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Platinum Partners:
Gold Partners: Black Box, Coast Wire & Plastics, Eppendorf, Inc., Festo Corporation, Freudenberg-NOK Sealing Technologies,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Johns Hopkins, Metal Powder Industries Federation, National Instruments, Paratherm, Phillips66, ShockWatch
VOLUME
17
ISSUE
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014
The Emissions
Dilemma
Energy execs debate EPA regulations
at Renewable Energy World
Conference in December
Energy Storage
Solar
Geothermal
Bioenergy
The U.S. is not far

behind Germany
when it comes
to renewable
energy storage.
Solar racking
demystifed. How
fast can you rack a
PV solar system?
Take a sneak peek

at AltaRocks
Newberry EGS
power plant.
p. 28
p. 36
p. 52
Check out the

frst international
commercial fight
powered by biofuel that
took off this summer.
p. 59
For more information, enter 1 at REW.hotims.com
contents
Solar installation in
Cologne, Germany
showing Renusols
new EW (FS10 in
Europe) product.
Credit: Renusol.
Story on page 36.
36
features
28
ENERGY STORAGE
Germany and the US

Venture into Largescale Energy Storage
Some experts believe that
Germany could be using 60
percent renewable energy if
the right technology were in
place. How close is the U.S.
to arriving at that energy
mix?
Roy L. Hales
36
SOLAR POWER
How Fast Can You

Rack?
Check out the stopwatchtested solar racking
solutions that were on
display at Solar Power
International 2014.
Charles Thurston
46
Siting New Wind

Farms Based on
Supply and Demand
23
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Touring the Newberry

Enhanced Geothermal
Site
The AltaRock Newberry EGS
project has been shrouded
in rumors and secrecy, but
a recent tour of the facility
revealed that the technology
is making great strides.
Meg Cichon
WIND POWER
ON THE COVER
The world powered by
renewable energy: just one
of the many topics that will
be discussed at Renewable
Energy World Conference,
which starts on 12/8/2014.
52
Research is showing that

matching wind-energy
supply with energy demand
could open new markets
for wind power plants.
Ray Huffaker and Marco Bittelli
59
BIOENERGY
Flying on Green Energy

The biofuel industry
celebrated a few important
milestones this summer,
one of which was the first
commercial international
flight that used a drop-in
replacement for jet fuel.
Jennifer Runyon
RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD MAGAZINE
DISCOVER DRESSER-RAND CAES

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features
departments & columns
60
HYDROPOWER
Powering Up Turkey with Hydro

Turkey continues to present
opportunities for hydropower
development to combat its higher
than average energy prices.
David Appleyard and Bethany Duarte
5 Editors Letter
44 Te Project
6 Regional News
66 Training and
Educational Events
So Much News, So Little Time

News from the Global
Renewable Energy Industry
POETs Project Liberty
67 Calendar
23 Te Big Question
What Do the Proposed

EPA Regulations Mean for
the Energy Industry?
67 Advertisers index
68 Last Word
42 Data Points
I Know What Your Solar

Asset Did Last Summer
Phases of Development
when Building an
Offshore Wind Farm
On RenewableEnergyWorld.com
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about the renewable energy industry.
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From t he Editor
CHIEF EDITOR Jennifer Runyon

ASSOCIATE EDITOR Meg Cichon
SENIOR OPERATIONS MANAGER
Stephanie Kolodziej
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I dont know if you have noticed but during these past few months, the
renewable energy space has been flooded with announcements about
new technologies, new companies, new projects, new forms of capital, new policies and new ideas all with the aim of propelling the world
into our low-carbon, clean energy future.
New energy storage companies are cropping up left and right touting technologies they have developed to try to solve some of the problems about grid integration of renewable energy. Coupled with that
are the discussions about when the German grid will definitively need
energy storage to keep stable. Solar manufacturers are expanding all
over the globe to increase their capacity to churn out solar panels to
meet the worlds growing demand for them. Wind energy companies
are installing their equipment in Latin America and Asia at incredible rates. In fact, it is predicted that China will install more than four
times the total installed wind power capacity of Denmark just this
year! Geothermal companies are finally making some progress in the
U.S. and the Power Africa initiative is opening up the country for a
huge amount of new renewable energy development.
As hard as the editors try to keep on top of it all, the truth is that we
just cant cover every important piece of news that comes out even
though we want to. But that doesnt mean that our readers are missing
out. RenewableEnergyWorld.com has a marketing program that lets
companies post their own products, events and press releases. Want
to hear more? Visit the Industry Announcements section of RenewableEnergyWorld.com to read news straight from the source.
While every attempt is made to ensure the

accuracy of the information contained in this
magazine, neither the Publishers nor the authors
accept any liability for errors or omissions.
Jennifer Runyon, Chief Editor

REGIONAL
news
NORTH AMERICA
California Starts Advanced

Biogas System
Victor Valley Wastewater Reclamation Authority
(VVWRA) has begun operations at its new Omnivore biogas production system.
Large-scale Biomass
Fuel Introduced
Froling Energy has begun the manufacture, distribution and supply of its Precision Dry Chips (PDCs)
product for clients with large-scale biomass heating
systems in the Northeast USA.
For the past six years, the New Hampshire-based
company has specialized in the installation of wood
The start-up is significant as it demonstrates how
pellet boilers for residential, commercial, municipal
wastewater treatment plants can increase digester
and industrial facilities throughout New England but
loading and biogas production using existing infra-
has now turned to producing fuels too.
structure. It features high solids mixers and recuper-
Explaining the strategy behind the development
ative thickener, which change an ordinary digester
Mark Froling, president of Froling Energy, said the
into a high-solids digester.
company began fielding inquiries about installing
Municipal wastewater treatment facilities typically
much larger biomass heating systems for schools,
use biogas that is produced as a by-product of treat-
municipal and industrial buildings. The challenge
ment to generate energy and treatment facilities may
being that the heating demands and fuel consump-
accept additional waste streams to increase biogas
tion of these types of buildings required not only the
production. Such resources include food waste and
next generation of European dual-fuel biomass heat-
fats, oils and grease, but existing anaerobic digesters
ing systems, but a second renewable fuel source: dry
often cannot be loaded with this external feedstock,
wood chips.
typically requiring construction of additional digester capacity.
When the owners of the new dual fuel boilers

we had installed began asking for a fuel that was
The Omnivore retrofit enables VVWRA to triple
less costly than wood pellets, I said, Sure, of course
the digesters solids content and biogas production,
we can get those for you, and a supply contract was
its developers say.
signed for hundreds of tons of dry chips. I figured
Funded in part by the California Energy Com-
with a little investigation, we would surely be able to
missions Public Interest Energy Research program,
find a source and order up tons of dry chips from a
the installation was supplied by Anaergia, its first in
local producer, said Froling.
North America.
However, Froling found that the chip size, consis-
Logan Olds, the General Manager of VVWRA said:
tency and moisture content in the U.S. was not suited
Our goal is to demonstrate that we can operate our
for large biomass boilers. Because of this we decided
existing infrastructure more efficiently. With recu-
to add a new division to the company: making preci-
perative thickening or even with traditional digesters,
sion dry chip fuel. This will significantly reduce heat-
the ability to co-digest an additional waste stream
ing costs for commercial- and industrial-scale clients.
can bring added value to the facility, whether it be
A new state-of-the art scale and dryer furnace
through minimizing tipping fees or by producing
were recently installed at its New Hampshire site to
power from the additional methane that is generated
help streamline operations and ramp up production
as a result of the decomposition.

6
of Froling Energy PDCs.
US Utility-scale Solar Sees

Capacity Factors Soar
A new report from the Envi-
capacity factors higher among
is based on a number of fac-
ronmental Energy Technolo-
more recently built PV projects,
tors, including in approxi-
gies Division of the Lawrence
the authors conclude.
mate decreasing order of impor-
Berkeley National Laboratory
Turning to the economics of
tance: the strength of the solar
notes that technology and mar-
utility solar the report the sec-
resource at the site; whether the
ket trends are converging such
ond in a series also picks up
array is fixed or tracking; the
that the capacity factors of solar
on a number of key trends. For
inverter loading ratio; and the
installations are expected to
example, installed project pric-
type of modules used (e.g., c-Si
increase significantly.
es have fallen by more than one-
versus thin-film). Changes in the
third since the 2007-2009 period,
first three of these factors have
An Empirical Analysis of Project
from around $5.8/WAC to $3.7/
driven the average capacity fac-
Cost, Performance, and Pricing
WAC (or $5.0/WDC to $3.0/WDC,
tor among 2012 projects sharply
Trends in the United States, the
all in 2013 dollars) on average for
higher (to nearly 30 percent) rela-
report notes that an increasing
projects completed in 2013. Most
tive to the average capacity fac-
proportion of utility-scale proj-
of this decline occurred through
tors achieved by projects built in
ects are using crystalline silicon
2012, however, as the average
either 2011 or 2010 (just under 25
(c-Si) rather than thin-film mod-
installed price for projects com-
percent in either case).
ules in conjunction with track-
pleted in 2013 ($3.7/WAC) was
ing devices rather than modules
down only slightly from the prior
ic trough systems that have been
mounted at a fixed tilt. The qual-
year ($3.8/WAC). This decline has
operating in the U.S. for more
ity of the solar resource in which
been concentrated among proj-
than 20 years are still (in 2013)
PV projects are being built in the
ects using c-Si modules.
achieving capacity factors in the
Titled: Utility-Scale Solar 2013:
Among CSP projects, parabol-
United States has increased on
For PV, O&M costs appear to
range of 20 percent considering
average over time, and most of
be in the neighborhood of $20-
the solar portion only e.g. with-
the projects (84 percent in MW
$40/kWAC-year, or $10-$20/
out storage. All the CSP projects
terms) are located in the South-
MWh, though CSP O&M costs
considered have lower capaci-
west where the solar resource is
are higher, due to plumbing and
ty factors than similarly situated
the strongest. The average invert-
thermal components, and come
PV projects.
er loading ratio i.e., the ratio
in around $60/kWAC-year.
of a projects DC array rating to
The capacity-weighted aver-
Driven primarily by lower

installed project prices, level-
its AC inverter rating has also
age cumulative capacity factor
ized PPA prices have fallen dra-
increased with more recent proj-
for PV project is 27.5 percent, but
matically over time, by a steady
ects, as oversizing the array can
individual project-level capacity
$25/MWh per year on average
boost revenue when time-of-
factors exhibit a wide range from
since 2007, though this trend
delivery pricing is used. In combi-
16.6 percent to 32.8 percent. The
shows signs of slowing in 2014,
nation, these trends should drive
authors conclude this variation
the analysis concludes.
[ cont >]
REGIONAL
news
[utility-scale cont. from p13]
Some of the most-recent PPAs in
EUROPE
the southwestern United States

have levelized PPA prices as
low as (or even lower than) $50/
MWh (in 2013 dollars), which,
in some cases, is competitive
With the introduction of Mobil SHC Gear 320 WT high-performance
with wind power projects in

that same region. Solar appears
to be particularly competitive
in that region when consider-
synthetic wind turbine gear oil ExxonMobil is offering a seven-year

warranty, in a claimed first for the wind industry. Subject to the
terms and conditions, the company will bear any costs required
and adequate to repair and/or replace any equipment damaged as a
ing its time-of-delivery pricing advantage over wind (which

amounts to roughly $25/MWh
in California at current levels
result of a lubricant defect or malfunction.

Formulated to help protect critical turbine components over long
oil-drain intervals SHC Gear 320 WT has offers protection against
micropitting and wear as well as reliable foam-control performance;
of penetration).
Looking ahead, the amount of
utility-scale solar capacity in the
development pipeline suggests
continued momentum and a significant expansion of the industry over the next few years, the
authors note. For example, at the
end of 2013, there was at least
tolerance; and oxidative stability, its developers say. The oil also offers
excellent viscometrics, even at temperatures as low as -45 C (-49F)
the company adds.
Commenting Rainer Lange,
Mobil SHC brand
advisor-EAME,
observed, as the
operational capac-
39.5 GW of utility-scale solar

power capacity making its way
through interconnection queues
across the nation, though concentrated in California and the
Southwest. Though not all of
ity of new generation wind turbines

soars from single to double-digit
megawatt power,
we are certain that
these projects will ultimately

be built, presumably those that
are built will most likely come
online prior to 2017, given the
Mobil SHC Gear

320 WT can help
future-proof investments in new wind technology.

announced that its high performance wind turbine gear oil,
percent investment tax credit (ITC) to 10 percent at the end

of 2016. Even if only half of the
solar capacity in these queues
meets that deadline, it will still
mean an unprecedented amount
Mobilgear SHC XMP 320, is now supplemented with a five-year warranty, guaranteeing effective working life of the main wind turbine gearbox. The assurance guarantees extended service life of the
gearbox oil for up to five years from the initial fill. ExxonMobil has
also established partnerships with wind turbine oil service providers, C&D lservice GmbH and Peter Lonsdorfer GmbH & Co.
2015, and 2016.

