=0.3;G=E/(2*(1+v1)); % Youngs Modulus and Shear Modulus

S=[sx,txy,tzx;txy,sy,tyz;txy,tyz,sz]

[v d]=eig(S) % here d is principal stress matrix % Extraction of Principal stress and

directions

% v is eigen vectors matrix : direction cosines

% From d matrix you can get principal stresses

% invariants calculation

i1=d(1,1)+d(2,2)+d(3,3) % Invariant 1

i2=d(1,1)*d(2,2)+d(2,2)*d(3,3)+d(3,3)*d(1,1) % Invarient 2

I3=d(1,1)*d(2,2)*d(3,3) % Invariant 3

% obtaining Maximum Shear

s1=[ (d(1,1)-d(2,2))/2,(d(2,2)-d(3,3))/2 (d(3,3)-d(1,1))/2]

Shear=max(abs((s1))) % Maximum Shear Value

% calculating the strains

Ex=(sx-v1*(sy+sz))/E

Ey=(sy-v1*(sx+sz))/E

Ez=(sz-v1*(sx+sy))/E

Rxy=txy/G

Ryz=tyz/G

Rzx=tzx/G

% Matrix Assignement

Thick-Walled Cylinder Under Uniform Boundary Pressure

r12 r22 ( p2 p1 ) 1 r12 p1 r22 p2

r22 r12
r2
r22 r12

A
B
r2
Boundary Conditions
r 2r 2 ( p p ) 1 r 2 p r 2 p
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 12 22 2 A B
r2 r1
r
r2 r1
r (r1 ) p1 , r (r2 ) p2
r2

r p
p
1

P1=-8N/mm2
R1=200mm
R2=300mm
P2=0

Internal Pressure Case

/
p

r
/p
Dimensionless
Distance, r/r2

Matlab code for calculations For Thick Cylinder

% Problem is for only Internal pressure

% assuming external pressure equal to zero

clear

clc

pa=8;

a=200;

b=300;

r=[a:(b-a)/10:b];

n=1;

while(n<=11)

sr(n)=(pa*a^2/(b*b-a*a))*(1-b*b/((r(n))^2));

st(n)=(pa*a^2/(b*b-a*a))*(1+b*b/((r(n))^2));

n=n+1;

end

% plot(r,sr)

xlabel('Distance - mm')

r/r
2

ylabel('Radial Stress and Hoop Stress')

plot(r,sr,'--r',r,st,'-g')

legend('Radial Stress','Hoop Stress')

Experiment 2
Stress Analysis in a Curved Beam

Part A : Experimental Studies Using Strain Gauge Instrumentation

Part B: 2D Photo Elastic Investigation

Part C: Modeling and Numerical Analysis using FEM

Curved Beam Analysis Using Ansys

/prep7
Et,1,42,,,3
R,1,5
Mp,ex,1,2e5
Mp,nuxy,1,0.3
Cyl4,,,45,-90,55,90
Smrt,1
Amesh,all
nsel,s,loc,x,0
D,all,ux
D,node(0,-55,0),uy
F,node(0,55,0),fy,-250
Allsell,all
/solu
Solv
/post1
Plnsol,s,eqv,0,1

Theoretical Calculations

R1=45mm
R2=50+5=55mm
Rc=50,
Radius of neutral axis Rn=(sqrt*(45)2+sqrt(55)2)/4
E=Rc-Rn=0.13mm
Ci=Rn-R1=4.87
Co=R2-Rn=5.13
Area of the cross section: 10*5=500m2.
Direct stress at any cross section with reference to d=Fcos/2A
At 90 degrees d=0. So only bending stress
Mba=0.318*F*Rc= 7950N-mm
Total stress =Direct stressw +bending stress= 0+ Mba Ci/(AeR1)
bi=132Mpa
At outer fiber b=0+ Mba C0/(AeR2)=114Mpa