8
Offshore Wind Turbines. Credit: ExxonMobil.
In a similar development, ExxonMobil Fuels & Lubricants
scheduled reversion of the 30
of new construction in 2014,
ExxonMobils New Turbine

Gearbox Oil Has 7-Year Warranty
Power-One. Raised to the power of two.
Power-One is now officially known as ABB. But this is much more than just a name change. One
of the most innovative inverter manufacturers in the world now has the engineering, infrastructure
and financial clout of a Fortune 500 company. The benefits to our customers and the solar industry
as a whole should be felt for years to come. ABB now has one of the industrys most comprehensive
offerings of solar inverters for residential, commercial and utility-scale pv installations.
For more information please visit: www.abb.com/solarinverters
REGIONAL
news
German Partnership Could

Lead to New Renewable
Energy Business Model
Energy sector players MVV Ener-
transformation is all about
difficulties and reacted by
gie and Juwi have announced
combining renewable and con-
introducing a far-reaching
plans to pool forces to expand
ventional energies as key pillars
restructuring program and
the renewable energy market
of the future energy system in a
streamlining its organizational
model in Germany.
way that makes both economic
processes. "Once this restruc-
and ecological sense."
turing is complete," said Ml-
The Mannheim, Germanybased energy company MVV
MVV Energie sees itself as a
and the Rheinland-Pfalz proj-
pioneer and driver of this change
own activities and acquisi-
ect developer Juwi aim to forge
with the cooperation deal rep-
tions in our further growth-
a close partnership with MVV
resenting an historic milestone
driven expansion in renewable
intending to acquire a 50.1 per-
in the German energy indus-
energies."
cent stake in the renewable ener-
try: "Others talk about the ener-
This cooperation offers the
gy project major.
gy turnaround. We are making it
stability and development pros-
happen," added Mller.
pects necessary for Juwi, its proj-
Explaining the strategy

behind the move Dr. Georg
Due to changes in the mar-
ler, "Juwi will complement our
ect partners and new interested
Mller, CEO of MVV remarked
ket climate, Juwi has recent-
parties, MVV believes. "Togeth-
that the German energy
ly encountered financing
er with Juwi, we aim to
[ cont >]
Wikinger Offshore Wind Farm Begins

Pile Testing Campaign
Iberdrola has launched the
Nine steel piles, fabricat-
wind project being developed
pile testing campaign for its
ed by Bilfinger are being driv-
by Iberdrola in the Baltic Sea
Wikinger offshore wind farm
en into the seabed at select-
will be comprised of 70 wind
project following the comple-
ed locations, with static and
turbines. The project will be
tion of the sites geotechnical
dynamic tension and pressure
located about 39 km off the
investigation.
tests to be conducted under
coast of the island of Rgen
water for several weeks. Addi-
where the water depths range
services group Bilfinger is
tionally, the tests will evaluate
between 37 and 43 meters.
carrying out under-water
the performance of noise miti-
static, dynamic and cyclic load
gation systems being developed
invested more than 100 mil-
tests to fulfill the requirements
by a German contractor.
lion [US $1.24 million] in devel-
German engineering and
for pile testing as defined by
With an investment of near-
Thus far, Iberdrola has
oping the offshore wind proj-
the German navigation author-
ly 1.4 billion [US $1.74 billion],
ect, which is due to begin
ities, BSH.
the 350-MW Wikinger offshore
operations in 2017.
10
The TRIO. Goes anywhere. Thats why

its everywhere.
The ABB TRIO is a favorite of installers worldwide. Partly, because of scale the TRIO serves
./01
/1
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REGIONAL
news
[ German partnership cont. from p10 ]
expand renewable energies on

an economically viable, reliable
basis and thus help the energy
Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Could Be Coming to French Waters
An agreement to drive forward the Groix floating offshore wind
turnaround succeed."
test site project in France has been signed between the Brittany
After the deal is complete,
Region and technology firm DCNS.
Juwi would be able to consis-
The strategy behind the deal is to accelerate development
tently work on implementing
of the floating offshore wind turbine plant in Brittany with a
its well-filled project pipeline,

as well as on further marketing
projects to interested investors,
view to be ready to respond to the French government's call for

expressions of interest, which is due in 2015.
The floating offshore wind project involves installing
a statement adds.
wind turbines in deepwater offshore environments and Brittany
MVV is now in a position to
is the French region with the best potential for roll-out of
extend its non-investment ser-
this technology.
vice business from asset
Collaborative work between the Brittany Region, central gov-
management via operations
ernment, local authorities and the fisheries department to iden-
management through to direct
tify a site capable of hosting the first pilot wind farm of sever-
marketing. Since the spring,
al floating turbines off the island of Groix was supervised by the
MVV Energie has assumed the
Regional marine and coastal conference (CRML).
direct marketing of electricity
In 2013 an area with all the characteristics required to devel-
generated at a number of Juwi
op the farm was identified. Brittany Region is currently support-
renewable energy plants.

Mller added that these activ-
ing DCNS to conduct environmental characterization surveys

for the site in preparation for the call for expressions of inter-
ities are being flanked by cur-
est (CEI/AMI) that was announced for floating pilot wind farms
rent projects aimed at smartly
by the French Energy Minister Sgolne Royal in April 2014. This
linking renewable and conven-
call will enable the Groix site to host an initial farm of several
tional generation plants using
grid-ready floating turbines by 2018.
innovative components. "This

area harbors promising opportunities for new business models,
When complete, Brittany would be the host of a pilot site that

could be used to validate the business model for floating wind
farms before moving to the industrial phase and roll-out of
especially in the field of decen-
farms on a larger scale.
tralized energy management.
DCNS is working with Alstom on an 6-MW floating
We are working on this closely
wind turbine project with the aim of setting up an initial
both with partners from within the energy industry and part-
pilot farm including several units based on this technology

in 2018.
ners from other sectors who
Pierrick Massiot, President of the Brittany Regional Coun-
are leaders in their respective
cil said that this projet is a new step forward and that it would
markets."
help position Brittany as a region tailored to marine energy. He
The transaction is expected

to close no later than the end of
this year. Terms of the deal were
added: By 2018 the Port of Brest will be ready to welcome this

new sector which will create jobs and value for the local area.
not disclosed.
12
Brittany will be ready for the

energy transition.
The news comes as the
UKs Energy Institute and
Grid Parity in Sight

for Renewables
A new report from consultancy firm Poyry and titled Is the End
The Crown Estate manager
in Sight for Renewable Subsidies? attempts to determine when and
of the UK seabed publish
where the grid parity holy grail will be reached.
construction vessel guideline
With a focus on Europe, the analysis notes that grid parity will
for the offshore renewables
usher in a new era of unsubsidized renewables where market forc-
industry.
es, not subsidies, would drive large scale deployment. As such, Poyry
Produced to assist devel-
says, the revenue stream of any energy sector investment now
opers and the supply chain
undertaken with a defined economic life - such as the 30-year typ-
in the planning and con-
ical lifespan for a coal-fired power plant - will be affected by the
struction of offshore renew-
build-up of unsubsidized renewables. As a result, investors must
able energy projects, the pub-
ensure their revenue projections in the post-subsidy period will take
lication aims to pro-actively
into account the impact of increasing amounts of competing and
assist developers in reducing
unsubsidized renewables, which will act to lower wholesale pric-
construction risk and con-
es and revenue post-subsidy. If they dont take this into account, the
tribute to providing a solid
analysis concludes, they risk overestimating the long-term profit-
foundation for safe and effi-
ability of projects built today.
cient offshore operations.

Huub den Rooijen, Head
Poyrys research confirms that although grid parity is effectively a moving target, the most economic renewable energy projects
of Offshore Wind, The
onshore wind and solar will begin the transition to grid parity
Crown Estate said: This
from the early 2020s with an increasing number of grid parity proj-
guideline for offshore renew-
ects coming on stream over the following decade.
able construction vessels is
The Poyry figures were released just ahead of a new report from
a great example of how the
the European Commission that considers progress towards the Inter-
sector can work together,
nal Energy Market, which is being developed across the EU.
where appropriate, to help
According to the progress report, EU energy market integration
bring down costs through
has seen electricity prices decline by a third between 2008 and
ensuring that health and
2012 while many of the missing infrastructure links between EU
safety strategies are fully
countries have been built or are under construction with cross-border
integrated into the lifecy-
trade increasing.
cle of projects from the out-
However, the Commission also advised that investment should
set and delivering technically
focus on linking the grids of the Iberian Peninsula, the Baltic region,
and commercially successful
and Ireland and the United Kingdom, the Commission says, adding
projects.
that more investment in smart grids is required.

Further steps are also required to facilitate the integration of
Editors note: For more about
intermittent renewable energy and through correct price signals the
offshore wind development
report concludes.
phases, check out Data Points

on p. 42.
The Commission claims that a completed internal energy market

could bring net economic benefits of 16-40 billion a year.
Commenting on the report Vice-President and European
[ cont >]
13
REGIONAL
news
[ Grid pairity cont. from p13 ]
MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
Energy Commissioner Gnther H. Oettinger said: "If ener-
there's not much room left to
SE4ALL Partnership Aims at

African Bioenergy Development
use energy supplies as a political
The Euro-African Green Energy (PANGEA) and the Alliance for Rural
instrument. With proper price
Electrification (ARE) have announced a partnership under the United
signals and sufficient infrastruc-
Nations Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4ALL) to support the
ture, energy is produced where
development of biomass-based decentralized renewable energy sys-
it's cheapest and sent to where
tems and the off-grid renewable energy market in Africa.
gy markets are well connected

and common rules are in place
it is needed. All this translates
Following the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU),
into secure energy supplies all
the two organizations will work to create and disseminate knowledge
over Europe and lower bills for
and experiences on decentralized renewable energy-based solutions
consumers."
with a focus on bioenergy.
However, Frauke Thies, EPIA
Key to the partnership will be attracting and implement-
Policy Director, said of the
ing projects that provide biomass-based off-grid power for light-
report: "Europe still has a long
ing, cooking and productive use such as agricultural processing and
way to go to achieve a real inter-
manufacturing.
nal energy market that provides
The work will be supported by PANGEA's existing agreement with
fair conditions and a level play-
Embark Energy and Everest Energy, which are working to train ener-
ing field for solar power and
gy entrepreneurs in Africa. In the coming months, PANGEA and ARE
other innovative solutions in the
will collaborate to jointly implement a biomass-focused campaign to
electricity sector."
be launched during the first half of 2015.
DRCs Giant Inga Hydro Project Moves Ahead

A treaty set to support the joint development of
GW MW to South Africa and contribute to
the 40-GW Grand Inga hydroelectric complex on
regional integration, though overall the agree-
the Congo River has been advanced between South
ment entails developing the 40-GW complex in
Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
seven phases.
South Africas cabinet has approved parliamen-
The controversial project was recently ear-
tary hearings for ratification of the signed Grand
marked for funding by the World Bank with
Inga Treaty, which provides a framework for facili-
approval of a $73.1 million International Devel-
tating power generation from the giant hydro proj-
opment Association (IDA) grant for the $14 billion
ect on the Congo in the DRC.
Inga 3 Basse Chute project.
The treaty also provides for power transmission

to the DRC-Zambia border.
African Development Bank (AfDB), the grant
Ratification would enable development of

Phase 1 of the project, which is to provide 2.5
14
Combined with previous financing from the

will be used to support DRC to develop its large
hydropower potential, estimated to be the third
Masdar Investing in European Wind Power

Abu Dhabibased renewable
second major investment in the
energy company Masdar has
UK offshore wind energy mar-
In January, Siemens was
announced its partnership with
ket since the group has already
awarded two contracts, valued
Norways Statoil and Statkraft in
acquired a 20 percent stake in
at 516 million for the engineer-
a 1.5 billion (AED 8.95 billion) off-
the 630-MW London Array proj-
ing, supply, assembly, commis-
shore wind farm project, off the
ect, the worlds largest currently
sioning and service of Dudgeons
Norfolk coast in Eastern England.
operating offshore wind farm.
67 wind turbines.
Masdar has acquired a 35 per-
operational in late 2017.
Dudgeon adds to Masdars
Meanwhile, EFG Hermes, a
cent stake in the 402-MW proj-
portfolio of existing clean ener-
leading investment bank in the
ect, which was valued at 525
gy projects, including one of the
Arab world, has announced that
million (AED 3.15 billion). Statoil
worlds largest CSP plants the
its private equity arm has signed
retains a 35 percent stake and
100-MW Shams 1 in the UAE
a US $208 million transaction
remains as operator of the proj-
and the 117-MW Tafila wind farm
to acquire a 49 percent equity
ect, with the remaining 30 per-
in Jordan, alongside numerous
shareholding and outstanding
cent held by Statkraft.
other projects.
shareholder loans in wind power
As the only OPEC nation sup-
The decision to become a
firm EDPR France. A subsidiary
plying both traditional and
partner in Dudgeon under-
of EDP Renewables, EDPR France
renewable energy to interna-
scores Masdars belief that the
has a portfolio of 33 operation-
tional markets, the United Arab
UK represents a major market
al wind farms with a combined
Emirates (UAE) is committed
for investment in offshore wind
gross capacity of 334 MW.
to accelerating the use of wind
energy. Al Jaber said the project
energy as an effective means of
investment reinforces the UAE
the borders of the Middle East
balancing the global energy mix
and the UKs shared commitment
and Africa is a natural outgrowth
as we move toward a sustainable,
to drive the growth of the renew-
of our emphasis on infrastruc-
low carbon future, said Dr. Sul-
able energy sector.
ture private equity and, moreover,
Our first investment beyond
tan Al Jaber, chairman of Masdar.
Offshore construction is
marks the launch of our direct
Masdars also took a stake in
scheduled to start in 2016 and
investment strategy, said EFG
the project is expected to be fully
Hermes Co-CEO, Karim Awad.
Dudgeon, marking the companys
largest in the world after China and Russia," the

bank said.
2,500 MW going to South Africa.

"By being involved in the development of Inga
The 4,800 MW Inga 3 project is one element of
3 from an early stage we can help ensure that
the Grand Inga project. According to the bank,
its development is done right so it can be a game
1,000 MW of power generated by Inga 3 would
changer by providing electricity to millions of
be sold to utility Societe Nationale d'Electricite
people and powering commerce and industry,"
(SNEL), which would in turn sell it to households
said Makhtar Diop, World Bank Vice President
and small businesses in the Kinshasa region; a
for Africa.
further 1,300 MW would be sold to mining companies in DRC's Katanga Province, with the other
The 350 MW Inga 1 and 1,424 MW Inga 2 hydroelectric projects are under refurbishment.
15
REGIONAL
news
ASIA
Japan Eyes Offshore Wind Development

A new policy sets ambitious tar-
key step to achieving this, the
of 36 JPY/kWh should encourage
gets of 37 GW for offshore wind
report concludes.
further private sector engage-
by 2050 and a recently released
In addition, the Carbon Trust
ment in the offshore market.
report explores the challenges
notes that the costs of deliver-
However, it remains to be seen as
that must be overcome to achieve
ing offshore wind are high glob-
to whether this will provide suf-
that goal.
ally, and particularly so in Japan,
ficient returns to drive the level
where high base costs and a lack
of investment necessary and
the Carbon Trust there are, for
of suitable infrastructure and
kick start large-scale offshore
example, fundamental chal-
offshore experience add to the
development in Japan. The gov-
lenges in the grid infrastruc-
challenge. Hence there is a need
ernment has also committed to
ture that makes the develop-
for a sensible incentive system to
work to reduce the consenting
ment of offshore wind difficult,
encourage investment from the
process timeline.
such as the difference in elec-
private sector through Feed-in-
tricity frequency between east
Tariff (FIT) mechanisms, as well
cludes that early demonstra-
and west. However, enabling
as providing funding to test novel
tions in Japan, especially of float-
freer movement of electrici-
innovations that can deliver sig-
ing foundations, have seen many
ty across regions is critical as
nificant cost reductions. Japan is
industrial companies for partner-
the source of offshore wind is
home to some of the most gener-
ships, which is a positive sign that
often in regions of low demand,
ous renewable FITs in the world,
could lead to the possibility of set-
such as Hokkaido, Tohoku, and
and the recent announcement of
ting up collaborative program
Kyushu. Utility unbundling is a
a bespoke FIT for offshore wind
in Japan.
According to analysis from
Nonetheless, the report con-
Cleantech Business Opportunities in Emerging

Markets Could Top $1.6 Trillion for SMEs
Over the next decade, invest-
Trust, which has quantified,
$415 billion for China, $349 bil-
ments in clean technologies
for the first time, the econom-
lion in Latin America and $235
in emerging markets could
ic opportunities that SMEs can
billion in Sub-Saharan Africa.
exceed $6 trillion, of which
seize in clean tech sectors in
$1.6 trillion represent business
developing countries.
opportunities for small and
According to the report,
Furthermore, finds the

report, SMEs are key drivers of
job creation. Clean technology
medium enterprises (SMEs), key
China, Latin America and Sub-
jobs compare favorably to jobs
drivers of technology innovation
Saharan Africa are the top
in other sectors, being on aver-
and job creation. This is the core
three markets with opportuni-
age more skilled, safer, and bet-
conclusion of a new study from
ties for SMEs in clean technol-
ter paid. Countries must take
the World Bank Group in col-
ogy. Economic opportunities in
key policy actions to fully real-
laboration with the UKs Carbon
these markets are estimated at
ize this growth potential, the
16
World Bank study concludes.

The report, Building Competitive Green Industries: the
Climate and Clean Technology Opportunity for Developing Countries, identifies the
most promising opportunities in
wastewater treatment, onshore
wind, solar panels, electric vehicles, and small hydro.
Data analysis and case
studies from Kenya and India
show how these market opportunities have also important
social impacts. In Kenya, for
instance, the roughly 80 percent
of the population not served by
the electricity grid represents a
vast market for new climate and
clean technology solutions.
The report, for which the Carbon Trust provided the technical analysis, identified a set of
actions that can be implemented
to build local green industries.
Commenting, James Rawlins,
Associate Director at the Carbon Trust, said: Over the coming
decade the deployment of clean
technologies represents a huge
opportunity for developing countries to reap substantial economic
rewards developing local industries and creating jobs and exports
as well as positive environmental outcomes. [] We are already
seeing real innovation from
developing world SMEs in adapting products for local needs and
developing new business mod-
GEMMA POWER SYSTEMS
els. Enabling and accelerating this

should be a priority for policymakers at global and local levels.

17
REGIONAL
news
New Pumped Storage Project for Thailand
Plans to build an extension of the
Authority of Thailand (EGAT)
asked the Energy Ministry to
Lam Ta Khong hydropower plant
Voith is to supply complete
establish a Renewable and
in Thailand will see the project
hydropower equipment for the
Alternative Energy Development
capacity double. Once completed
pumped storage power plant.
Plan to increase the renewable
Lam Ta Khong located on the
The contract includes the sup-
energy production to 25 per-
Lam Ta Khong River, a tributary
ply of two motor-generators, two
cent in 10 years. However, as
of the Mun River, 200 km north-
255-MW vertical pump turbines,
the capacity of volatile renew-
east of Bangkok will have a
the automation systems as well
able energy like wind and solar
total capacity of 1 GW.
as the electrical and mechanical
increases, the need for balanc-
balance-of-plant systems.
ing plants such as pumped stor-
The first phase of the Lam Ta

Khong pumped storage station
Thailand is aiming at
age becomes stronger.
with a total capacity of 500 MW
expanding renewable energy to
Lam Ta Khong is the first
was initiated in 1995 and com-
reduce its dependency on ener-
pumped storage plant equipped
pleted in 2001.
gy imports, which today pro-
by Voith in Southeast Asia and
vides over 60 percent of primary
the equipment will be pro-
worth around 50 million award-
commercial energy demand. To
duced at Voith Hydros facility in
ed by the Electricity Generation
meet this goal, the government
Shanghai, China.
Under the terms of a contract
GE Supplying Turbines for Vietnam

Tay Nguyen Wind Farm
Real estate company HBRE Wind Power Company Ltd.
of social and economic conditions in Dak Lak by
has signed a deal with GE for work at the Tay Nguy-
creating hundreds of jobs that require technical
en wind farm, located in Ea HLeo district, in Dak Lak
and industrial skills, while contributing addition-
province, in the central highlands of Vietnam.
al power to the national grid. We also hope this
Under the terms of the agreement, GE will help
project will help attract further investment to Dak
HBRE undertake wind engineering analyses and
Lak and provide momentum to move forward with
site layout as well as assess constructability in
wind power development in the region and
a joint effort to develop renewables in Vietnam.
in Vietnam.
HBRE is responsible for the design, construction

and operation of the wind farm.
GE will also provide wind turbines for the site
Dak Lak province has a high potential for wind

energy, with an average wind speed of 7.6 meters
per second.
and support HBRE in developing electrical design
In 2009, GE opened a factory to support its wind
concepts and facilitating discussions on financial
division in the northern port city of Hai Phong and
arrangements, as well as working with relevant
in December supplied 52 wind turbines to the Bac
agencies to move the project forward. A full service
Lieu wind power plant, according to chief execu-
agreement is also part of the agreement.
tive officer of GE Vietnam & Cambodia, Nguyen My
Ho Ta Tin, Chairman of the HBRE Company said:

This project will contribute to the improvement
18
Lan, and the company has 16 MW of wind installed

to date in Vietnam.
ENER-G and Cornes Biogas enter Japanese Market

Combined heat and power specialist ENER-G is
control system will alert Cornes' service engineers
to supply equipment for a 190-kW unit which will
to any anomalies or operational issues, enabling
be installed, commissioned and maintained at the
them to run diagnostics, rectify problems remote-
agricultural biogas plant in Shikaoi, Japan.
ly, or arrange an engineer visit if necessary, the
With its first contract at the Shikaoi munici-
company says.
pal biogas plant in Hokkaido, ENER-G has appoint-
Toru Koyama, Chief Executive of Cornes Biogas,
ed Cornes Biogas as its Japanese partner. ENER-G
said: "As Japan seeks to strengthen its energy resil-
is responsible for the installation of the new equip-
ience, there is strong demand for ENER-G's biogas
ment, which will replace existing technology.
CHP systems for water treatment and anaerobic
The new E-Power CHP remote monitoring and
digestion projects."
LATIN AMERICA
Brazilian
B
Br
r
Wind Power Booming
A swathe of new wind tur-
market beyond the government-
supply of more than 440 wind tur-
bine supply contracts have been
run energy auction regime.
bines, for a minimum installed
signed for projects in Brazil.

Spains Gamesa has secured a
major new contract for the supply
All the wind farms are all
capacity of 1.5 GW. The agreement
located in Rio Grande do Norte, in
also includes operation and main-
northeastern Brazil.
tenance services, for over 1 billion.
of 110 of its G114-2.0 MW turbines
The turbines, designed for low
in Brazil, destined for nine projects
wind speed locations, are slated for
duced at Alstom manufacturing
the Campos dos Ventos I, Cam-
delivery over the course of 2016.
unit in Camaari.
pos dos Ventos III, Campos dos Ven-
The wind turbines will be pro-
Although not quite as large
Meanwhile, GE announced that
tos V, Ventos de So Benedito, Ven-
a tranche, Alstom also recent-
it connected 381 wind turbines
tos de Santo Dimas, Ventos de So
ly secured a substantial contract
to the grid in Brazil during the
Domingos, Ventos de So Martinho,
totaling around 320 million with
first half of 2014, providing 600
Ventos de Santa Mnica and Ventos
Renova Energia to deliver, erect
MW, with the companys total
de Santa da Ursula wind farms.
and commission 127 wind tur-
installed wind capacity topping 1
bines in the Umburanas complex,
GW in the country to date.
The 220-MW deal with CPFL

Renovveis, a subsidiary of utility group CPFL Energia, marks the
located in Bahia State.