Experiment 3
Stress analysis of rectangular plate with circular hole subjected to
uniform pressure

/prep7
et,1,42,,,3
mp,ex,1,2e5
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
r,1,5
mp,ex,1,2e5
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
rectng,0,50,0,50
cyl4,,,10
asba,1,2
smrt,1
amesh,all
lsel,s,loc,x,0
lsel,a,loc,y,0
dl,all,,symm
lsel,s,loc,x,50
sfl,all,pres,-1
allsel,all
/solu
solv
/post1
plnsol,s,eqv,0,1

Vonmises Stress in the Plate

Experiment 4
Single Edged Notched Beam

L1=200
L2=80mm
Distance between supports: 360mm
Full length of the plate: 400mm
Load P/2=200N
Ansys Code For Single Edged Notch

/prep7

et,1,182,,,3

mp,ex,1,2e5

mp,nuxy,1,0.3

r,1,5

k,1,,10

k,2,10

k,3,180

k,4,200

k,5,200,50

k,6,100,50

k,7,,50

a,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

smrt,1

amesh,all

dk,3,uy

fk,6,fy,-200

nsel,s,loc,x,0

d,all,ux

allsel,all

/solu

solv

/post1

plnsol,s,eqv,0,1

Theoretical Validation

Maximum Bending Moment M=200*80=16000N-mm

At the notch Section Modulus Z= bh2/6

Z=5*402/6=1333mm4.

Bending Stress b=16000/1333=12N/mm2.

But notch sensitivity factor K =1.65

Maximum Stress b=1.65*12=19.8Mpa

Experiment 5
Torsion of Prismatic Bars

L=1000 Section : 20X20mm T=10000N-mm

E=200GPa Poisons ratio=0.3

Theoretical Validation

% max=K1Ta/J

% Here K1=1.35 for (a/b=1)(here a=b=10mm)

% J=Ka3b

% From table 7.1 (Advanced mechanics of Solids LS Srinath pgno: 247)

clc

clear

k1=1.35;

a=10;b=10;

T=10000; % N-mm

K=2.25; K1=1.35;

J1=K*a^3*b;

tmax=k1*T*a/J1 % Maximum Shear Stress in Mpa

Ansys code for Torsion

/prep7
et,1,188
mp,ex,1,2e5
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
k,1
k,2,1000
l,1,2
! SECTYPE, 1, BEAM, CSOLID, cir, 0
! SECOFFSET, CENT
! SECDATA,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
SECTYPE, 1, BEAM, RECT, rect, 0
SECOFFSET, CENT
SECDATA,20,20,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
esize,,20
lmesh,all
dk,1,all
fk,2,mx,10000
/solu
solv
/post1
/eshape,1
PLNSOL, S,XY, 0,1.0

Experiment 7
The higher order differential equations can be converted to system of first order
differential equations
The following figure shows a spring-mass-damper system. Plot the response of the
system when the initial displacement of mass m is 0.1 meters.

c = 1 kg/s

k = 100N/m

m = 5 kg

Equation of Motion
The equation of motion is as follows:
..
.
m x c x kx 0
x (t 0) 0.1

Now we need to change it to first order equation to solve it.

c
k
x x
m
m
x(t 0) 0.1

x
Rewriting the equation we get,

Consider the fact that x=v is just velocity. So we can rewrite the equation as two first
order differential equations
v

c
k
v x
m
m

x v
v (t 0) 0
x(t 0) 0.1

x1

c
k
x1 x2
m
m

x 2 x1
x1 (t 0) 0
x2 (t 0) 0.1

Response Graphs
Velocity Response

Displacement Response

Matlab code for Control Systems Root Locus, Bode and Nyquist Plots
Example : From Halesh

Num=[80]
Den=[1 22 40 0]
S1=tf(num,den)
Rlocus(s1)
Or you can work with rltool and import the transfer function for plotting root locus, bodo and
nyquist plots
Bodo,Root Locus and Nyquist plots