The wind turbines, composed
Wind energy remains one of

Brazils fastest growing energy
largest single order for the machine
of ECO 122, ECO 110 and ECO 100
sources, said Jean-Claude Robert,
to date and will also see Game-
models, will be delivered between
general manager of Latin America
sa operate and maintain the proj-
January 2017 and January 2018.
for GEs renewable energy business.
ects for 15 years as well as supply,
The Umburanas wind complex will
transport, install and commission
generate 355.5 MW once complete.
The Brazilian wind energy association ABEElica announced
the turbines. The contract is also
This new order is part of an
the largest order received by the
agreement signed between both
that Brazil has reached 5 GW of

installed wind capacity, a number
company in Brazils deregulated
companies in 2013, involving the
that is expected to triple by 2018.
19
REGIONAL
news
EGP Begins Work on Chile PV Plant Expansion

Enel green power has com-
40-MW Chaares solar projects.
menced work on a 19-MW PV
Elsewhere in Chile, Pattern
progress on a number of other

projects that are underway. Our
plant in Chile. Once completed,
Energy Group Inc. has signed a
strategic partnership with Pat-
the Lalackama II project will be
Right of First Offer purchase deal
tern Development, which has
capable of generating more than
for at least 73 MW of the 104 MW
over 3,000 MW in its develop-
50 GWh annually.
Conejo Solar PV power project
ment pipeline all of which
being constructed approximately
are subject to our ROFO agree-
Taltal, in the Antofagasta region
30 km east of Taltal in Chiles Ata-
ment continues to provide
about 950 km north of Santiago,
cama Desert.
the foundation to help us meet
Located in the municipality of
the facility will cover an area of
Conejo Solar is 100 percent
some 40 hectares.
owned by Pattern Development
An extension of the original
or exceed our growth targets for

years to come.
while a third party will have an
Conejo Solar represents an
Lalackama project, currently at
option to buy a 30 percent stake.
increase in our business in Chile,
the completion stage, the new
The project has a 22-year PPA
as well as an expansion of our
phase will bring the total project
with Minera Los Pelambres, an
overall growth platform into
capacity to around 79 MW.
affiliate of Antofagasta Minerals
solar, added Garland.
The investment required to
SA, for approximately 70 percent
Meanwhile, inverter manu-
build the new power plant is
of the projects output over the
facturer Ingeteam says it has
approximately US $32 million and
term of the agreement.
exceeded 120 MW of PV power
is supported by a power supply
Pattern Energy anticipates an
supplied in Chile thanks to its 1
contract to sell energy to private
end-of-year or early 2015 finan-
MW PowerMax central invert-
customers. Lalackama II is the
cial closing.
ers that have been installed at
companys fourth PV plant
Mike Garland, President and
in Chile.
In addition to Lalackama, Enel
the Amanecer Solar CAP plant in
CEO of Pattern Energy said: We
Copiap, a 100-MW solar plant
expect to add more projects
in the Atacama Desert. Com-
Green Power is currently com-
to the identified ROFO list in
missioned in June, the plant is
pleting construction work on its
the coming months as Pattern
expected to generate up to 270
36-MW Diego de Almagro and
Development continues to make
GWh of energy per year.
Uruguay on Track in
Renewables Boost
New figures from Uruguay reveal that the countrys march to
renewables shows no sign of slowing down. According to the
report from state power market administrator ADME, heavy
precipitation has boosted the countrys hydro output, allowing it to export energy to neighboring Argentina during most
of September.
Net energy delivered to Uruguay's grid totaled 826 GWh
20
Energy in Uruguay via Shutterstock
during the month and of

this 85.5 percent came from
hydropower, followed by wind
power with 8.7 percent and
biomass at 5 percent. These
figures compare with 70.7
percent, 1.7 percent and 2.8
percent, respectively, a year
ago. In addition, the contribution from thermal power
had fallen to 0.7 percent, compared with 24.7 percent in the
same month last year.
Uruguay's government
recently said that 84 percent of its energy came
from renewable sources in
2013 after it began an energy diversification program
focused on wind and solar
power in 2008.
"This is innovative on a
world level," National Energy Director Ramon Mendez
reportedly said, adding that
the government hopes that
the use of renewables will rise
to 90 percent by 2015.
"By year's end, we'll have
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"We're also going to have our
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to guarantee at least 90 percent of the electricity that
will be consumed in the
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The Big Question
Key executives weigh in on worldwide renewable energy issues
The Big Question: What

Do the Proposed EPA
Regulations Mean for
the Energy Industry?
In June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed
a rule to restrict the amount of carbon dioxide released from
power plants. The rule calls for reducing carbon 30 percent by
2030 over 2005 levels. Many have praised the aggressive proposal,
while others are less favorable. Regardless, this goal will have an
effect on the energy landscape, which is why we asked industry
leaders to lend their insight for this issues big question:
How will theproposed EPA regulationsaffect
the future of the power industry?
This question will also be debated live at Renewable Energy
World Conference, North America on December 11th as part
of the mega-session, titled: The Potential Impact of GHG
Regulations on the Future of the Electric Power Industry.
Rhone Resch,
President and
CEO, Solar
Energy Industries
Association
FOR MANY STATES STRUGGLING to reduce their carbon emissions, solar can be a real game changer.
When it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, the 20 gigawatts (GW) of solar expected
to be installed in the United States by the end
of this year will generates enough pollutionfree electricity to displace 20 billion pounds
of coal or 2 billion gallons of gasoline. Put
another way, its the equivalent of taking 4
million passenger cars off U.S. highways
each year.
Power plant emissions via Shutterstock
23
The Big Question
Earlier this year, SEIA released a comprehensive report, Cutting Carbon

Emissions Under 111(d): The case for expanding solar energy in America.
This report offers a detailed, point-by-by point case as to why states should take
advantage of clean solar energy as part of their efforts to comply with 111(d) of
the Clean Air Act.
According to study after study, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
especially from existing power plants is a critically important step in combating pollution. Once the new EPA emission standards are in place, each state will
be required to create a compliance plan, which must be approved by federal regulators. Failure to do so could result in a more restrictive EPA-mandated plan.
Today, solar is the fastest-growing source of renewable energy in the United
States, employing 143,00 Americans and accounting for nearly 30 percent of all
new electric generation capacity installed in 2013 second only to natural gas.
All totaled, solar is now generating enough clean, reliable and affordable electricity to effectively power nearly 3.5 million homes.
Solar energy is a solution technology that can provide a cost-effective, economically benefcial and integral part of a states effort to regulate carbon emissions
from the electric sector, SEIAs report states. Solar energys rapidly falling prices
and rapidly growing generating capacity, as well as the volatility of fossil fuel prices, give solar energy the potential to transform compliance with both new carbon
emission requirements and other existing requirements under the Clean Air Act.
Rhone Resch is president and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), the national
trade organization for Americas solar energy industry.
THE ELECTRICITY SYSTEM in the U.S. is undergoing dramatic

change due to a convergence of advances in technology, evolution of fnancing, greater moves towards competitive markets
and regulatory transparency, and public and policy concerns
about land use, water availability and water pollution and emissions of regulated emissions (under the Clean Air Act), greenScott Sklar,
house gas emissions, and unregulated emissions.
President, The
To put this in perspective, in 2012 renewables put
Stella Group
more new electric power on the U.S. grid than any other
resource. California had spikes in renewable electric generation surpassing 20 percent in 2014, while Germany
passed 70 percent in May 2014.
The 15-year drought impacting the western United States is driving energy
policy. In my GWU classes, my students learn that energy uses more water than
irrigation, and together comprise 89 percent of clean water resources. Clean
water is diminishing and the climate is changing the water intensity dilemma of the 1950s will no longer prevail.
24
The Big Question
Last year, mercury was added as a regulated emission under the Clean Air
Act along with NOx (precursor to smog),SO (causative of acid rain), and particulates that cause lung disease (COPD) and enhances heart disease. This act
started the nose-dive for older coal plants and helped reduce the price of natural gas and renewable energy, primarily wind.
The EPA proposed 111b rule gives states the fexibility to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, which will spur greater energy effciency, particularly highervalue effciency that not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but also lowers energy costs and stabilizes the electric grid. The rule will also sustain and
enhance state-based incentives for integrating renewable energy onto the electric grid including renewable portfolio standards (RPS), state tax credits, state
system beneft trust funds, and utilization of state clean air act state implementation funds (SIPs).
Over the next 20 years, the U.S. grid will be smarter and incorporate more
distributed generation including power from natural gas, landfll gas and biogas,geothermal, concentrated solar power, enhanced hydropower and marine
energy all 24-hour baseload power sources along with solar PV and wind
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The Big Question
energy. At the same time, thermal energy generation including combined

heat and power (CHP), solar thermal, geothermal, and biothermal will also be
incorporated either to reduce electricity for heating water and buildings, drive
absorption air-conditioning, or for industrial processes.
On the guise of greenhouse gas emission reductions under the EPA rule, the
U.S. will have a more resilient electric grid, more consumer choice, less water
use and water pollution, and less overall air pollution.Even without the rule,
the market and regulatory regimes are following overwhelming public support
for more energy choices and greater use of domestic renewable resources. The
EPA rule just puts icing on the cake.
Scott Sklar runs The Stella Group, Ltd, a clean tech optimization firm. He previously ran the
solar and biomass industry associations for 15 years.Sklar serves as Steering Committee
Chair of the Sustainable Energy Coalitionand sits on the BCSE and TSF national Boards.
MOST PEOPLE AGREE that it is time to seriously reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). EPA is actually
required by law to reduce power and industrial GHG emissions in the U.S., and they certainly deserve an E for effort
so far. But effort without good outcomes doesnt really
count. Sadly,the EPAs rule as proposedwould create uninSteven Corneli,
tended consequences that will prevent essential long-term
Senior Vice
carbon reductions in the U.S. power sector.
President for Policy
Heres why: the rules main approach to reducing emisand Strategy, NRG sions is not renewables, not energy effciency, not even carEnergy
bon capture or nuclear, but switchingpractically overnightfrom coal to natural gas-fred electricity. This is like a
binge diet to lose weight in two weeks (a really bad idea) by
switching from donuts to bagels (an even worse one).
We all know binge diets avoid the balanced nutrition and long term program
needed for healthy, sustained weight loss. In the same manner, the EPAs sudden shut down of coal plants will put reliability and affordable power at risk,
leaving massive amounts of new gas-fred power as the only answer to keep
the lights on and electric bills tolerable.
And just like bagels are a really high carb replacement for donuts, natural gas is a high carbon replacement for coal. And what about renewables,
the vegetable of a balanced diet? Once our power markets are saturated
with new natural gas plants, there will be no room left for new, zero carbon
power, no matter how cheap it becomes. When youre full of bagels, who
has room for vegetables?
NRG sees renewables, carbon capture, and innovative distributed energy technologies as the foundation of a clean energy economy that can thrive
26
The Big Question
without risking catastrophic climate change.Weve already begun our own carbon reduction regime by building one of the largest renewable energy feets in
the country. And we believe that the U.S. will beneft from rapid clean energy
growth, helping stave off the worst of climate change, while demonstrating the
commercial success of clean technologies.
We are concerned that the EPAs rule, as proposed, is poised to create a new
dash to gas, locking in decades of yet another carbon-dense fossil fuel, while
locking out the increasingly economical clean energy sources the world needs.
The good news is that simple revisions to EPAs rule can easily be addressed
to result in greater overall emissions reductions at a lower cost.
Steve Corneli is NRG Energys senior VP for policy and strategy. He coordinates and
develops corporate positions on key public policies and integrates the companys policy
and strategic initiatives with a focus on clean technologies and sustainable enterprises.
Steve previously served as senior VP of market and climate policy and VP of regulatory and
government affairs.
To lend your voice to future discussions, email megc@pennwell.com for more details.
WIND, LLC
HYTORC Washer
HYTORC Nut
HYTORC Z-Washer

27
E N E RG Y S TO R AG E
Germany & the

US Venture into
Large-scale
Energy Storage
ROY L. HALES, Contributor
The U.S. is surging ahead in terms of adopting battery

storage. In 2013-2014, U.S. companies installed, or
were in the process of installing more than 300 MW of
energy storage capacity. The largest is Southern Cali-
In September, Philip Hiersemenzel,

spokesman for the energy company
Younicos stated that Germany could be
using 60 percent renewable energy if the
right technology were in place. 2 GW of
battery storage, with one hour of backup
capacity, could replace 25 thermal power
plants that are currently used for frequency
regulation, he said. Hiersemenzel pegged the
cost at 3 billion to build this infrastructure.
Startling as this announcement seems, the
U.S. is not as far behind as people think.
fornia Edisons Tehachapi Energy Storage Project. It
is a 8-MW system capable of supplying 32 megawatthours of electricity to the grid.
One of the shots that was heard around the
28
The aging U.S. infrastructure is a

problem when it comes to grid
stability. Metal electrical lines on a
dirt road via Shutterstock.
29
E n E r g y S to r ag E
Philip Hiersemenzel of Younicos believes that Germany

could be using 60 percent renewable energy if the right
technology were in place. Credit: Roy L Hales.
& Electric (PG&E) and San Diego Gas and

Electric (SDG&E) totals 1.325 gigawatts,
according to John Jung, CEO of the energy
storage software, services & systems company GreenSmith.
GreenSmith is battery agnostic. It develops
the software used in battery storage facilities. By the end of this year, it will have integrated a dozen battery storage units to the
grid. That represents 23 MW of installed
capacity deployed in four states.
We are seeing major procurement
RFPs, RFOs and RFIs happening in places
like Hawaii, Ontario (Canada), the North East
of the United States and Texas, said Jung.
Adding Renewables to the

Aging US Infrastructure
The aging U.S. infrastructure is a problem
when it comes to grid stability. Many of the distribution feeders are nearing the end of their
expected useful life. They are fairly weak and
not equipped to handle a large infux of intermittent energy.
A Southern California utility that weve
delivered fve different projects for, including
about 6 MWh of grid stability and deferral
applications this year, has reported in excess
of 35 percent grid penetration of PV alone,
Jung said.
The demonstration grid at the Younicos facility in Berlin,
A lot of GreenSmiths applications are 3-5
Germany. Credit: Roy L. Hales.
hours in length, which gives utilities more
control over when electrons hit the grid.
world was AB 2514, which is
Weve got what you call peak shaving that allows you to take
a California mandate for the
those electrons generated by renewable (and other intermittent)
minimum amount of enerresources and store them until the peak hours when they are
gy storage the utilities have
needed, said Jung. The issue is really about smoothing out the
to install by 2020. That minintermittency so that it mitigates the effect on distribution feeders.
imum allocated across the
Jung said the U.S. usually uses only about half of its electrical
three major IOUs in Caligeneration capacity. The peak times only amount to 2 or 3 perfornia Southern Califorcent of the year. Very expensive equipment is being purchased to
nia Edison (SCE), Pacifc Gas
meet that peak demand and it is not used very often.
30
The leader in
ENERGY STORAGE
News and Information
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itself as the leader in the ENERGY STORAGE industry
covering more news than any other B2B publication.
Be a part of the conversation, register today, ITS FREE!
One of Greensmiths energy

storage projects in California.
Credit: Greensmith.
Instead of simply replacing the old grid with a new one, U.S.
utilities should ask questions like: Where will we get the most
value for our investments? What value do we place on getting a
more resilient, more reliable grid? How important is it to have
a grid that utilizes more renewable resources? Do we want to
lengthen the life of existing resources?
Jung added, We think all of these things can be done better.
Not by spending another dollar on hardware equipment, but by
spending another 10 cents on software and algorithms.
Battery Storage for Ramp-up Speed

Like the US-based GreenSmith, Germany-based Younicos real contribution is software. Its battery plant focuses on 15-minute applications, the maximum allowed under regulations/market design.
Batteries use all of their power (positive and negative) and
because they are much faster and much more precise, our
5-MW unit replaces 50 MW of conventional generation capacity that would be AT THE VERY least required for the same +/- 5
MW,said Hiersemenzel, emphatically.
Landis D. Kannberg, Manager of Energy Storage and Renewable
Integration at Pacifc Northwest National Laboratory, agrees that
batteries have a superior ramp rate.
A coal-fred power plant might have (if modifed for such) a
ramp rate of 5 percent/minute, he said. Batteries can literally
go to 100 percent (and in some cases higher for short periods of
time) of rated power, in seconds. Flywheels also have extremely
32
fast response.
Energy storage is by
far one of the fastest
resources, capable of handling the increase or
decrease of the required
frequency almost instantaneously, echoed Jung.
Their weakness is duration. They become energy limited if forced to carry
loads over an extended time.
Utilities use a progression of
plants for providing spinning
reserve, primary and secondary reserves.
Younicos solution replaces a
large number of those frst line
plants with battery packs.
Hiersemenzel explained,
To be able to adjust their
power just a little up and
down, these plants have to
run at something like 70 percent of capacity. In fact a typical coal fred power plant
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enabling very high renewables is the use of vehicular storage (e.g. EVs), which
should become a viable grid
resource in the future, under
the right conditions.
Can the US Build a Green Grid?
Illustration showing how the battery agnostic Greensmith system works.

Credit: Greensmith.
runs at 90 percent in order to adjust 2 percent up and down. The

remainder of the power thus produced has to be absorbed by the
grid and thus blocks space for renewable generation. In Germany
we have about 25 gigawatts of such so-called must-run capacity. With an average load of 60 and a low of 45 GW that means
that in times of low load everything above 20 GW of renewable
generation has to be powered down or exported.
It is not economically feasible to insert more than 75 percent
of renewable content into the grid, using battery packs. Younicos
goal is 60 percent annually. This means some conventional plants
will have to remain online until a new technology is developed.
Kannberg is not convinced that it is necessary for Germany to
replace quite so many conventional plants.
If you rule out conventional generation (which will by defnition be what happens at very high penetration of wind and
solar) then all you have is storage (assuming load reduction is
not an option). At very high penetration of renewables, the relative expense for any technology becomes high because of the
very low capacity factor (you dont want to use it, but it has to
be there in case you need it).Biofuels may become an acceptable carbon-neutral fuel for thermal power production for limited use. Another aspect of the future potential approaches for
34
Regardless of whether Younicos solution works in Germany, or not, it is not applicable

to the U.S.
We couldnt do that right
now because we are not generating enough renewable
energy to store, even if we
had the storage available,
said Allan Hoffman, a former
senior executive with the U.S.
Department of Energy.
Hoffman believes the U.S.
will eventually use 80 percent
renewable energy, and referred
to the National Renewable
Energy Laboratorys Renewable Electricity Futures Study:
Renewable electricity
generation from technologies that are commercially available today, in combination with a more fexible
electric system, is more than
adequate to supply 80 percent of total U.S. electricity generation in 2050 while
meeting electricity demand
on an hourly basis in every
region of the country.
Jung has seen projections that call for anywhere
between 50 percent and 100
percent renewable content.
Theres an interplay around what

assumptions you are making about what
investments you are making into the
grid infrastructure, said Jung. Without those, even targets like 33 percent
renewable content in California appear
challenging.
Kannberg said 80 percent is technically feasible. Costs are non-trivial, perhaps under all scenarios, but particularly if we want to get there quickly. Perhaps
the largest barriers, at least in the U.S., are
institutional. Having the collective will and enduring commitment to achieving such a goal, that is the biggest challenge.
What we lack is a national energy policy, Hoffman said.
Thats going to create an environment in which people will be
willing to invest and know that 10 to 20 years down the road
they can count on a rate of return. Nobody in their right mind,
PNNL engineer works on the

battery of a Toyota Prius PHEV.
Credit: PNNL.
whether they are liberal or

conservative or anything,
is going to put up that kind
of money unless they know
it is safe and they are
going to get a return on
their investment.
Roy L. Hales is a Canadian freelance writer who
writes for a variety of renewable energy publications. Roy
an environmental news website and radio program called
the ECOreport.
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35
S O L A R P OW E R
How Fast Can

You Rack?
Stopwatch-tested solar racking solutions touted
at Solar Power International 2014.
CHARLES W. THURSTON, Contributor
Solar racking companies battled it out on the foor of Solar Power

International (SPI) in late October, demonstrating new system
improvements to shave critical minutes off installation time and
pennies off the per-watt cost. While many basic ground, fat roof
and sloped roof mounting systems feature dramatically reduced
costs, the competition is still on: exhibitor display signs touting
cost per watt were prevalent, and several portended to be easily
breaking the single-digit cents range with their offerings.
Using a Tird Party Stopwatch

Since virtually every racking manufacturer says that its product is faster to install than the old standard nuts-and-bolts
assemblies of a decade ago, some companies are distinguishing themselves from the competition with third-party time
studies. Solar FlexRack, based in Youngstown, OH, for example, commissioned a study by the Industrial Timestudy Institute, of Akron, to determine exactly how fast its G3L series
racking, released during frst quarter of this year, really is.
The study found that FlexRacks posts could be installed in
four minutes each, tilt brackets in 3.7 minutes each, racks and
bracing at 5.5 minutes each, and mobilization between racks
at 3.2 minutes. The overall summation of the study is that the
FlexRack G3 can be installed for a cost of less than one cent
per Watt, the results state. The beneft from our system for
labor in the feld is about 30 percent, suggests Ryan Petruska,
the marketing manager for FlexRack. The company will have
sold close to 1 GW of racking by the years end.
Similarly, Unirac, based in Albuquerque, employed DNV
GL to verify that its Roof Mount system can install at a rate of
36
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER
12 modules per man/hour.

Such benchmarking of actual install times, either in the
lab or in the feld on actual projects, will become more
of a standard as competition
increases in the sector.
Flat Roof Designs Streamline Connections

A host of racking companies
offered fat roof systems at the
show; the offcial show guide
Solar installation in Cologne,

Germany showing Renusols new
EW (FS10 in Europe) product. Credit:
Renusol.
listed 85 companies in the racking arena, including fxed and

tracker manufacturers.
Unirac, for example, focused attention on its SolarMount system, including a bonding L-foot with attaching T-bolts, an integrating bonding splice bar for connecting two panels, a bonding
mid-clamp and a microinverter mount location, which cumulative save install time, said Marcelo Gomez, the director of marketing for the company.
Mounting Systems, of West Sacramento, unveiled its ballasted
Lambda Light S+ and EW+ products, which are south-facing, and
alternating east-and-west facing designs. Emphasizing a reduction in parts and install time, the Light line permits a tilt of either
10 degrees or 15 degrees using the same adjustable framework,
noted Hannah Mirza, an associate product manager for the

company. The line continues
use of the Clickstone clamping
system, and the LLI EW+ costs
between 10 and 12 cents per
watt minus ballast.
Mounting Systems also featured its single-pole groundmount Sigma I XL+ with
standard tilt angles from 20
to 35 degrees, Mirza noted.
The U.S. subsidiary and its
37
s o l a r p ow e r
Installers snap a Quick Mount Quick Rack

into place. Credit:Quick Mount PV.
German parent, were purchased in February by Nordwest Industrie Group, based in Frankfurt.
Renusol Solar launched its GS ballast system, which is being tailored for landfll or other brownfeld locations where soil penetration is undesirable. Over 24 of the GS units can be installed per
man hour, depending on how you lay out the components, said Bart
Leusink, the Atlanta-based CEO of the U.S. subsidiary.
Renusol also introduced its east-west orientation fat roof
design at the show, which has been popular in Europe. We have
seen more interest in west-facing installations here in the United States, Leusink says. We also have a frameless racking system in the works, he said. Renusol was acquired in June by RBI
Solar, based in Cincinnati, OH from the German-based Centrosolar, providing Renusol new access to RBIs two U.S. manufacturing facilities, as well as one in China.
Among other fat roof racking systems, DPW, of Albuquerque, launched its Power Xpress fat-roof system with two
main components, a chassis and a clamp. The clamp attaches to a lip on the module frame and is tightened from the side,
38
saving install time, suggested Daniel Duffeld, an engineer with the company.
The pans are shipped preassembled and are panel
agnostic, he said. DPW also
launched a universal fxedtilt ground mount system.
Rack 10 Solar, based in
Round Hill, VA, featured its
new metal-pan based fat roof
system that has been reduced
to three parts for installation speed: the ballast pan,
a spacer bar, and grounding
top clamp. The design is patent pending, noted Richard
Pantel, president of the company. Available in angles of 5,
SM
SOLAR
MOUNT
GET OFF THE ROOF FASTER
OPTIMIZED COMPONENTS INTEGRATED BONDING PRE-ASSEMBLED PARTS
NEW ENHANCEMENTS
MAKE YOUR LIFE EASIER
MICROINVERTER MOUNT
Integrated Bonding T-Bolt
No Additional Hardware Required
MODULE END CLAMP

Pre-Assembled
INTEGRATED BONDING SPLICE
Eliminate Grounding Straps

Fewer Parts, Easier Installation
INTEGRATED BONDING MID CLAMP
No Additional Hardware Required
Reduce Installation Steps on the Roof
Pre-Assembled for Easier Installation
Self-Standing Installation Aid
1/4 Spacing Between Modules
One Person Module Placement
Maximum Utilization of Rail
L-FOOT WITH T-BOLT
Directly Attach at Any Place On Rail
No Sliding Hex Bolts in Rail Slot
Pre-Install L-Feet w/ Attachments

Better Installation Sequence
LEARN MORE
WWW.UNIRAC.COM
s o l a r p ow e r
Sloped Roof Innovations
Spice Solar shows the advantage

of avoiding a work belt full of
odd parts. Credit: Charles W.
Thurston.
7.5 and 10 degrees, the system requires only 3.5 pounds

of ballast per square foot.
The system is available for as
little as 10.5 cents per Watt,
he notes.
Solar Speedrack also
showed its SpeedMount 200
series, a shared rail system,
which can be installed 25 to
30 percent faster than standard confgurations, reckoned
Shane Shamloo, the president of the Costa Mesa, CA,
company. Among new features of the system is a roof
penetration rate of only once
per 10-foot rail, thanks to a
splice, as well as the use of a
new foating weight non-penetrating support foot.
40
Quick Mount PV featured its QRack railfree design at SPI, including its Elevated
Water Seal foot, a panel clamp for mid and
end panel linkage, and a frst row skirt for
aesthetics. One testimonial on the Walnut
Creek, CA.-based company website claims
a 50 percent reduction in installation
time through use of the system. It is also
UL 2703 listed and has a UL 1703 System
Class A Fire Rating for Type 1 modules.
SnapNrack unveiled two new tile roof
hooks at the show, a fat hook and an S-tile
hook, which help to speed installations,
noted Jill Strange, a marketing associate for the
San Luis Obispo, CA.-based
company. The fat hook
has been available since its
launch in August, and the
S-hook will be available in
Q1 2015, she said. Company
representatives also demonstrated residential roof
mount system components
including integrated wire
management, snap-in channel nuts, and integrated
bonding pins that preclude
the need for drilling.
The company also
Quick Mount PV installers demonstrate
recently gained UL approvthe speed of their system. Credit:
al of its residential roof
Charles W. Thurston.
mount system, Series 100
UL, that is UL Code 2703
compliant for bonding and fre rating. SnapNrack is one of the
very frst racking manufacturers to achieve Class A Fire Rating
with Type 1 Modules, the company said. SnapNrack, owned by
Sunrun since February, has over 300 MW of racking installed in
the United States.
Polar Racking, of Toronto, also showed off its new PF One
2.0 version low-slope product, which sports three components
s o l a r p ow e r
SPI Posters Touted
plus a fastener, and can be installed on

slopes of up to 30 degrees. The company
claims that this product line can install
up to 30 percent faster than a standard
confguration.
Costs Below 10 cents

per watt. Credit:
Charles W. Thurston.
Solar Carport Installation Speed Increases

Among solar carport builders that have
streamlined design to enhance installation speed is Park N Shade, based in
Marana, Az. With our new solar purlin,
installers can do 500 to 700 panels per
crew per day, compared with 150 to 200 panels in a standard
carport design, said Travis Bailey, the solar carport representative for the company.
The faster speed is based on a special roof purlin that is
designed with a C-shaped notch on top, into which panels
can be slid one after another along the length of the purlin.
The Renusol MS system is a simple, compact, cost-eective

PV mounting solution for trapezoidal sheet metal roofs
The panel attachment is performed from

below with special
L-clips, also saving time over systems requiring
rooftop connections. Our
patent-pending design is
panel agnostic; if it is a new
dimension, they send their
panel and we design the
purlin, said Bailey.
Lambda Light EW+

Advantages of
East-West orientation:

!

"
Mounting Systems, Inc.

Global engineering
Manufactured in the USA and Canada
1292 Logan Circle NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
+1 877-847-8919
www.renusolamerica.com

Toll-free 1-855-731-9996

www.mounting-systems.com
Booth 128
dat
a
poi
nt s
AN
PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT
AND NECESSARY EQUIPMENT
FOR BUILDING
OFFSHORE
SURVEY
INSTALL
FOUNDATIONS
Construction port
Ornithological and
mammal surveying craft
Geophysical
survey vessel
Met station
surveys
Foundation
installation vessel
Array
cable-laying
vessel
Cable plough
Work class ROV
42
WIND FARM
INSTALL TURBINES
AND SUBSTATIONS
PERFORM OPERATIONS
AND MAINTENANCE
Technician and
equipment
transfer
Substation
installation vessel
Turbine
installation
vessel
Ofshore substation
The illustration shows the offshore development processes involved in the development,
installation and operation of an offshore wind farm. Each component is described in
full in the accompanying report, A Guide to An Offshore Wind Farm, published by The
Crown Estate and available at this link. Illustration credit: The Crown Estate.
43
the
he
project
Profling Stand-out
Renewable Energy
Projects Worldwide
POETs Project Liberty

In September, POET-DSM
4.
Advanced Biofuels, a joint venture of Royal DSM and POET

LLC proved that its technology
that converts agricultural residue into renewable fuel is viable during the grand opening
of its frst commercial cellulosic ethanol plant, which is located in Emmetsburg, Iowa.
Project LIBERTY converts
baled corncobs, leaves, husk
and stalk into renewable fuel.
The plant has now offcially
started up, processing its frst
batch of biomass into cellulosic
ethanol and is moving forward
toward continuous operation.
At full capacity, it will convert
770 tons of biomass per day to
produce ethanol at a rate of 20
million gallons per year, later
ramping up to 25 million gallons per year.
3.
1. Exterior tanks in the

pretreatment area, where the
process begins for breaking down
biomass (cellulose) to get access to
sugars to produce ethanol.
3. The biomass stackyard is a 22acre area used to store as much

as 30,000 tons of material for
the plant, enough for about four
weeks of operation.
2. Fermentation tanks, where

yeast converts the sugars into
ethanol.
4. Large filter presses help separate

the solid and liquid waste streams.
The solid filter cake goes to the
solid fuel boiler to produce steam.

The filtrate goes to the anaerobic
digester to produce methane.
5. The solid fuel boiler area, where
the solid waste stream is converted
to steam to power the cellulosic
ethanol plant and the adjacent
starch ethanol plant.
All images credit: POET.
44
5.
2.
1.
By the
Numbers
$275m
in capital
costs for
the plant.
285,000
tons of biomass consumed
annually by the plant.
$20m $25m
spent annually
on biomass
purchases
from local
farmers.
250
gallons of
cellulosic
ethanol
produced
annually.
direct and
indirect jobs
created by
the new plant.
45
W I N D P OW E R
Could Siting New Wind

Farms Be Simply about
Finding the Right SupplyDemand Match?
Research is showing that matching wind-energy supply with
energy demand could open new markets for wind farms.
RAY HUFFAKER AND MARCO BITTELLI, Contributors
Supply and demand the general economic model that makes

the world spin underpins how far clean renewable energy
can go to satisfy our needs. Wind power supply is dependent
upon suffcient wind speeds being present to spin turbines.
Daily wind speed patterns over land are created by thermal heat exchanges with oceans, yet scientists and engineers
involved in energy production conventionally treat wind speed
as a random variable governed by probability. An alternative
approach to wind power evaluation, one that relies on daily
and seasonal pattern distinctions in the observed data, presents the opportunity to more tightly match the available wind
power supply and energy demand.
Te Problem
Most wind energy farms in the United States are located in the
gusty, high-velocity wind areas of the Midwest. This region benefts tremendously from a bountiful supply of wind energy. Other
regions of the country, such as the Southeast, experience lower
wind velocities, yet have a high concentration of population. In
these regions, there exists a mismatch of clean energy demand
and the supply available to address it. Could wind power be as
feasible an energy source in the bright, densely-populated Southeast as it is in the gusty, open agricultural area of the Midwest?
Wind measurement processes are complex and dynamic.
Further, the high variability of historic wind-velocity records
46
gives a random appearance

to the naked eye. Perhaps
this explains why scientists
and engineers conventionally conceptualize wind velocity as a random process,
most effectively modeled
with a variety of probabilistic approaches. That randomization comes at a cost:
any wind velocity patterns
are removed from the data
causing it to often fall short
Wind Farm at Sunset

via Shutterstock
of refecting the complexity of natural behavioral patterns critical to good planning. Just like scrambling the order of dots and
dashes in Morse code, the coded message in wind velocity data
is lost during randomization. Consequently, it must be restored
synthetically in a probabilistic framework by, for example, calculating different sets of wind-velocity frequencies for day and
night, winter and summer, and so on.
A New Approach
Nonlinear time dynamic analysis is a recognized empirical method designed by physicists to detect and characterize complex
behavioral patterns in dynamic systems. Such techniques are
beginning to be used by scientists to analyze climate variability.
Similarly, wind velocity

data can be planned. It has
a coded message coinciding
with heat if scientists, engineers and project planners are
willing to interpret it accordingly. In particular, observed
wind velocities exhibit
systematic temporal behavior
that can be used to compute
long-term daily wind-power
patterns. These patterns can
then be matched with daily
47
w i n d p ow e r
CLICK TO PLAY THE VIDEO
Sugarland Wind
Project Facts
The Sugarland Wind
Project was a proposed
200-megawatt wind farm
planned for outside of
South Palm Beach, Fla.
It would have been the
frst utility-scale wind
project in the state, with
114 turbines spread
across sugarcane felds
near the Everglades. The
energy demand patterns. Once detected, behavioral patterns also

can be used to make short-term predictions of wind-power supply.
The result is that the coded message in wind-velocity data
can be retained, eliminating the vexing problem of how to synthetically restore its natural complexity. Wind project evaluators
should initially let the data speak regarding whether a conventional probabilistic approach or a nonlinear dynamic approach
to wind-power evaluation is best.
Changing an entrenched belief system requires solid data,
proven methods and indisputable visualizations. Seeing is believing. The data from this study show predictable wind velocity patterns, but standard graphing techniques lack the ability to adequately represent it because the data were spread out over an
extended period of time for this research. A static graph also
failed to show how the data evolved. With OriginLabs Origin
data analysis and graphing software, the data were displayed in
a 3D model and animated by sequential plotting of data points to
illustrate the cyclical, periodic patterns of the wind velocitys systematic orbit. (Play the video, above.)
Adding point after point shows how the research data grow
over time. It demonstrates how wind velocities systematically
evolve along satellite-like orbit construction. The animated plot
visually provides the feeling of the wind increasing in the pattern as it actually occurred, not in a random fashion. With this
visualization, the study disrupts conventional beliefs and clearly provides the means to match the predictably cyclical wind
48 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014
$300 million project was

canceled in November
2013 due to changes
in state incentives for
renewable energy and
changes in market
priorities.
velocity patterns with patterns of demand.

This testing was conducted on the proposed Sugarland Wind Project of South
Palm Beach, Fla. to determine the extent to which
observed periodic, cyclical patterns of wind velocity
modeling could be matched
with the rise and fall of typical Floridians demand
throughout the day, month
or year. The research was
intended to investigate the
w i n d p ow e r
extent to which wind

power patterns corresponded with energy demand patterns,
and thus, compensate
for lower mean wind
speeds in order to
increase the commercial viability of Sugarland Wind.
The project, which
was once referred to
as cant be done,
was found to be feasible
due to breakthroughs in turbine technology capable of
generating commercially
viable power at lower wind
Wind Turbines in
the Midwest US via
Shutterstock
speeds and given

the presence of a
proper supply and
demand match.
Observed wind
velocities in the project area showed a
sequence of nonrepeating orbits generated by strong daily and fainter 25-day oscillatory periods. This research found that computed wind power supply
patterns generally matched well with peak daily demand in
southern Floridas hot season, thus allowing residents to cool
their homes and offces with renewable, clean energy when
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w i n d p ow e r
they needed to. They also matched well with peak morning
demand in the cold season.
Subhead: Whats Next?

Wind project evaluation must reliably identify supply and demand
patterns and determine how well they match. The Sugarland Wind
research provides evidence that nonlinear dynamics techniques
deserve space in the wind-project evaluators toolbox for this purpose. It found that wind velocities in the project area exhibit satellite-like patterns that do not repeat perfectly, but do repeat in a
similar fashion. Both the probabilistic model and the systematic
matching model arrive at an outcome that can be correct, but why
leave it up to chance if proximity to certainty is available?
Driving commercial wind viability so it can be scheduled and
integrated into the power grid predictably creates the feasibility of clean wind power outside of the Midwest and into areas
that currently rely heavily on traditional fossil-fuel-based generation. These research and fndings are among the frst steps in an
ongoing process to ignite the

growth of wind power around
the country and the world.
Ray Huffaker is a professor
of Agricultural and Biological Engineering at the University of Florida at Gainesville. Marco Bittelli is an
assistant professor of AgroEnvironmental Science and
Technology at the University
of Bologna, Italy. This article refects research originally presented in A Nonlinear Dynamics Approach for
Incorporating Wind-Speed
Patterns into Wind-Power
Project Evaluation.
NOW AVAILABLE!
INTERNATIONAL WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT:

THE SUPPLY CHAIN ASSESSMENT FORECAST 2014 2018

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For more information, or to order the Supply

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International, the POWER-GEN International Financial Forum and the GenForum.
December 911, 2014

Orange County Convention Center West Halls // Orlando, Fl
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G E OT H E R M A L
The Dream Becomes Real:

Touring the Newberry
Enhanced Geothermal Site
Tucked away in remote Oregon, the
AltaRock Newberry EGS project has been
shrouded in rumors and secrecy, but a recent
tour of the facility revealed that the technology
is very much real and making great strides.
MEG CICHON, Associate Editor
On a crisp fall day in late-September, three white vans

crept up a winding Oregon dirt road lined with thick forestry. The pitted, unwelcoming path made for a rough ride
a likely indicator that many dont often brave the ride to
the top of the crater. Midway through the journey, the lead
The Cascade Mountain region
near the AltaRock Newberry
EGS site in Oregon.
52
van stopped beside a hunter

readying to traverse the dense,
uninhabited wood in search
of prey. Little did he know that
the woods were uninhabited
for a reason.
Im sorry, sir, but youre
going to have to hunt elsewhere. This is private land for
the Newberry enhanced geothermal project. Unauthorized
people are not allowed.
As the hunter maneuvered
his truck back down the crater, the atmosphere in the vans
tingled with excitement. Finally, the famed enhanced geothermal system (EGS) research
project that has been shrouded in mystery and rumor would
be revealed to the 20 geologists, engineers and students
attending the 2014 Geothermal Resources Council Annual
Meeting and Geothermal Energy Association Expo in Portland, Oregon.
Chasing the EGS Dream

The Newberry site is protected for good reason: The
15-square-mile area is home
to at least 2,000 megawatts of
potential geothermal resource
capacity, according to
SMUGeothermalLab founder David Blackwell. Thats a
lot of hot rock waiting to be
exploited if AltaRocks EGS
technology reaches fruition.
That is why Newberry is
so critical, said Blackwell.
What happens there could
affect the entire region,
which has more than 5 GW
of potential.
Not only would the project affect Oregon, it would
impact the geothermal
industry worldwide. In the
U.S. alone, there is more
than 345,100 MW of potential EGS capacity, according
to conservative estimates
from the U.S. Geological Survey. In other words, it could
realistically replace a signifcant amount of fexible,
baseload fossil fuel sources.
When the technology
breakthrough comes, EGS
potential could very well
be many times more than
human consumption, said
Pall Valdimarsson, manager
of research and development
of the geothermal competence
center at Atlas Copco.
What makes EGS so different is that rather than
The injection well at the

AltaRock Newberry EGS site.
traditional geothermal that drills into an existing reservoir,

EGS involves drilling into dry hot rock and injecting fuid to
create a reservoir.
AltaRock chose Newberry as its testing site for several reasons. Most importantly, the ground is very hot and has low
permeability, so it would be fairly easy to stimulate a reservoir in order to take advantage of that heat. The site also had
several abandoned drilled wells, which equated to signifcant savings. And its base of operations is fairly close to a city,
Bend, for supplies and potential employees, but far enough
away from the population so that peole are not affected by
sight or sound.
53
g e ot h e r m a l
Te Process
Different types of diverter can withstand

different temperatures. As the well grows
deeper, and hotter, a different batch is
made to withstand the temperature.
The site of an underground seismometer

near the project site.
54
On the surface, it doesnt look

like much is going on at the
Newberry site aside from
some noisy generators, a couple large 800-ft-deep pools of
water and an injection well
but thats because all the
real action is taking place
underground.
AltaRock is working on a
multi-zone stimulation process. Water from the pools
is injected into the well at a
pressure of about 2,000 psi
to stimulate tiny millimetersized openings, or slips, in
the rock, which eventually
spider out to create a zone,
according to Trenton Cladouhos, senior vice president
of research and development
at AltaRock. This is a much
different process than fossil
fuel fracking, which injects
a slurry of water, chemicals and sand at much higher pressures (up to 10,000
psi) to create large damaging
fractures in the rock.
Once a zone is complete,
pressure is dropped to about
1,000 psi and a diverter
made of biodegradable plastic is injected into the well
to temporarily fll the slips.
Pressure is then increased
again to 2,000 psi to start a
new fracture zone, and then
a new batch of diverter is
made to plug up holes at hotter temperatures.
As part of ASEAN POWER WEEK
Conference & Exhibition

1 3 September 2015
IMPACT Exhibition & Convention Centre
Bangkok, Thailand
CALL FOR PAPERS

SUBMISSION DEADLINE:
MONDAY 29 DECEMBER 2014
Renewable Energy World Asia, is the leading force in delivering a platform for renewable
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and discuss solutions for Asias energy future
We invite you to submit abstracts for Renewable Energy World Asia on the following topics and
share your knowledge, experience and ideas with technical and strategic decision-makers
and strategists.
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Solar
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For the full list of topics and how to submit your abstract visit:
www.renewableenergyworld-asia.com
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Co-located events:
g e ot h e r m a l
The process repeats

LPHS EHZ UW 20
until all zones are creat2012-12-07 UTC (PST + 8 hours)
00:00:00 - 23:59:59
ed, and water fow is then PST
16
stopped to allow the well
to heat up. It takes about 18
one week for the diverter
Time of magnitude 2.4
microseismic event at
to break down into water
Newberry
and CO2.
04
Bump in the Road
06
The road to the injection
08
well has been anything but 10
smooth, said Cladouhos; in 12
14
fact, it was delayed near-
UTC
Trains
00:20
02:20
04:20
06:20
08:20
10:20
12:20
14:20
16:20
18:20
20:20
22:20
ly two years. In 2012, the

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AltaRock team found that
Minutes
the casing on one of its
Seismograph record of passing trains vs. EGS stimulation. Credit: AltaRock.
inherited Davenport
wells had cracked, leaking nearly 10 million
gallons of water.
even stop operations. To monitor seismicity levels, AltaRock
The well had sat for nearinstalled an advanced microseismic network system of
ly four years untouched,
about 20 seismometers that surround the project. Due to
and it was not as strong as
their sensitivity, some seismometers were placed underwe had thought, said Claground in 800-ft wells with steel and cement casing
douhos. A horizontal crack
these pick up about 10 times less surface noise than
formed due to the pressure,
above-ground seismometers. A cable runs from the
which created a minor seisunderground technology to a solar- and battery-powered
mic event.
monitoring station near the borehole. Each seismometer staThat seismic event was the
tion gathers information, which is then organized by fracture
highest the project has ever
zone and displayed on a computer screen on the project site,
experienced at 2.4, which
said Cladouhos.
is way below what you can
Once the injection well casing problem was identifed and
feel, said AltaRock communiaddressed, the AltaRock team installed a new steel-encased
cations director David Stowe.
casing that is built to withstand higher pressures.
AltaRock has a strict seismicIf all goes well in the coming weeks, AltaRock engineers will
ity protocol, which is closely
continue this injection process until they reach about 6,000 to
observed by the U.S. Depart10,000 feet, conduct fow testing and then close for the winter.
ment of Energy.
In spring 2015, they will start drilling production wells.
During a 3.0 seismic
Enhanced geothermal systems are the big carrot,
event, workers will turn
said Valdimarsson. Right now we can see the tree, but not
the well pressure down and
the forest.
56
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practical solutions ensuring progression in effciency and technological excellence.
Featuring a world-class exhibition, inclusive of all the major players in the Russian and international
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A multi-track conference will accompany the exhibition foor, bringing together leading experts
in the feld of hydroelectric power to discuss hot topics in a thought provoking conference
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B I O E N E RG Y
Flying on Green Energy

NARRATED BY JENNIFER RUNYON, Chief Editor
Te biofuel industry celebrated a few important milestones this summer,

one of which was the frst commercial international fight that used
a drop-in replacement for jet fuel, called renewable farnesane.
The global aviation industry has committed to aggressive goals to reduce its GHG emissions, including achieving carbon neutral growth by 2020 and reducing emissions by 50
percent by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. Global renewable products company Amyris
and major French energy company Total, have partnered to produce and deliver a new
renewable biofuel for the aviation industry that will help it meet these aggressive goals.
In addition to helping the commercial aviation reduce emissions, this renewable
biofuel represents an opportunity for improving the effciency of airplanes and fight
operations. The renewable jet fuel can be blended directly with petroleum jet fuel
without any changes to airplanes, engines or fueling infrastructure. Amyris will now
begin to quantitatively measure the positive impact to GHG emissions and air quality
with every fight using the renewable jet fuel.
Play the video to hear more about the historic frst fight that took place this summer involving these two forward-looking companies.
CLICK TO PLAY THE VIDEO
Amyris partnered with Brazilian airline GOL

to fly the industrys first commercial flight
with farnesane, the recently approved
renewable jet fuel. Credit: Amyris.
59
H Y D RO P OW E R
Powering Up Turkey
with Hydro
Substantial electricity demand growth and a supportive regulatory
environment mean that Turkey continues to present opportunities for
hydropower development to combat its higher than average energy prices.
DAVID APPLEYARD, Contributor, with additional reporting by BETHANY DUARTE
With its dependence on imported fuels and electricity demand

growth topping 7 percent per year, Turkey is increasingly turning to development of its domestic resources to meet
demand. Coupled with its favorable geography, these factors
have seen a swathe of hydropower development.
Indeed, beneftting from its mountainous landscape
and location between three seas, Turkey has signifcant economically viable hydropower capacity, estimated at some
140 TWh a year. To put this in context, according to Turkish
Electricity Transmission Corp. fgures, electricity demand is
expected to reach around 420 TWh annually by 2020.
At an average elevation of 1,100 meters above sea level,
with the Euphrates and Tigris River basins sitting at around
1,300 meters, there is ample head available for development
in a number of regions, including the area around the Black
Sea, the Mediterranean, and Eastern Anatolia.
Given that the geography provides considerable opportunities, it was only in 2003, following measures to privatize the
national electricity system, that the exploitation of this huge
resource began to accelerate. Today, though some 60 percent
of the countrys hydropower potential remains undeveloped,
Turkey has more than 500 hydropower plants operating with
a combined capacity of more than 15 GW and it has more than
15 GW of hydro capacity currently under construction.
Turkish Energy Policy Landscape

Despite the considerable development of Turkeys abundant
hydropower and other renewable resources, the countrys
60
energy mix is still dominated

by fossil fuels. Currently, gas
supplies around a third of the
countrys total primary energy demand, while coal and oil
products provide 27 percent
and 29 percent, respectively.
Much of the countrys oil and
gas comes from Iran and Russia. Hydropower, wind, and
other renewables produce
around 17 percent of Turkeys
electricity supply.
However, in a bid to bring
down the share of natural gas to less than 30 percent of total energy supply,
Ataturk Dam in the Euphrates

via Shutterstock
the government has introduced policies aimed at diversifying

the energy mix by supporting domestic sources. As part of this
policy, renewables, including hydropower, have been the benefciaries of feed-in tariffs. In the case of hydropower projects
that begin operations before 2016, the feed-in tariff is US $0.073/
kWh (0.056/kWh) with an additional local-content bonus of
US $0.01-0.023/kWh (0.007-0.018/kWh), which is payable for 10
years. The local content bonus is available for fve years.
Other reforms centered on the liberalized electricity market, accelerated private investment in Turkeys energy sector and
by 2012, independent power producers were supplying some 26
TWh of energy annually. In addition, the government established
a target to deliver 30 percent of its primary energy demand from
renewables by 2023.
In other examples of supportive policy measures, the Energy Market Regulatory Agency (EMRA) has instituted a license
fee exemption for renewable energy investors and the Turkish
Electricity Trading Company, TETAS, can provide buying guarantees to renewable

energy, further supporting
inward investment.
Didier Mallieu, Vice President of Hydropower and
Renewable Energy at engineering consultancy frm
Poyry, explained that Turkish companies spearheaded the post-liberalization
development drive. He said
that there is signifcant engineering capability in Turkey
and that those engineering
frms teamed up with mainly
61
h y d r o p ow e r
Western European companies to jointly develop and fnance

hydropower projects. Many players in the European market,
many European utilities, were interested in acquiring projects or
assets in Turkey two, three, four years ago, he said.
However, he added that given the scale of this development, we
see a little bit of slowdown for the moment in new projects and
some are being put on hold.
This is partly a result of a more challenging fnance market, he explained, adding that the classic buyers or developers
of those assets, the European utilities, are experiencing diffculties themselves. Mallieu also noted that the easiest projects have
been developed already. What remains is a bit more diffcult to
develop and probably requires a higher market price to be economical, this could be why we see a slowdown of the Turkish
market for new hydropower plant.
Mallieu said that the slowdown is typical of the transition to
deregulated electricity market, where investors most important
risk is the building of overcapacity. Therefore, investors might
have the tendency to postpone investments until they are certain
that the capacity additions are in line with demand growth.
Further, he said that, such a phenomenon is partly mitigated
in Turkey by the cancellation of power plant licenses which are
now not going forward. The high volatility between various electricity generation scenarios might represent risks, but for sure
also potential opportunities, maybe huge opportunities.
Mallieu said other factors are infuencing new hydropower
development. For example, along with setting ambitious renewable energy targets, the government is also looking to develop
other low-carbon resources, with plans for nuclear power to supply some 5 percent (about 5 GW) of the countrys electricity supply.
Within the renewables sector, hydropower is also competing
for investment with technologies such as wind and solar, which
inevitably require far less up-front capital investment and typically have a far shorter development and ROI period too.
Said Mallieu: There is a trend of the Turkish government
to go towards new or other sources of energy, like wind or PV,
which could be funded by Feed-in Tariffs, theyre still low, but
also the costs of developing projects in Turkey are low because
of the good contractors. Its cheap to develop a project compared
to Western Europe, so its [a choice] between those nice projects with secured income from Feed-in Tariffs and those more
demanding [hydropower] projects.
62
Nonetheless, Mallieu
stressed that the slowdown is
not a refection of market fundamentals: The basics of the
country are good. A defcit in
energy and a high growth,
well balanced between
domestic and industrial
demand, [its] very well positioned [with] many neighbors
that also need electricity.
Hydropower Development
Activity Continues to Flourish
Norwegian utility Statkraft is
due to complete construction
on the 102-MW Kargi hydropower plant in Corum province in northern Turkey in
early 2015. With an estimated annual average production
of 467 GWh, the power plant
will utilize a 75-meter elevation difference in Turkeys
longest river, the Kizilirmak
and will feature a 13-meterhigh earth dam. Statkraft has
also started the construction
of its third and largest hydropower plant in Turkey. With a
total installed capacity of 517
MW, Cetin will deliver some
1.4 TWh annually. It is the
largest of three projects purchased by Statkraft in 2009.
Statkrafts frst power plant
in Turkey, the 20-MW akit
began commercial operations
in June 2010. When etin is
completed, Statkraft will have
a total installed capacity of
about 640 MW.
h y d r o p ow e r
having provided key components for more

than 9.5 GW of Turkeys installed hydro
capacity, among them the 2,400-MW
Ataturk plant in Sanliurfa, southeastern
Turkey, which was commissioned in 1992.
The largest hydropower project currently underway in Turkey is the 1200-MW Ilsu
Dam, part of the Southeastern Anatolian
Project (GAP) on the Tigris, which is expected
to produce 3,800 GWh a year.
Similarly, the 540-MW Yusufeli Dam will
The Keban Dam by Heinz it up 57 at en.wikipedia - Originally be built on the Chorakhi (oruh) River located in the eastern Black Sea region. It is
from en.wikipedia; Licensed under Creative Commons
expected to produce 1,705 GWh a year.
Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons.
And in January 2014, Power Machines
Meanwhile on the equipOJSC signed a contract with DSI to provide equipment for the
ment side, Alstom has 2 GW
140-MW Kigi project. Commissioning of the plant, located in Turof projects under execution,
keys Elazig province, is expected in 2016.
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63
DECEMBER 10-11, 2014

Orange County Convention Center Orlando, Florida
www.
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h y d r o p ow e r
Further, around a year ago Andritz Hydro won a contract to supply, install and commission three generators for the 636 MW Upper
Kelekoy hydropower project in a deal worth about US$40.5 million.
Being developed by the Kalehan Enerji consortium on Turkeys Murat River, Voith Hydro is to supply three 202-MW
Francis turbines for the project.
Poyrys Mallieu concluded: So far the hydropower market has
been growing fast and is open to international investors with
Turkish partners. In terms of opening the electricity market in
Turkey, it was probably a front-runner because of this and that
was supported by an excellent domestic industry allowing for
quick and cheap development of hydropower schemes on their
huge resources.
Mallieu said that he thinks the Turkish hydro market will see
some changes in the coming years. The economic situation of
usual investors and the change in the balance in electricity mix
will probably produce a slow-down in the market for new projects for the next few years, he said. The liberalization and
acquisition of some stateowned projects by private

investors or the change in
hands of some projects will
lead to a market for rehabilitation and repowering and upgrading of existing schemes. We expect the
pumping storage market to
possibly develop in the country too.
This article was originally published in the Sept./
Oct. issue of HRW and was
reprinted with permission.
Click here to sign up for
our Doing Business in Turkey
Webcast, set for Jan. 13, 2015.
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Renewa ble Energ y

Tra ining Event s
Here we offer a sampling of short renewable energy educational events and certificate programs throughout the world.
Wind Turbine Climber &
Rescue Competent Person
Gravitec Systems
Poulsbo, Washington, U.S.
1-5 December 2014
PV202Solar Training Advanced PV System Design

and the NEC (Grid-Direct)
Solar Energy International
Mangilao, Guam
19-23 January 2015
Electrics for Renewables

The European Energy Centre
Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland
and Online
5-6 December 2014
Renewable Energy and Communication

Tower Technician Program
Airstreams Renewables
Tehachapi, CA, U.S.
5 January 2015 13 February 2015
Renewable Energy
Management and Finance
The European Energy Centre
Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland
Coventry University and Online
December 2014 and January 2015
Free Course: High Performance

Building And HVAC 101
Heatspring Learning Institute
Online
5-30 January 2015
Forecasting and Modeling

the Future Energy Mix
Green Power Academy
London, U.K.
1-5 December 2014
PV 100 Solar Training Intro

to Photovoltaics
Solar Living Institute
Hopeland, California, U.S.
24-25 January 2015
Design and Install Grid Connect

Photovoltaic Systems
Global Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sydney, Australia
4-5 February 2015
The Process of Social
Impact Assessment
International Centre for Hydropower
Trondheim, Norway
16-20 March 2015 (Application
deadline February 2015)
Basics of Wind
Everblue
Online and On Demand
Intro to Solar Photovoltaics
Green Training USA
Online and On demand
Economic Analysis, Financing and
Modeling for Renewable Energy
Euromoney Energy Training
18-20 March 2015
Hong Kong, China
If you would like your training event to considered for inclusion in this listing, please email REWNews@Pennwell.com subject line: Education and Training.
Adver t iser s Index
For more information on the products and services found in this issue click here.
API Services63
Mounting Systems Inc.41
Renusol America Inc.41
Dresser Rand2
Navigant Consulting Inc.50
REW.com31, 33
EDF Renewable Energy49
NexansCV2
REW Asia 201555
Gemma Power Systems17
OFS Specialty Photonics Division25
REWNA 201451
HydroVision International22
Power-Gen Africa 201557
HydroVision Russia58
Power-Gen International
Financial Forum64
Solar Promotion International

GmbH21
HydroWorld.com67
Hytorc, Division Of Unex Corp.27
Power-One Inc.9, 11
Surrette Battery Co. Ltd.35

Unirac39
Red Dot Media4

The Adveritsers Index is published as a service. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.
66
Renewa ble Energ y Wor ld C a lenda r Novemb er a nd D e cemb er 2014

Selected multi-day conferences, expos and events for the Renewable Energy Industry
Bauhaus Solar
Weimar, Germany
2 - 3 December 2014
W:www.bauhaus-solar.de
Renewable Energy
World North America
Orlando, FL, USA
09 - 11 December 2014
P: 1 (918) 831-9430
E: Cassiec@pennwell.com
W: www.
renewableenergyworldevents.com
World Geothermal
Energy Summit
Lima, Peru
4 - 5 December 2014
W: www.arcmediaglobal.
com/geothermal/index.html
AsiaSolar Photovoltaic
Exhibition & Forum
Shanghai, China
4 - 6 December 2014
W:www.asiasolar.cc/pv/en/
Solar Canada
Toronto, ON, Canada
7 - 9 December 2014
W:www.
solarcanadaconference.ca
Myanenergy
Yangon, Myanmar
4 - 6 December 2014
W:www.myanenergy.com
PV China
Shanghai, China
18 - 20 December 2014
W: www.pv-china.org/
Eliat Eilot Green

Energy Conference
Eliat, Israel
7 - 9 December 2014
W:www.eilatenergy.org
Abu Dhabi
Sustainability Week
Abu Dhabi, UAE
18 - 24 January 2015
W: www.
abudhabisustainabilityweek.
com
Expo Geothermal
Ankara, Turkey
22 - 24 January 2015
W: www.demosfuar.com.tr
SolarTech Turkey
Istanbul Turkey
27 - 28 January 2015
W:www.
greenworldconferences.com
BIOGAS International
Convention and Trade Fair
Bremen, Germany
27 - 29 January 2015
W: www.biogastagung.org/en/
Data and insights that give global hydro professionals a competitive advantage.
For more information, visit

hydroworld.com/tenders-and-notices/what-is-premium-content
OWNED BY:
PRESENTED BY:
;4
Last
the
WORD
I Know What Your Solar

Asset Did Last Summer
Gwendalyn
Bender is Energy
Assessment Product
Manager at Vaisala,
a global leader in
environmental
and industrial
measurement. In a
similar role at 3TIER
(acquired by Vaisala),
she has served
the global solar
community since
2009 and played an
integral role in the
development of solar
assessment techniques
and datasets, which
have largely been
adopted as industry
standard best
practices for wind and
solar development.
68
Cheesy references to 1990s horror

films aside, I do know how your solar
assets performed last summer and that
is because weather and solar energy
production are inextricably tied. They
follow each other on a one-for-one
basis, meaning a 2 percent reduction
in solar irradiance generally equals a 2
percent reduction in power produced.
In five years of analyzing summertime solar performance across the
U.S., we have found that in the vast
majority of cases monthly solar performance rarely conforms to its longterm average and can vary by 5-20%.
Even in desert locations where
mega projects are currently operating our research indicates that solar
irradiance has either exceeded or fallen short of average expectations in 10
out of 15 summer months leading
to seasonal performance fluctuations
potentially worth US $440,000.
The fact that weather doesnt
remain true to averages is probably
not too surprising. What is surprising is that across the solar industry it
is common practice to use averaged
solar conditions to determine a projects long-term energy projections.
Often a single years worth of TMY
(Typical Meteorological Year) data is
used to determine long-term financial
and operational decisions. TMY data
represent only a normalized year
and actually screens out both extreme

highs and extreme lows. This method
fails to account for climatic variability over the project lifetime and puts
assets at considerable risk. Those that
underperform may prove financially unviable, but even those that outperform expectations are problematic
since their cost of capital was too high.
What is particularly troubling
about this strategy is that it puts the
industry at risk of prematurely losing
the faith of a growing pool of investors
around the globe. With the price of PV
panels at an all-time low and deployment costs falling, it has never been
easier to develop a project. Yet, without a process of checks and balances ensuring that only the best projects
are brought online, the industry is
putting its good reputation at stake.
When it comes down to it, of the
hundreds of things you can control
about your solar project, one thing
completely out of your hands is the
weather. Is it sunny? When you need
it? Or not? Isnt this a problem worthy
of further examination?
Something to bear in mind,
especially knowing that well be
watching
Click here to view the 2014 U.S.
solar performance map and analysis
compiled by Vaisala to see where projects underperformed and why.

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California Starts Advanced

The start-up is significant as it demonstrates how

pellet boilers for residential, commercial, municipal

wastewater treatment plants can increase digester

and industrial facilities throughout New England but

loading and biogas production using existing infra-

has now turned to producing fuels too.

structure. It features high solids mixers and recuper-

Explaining the strategy behind the development

ative thickener, which change an ordinary digester

Mark Froling, president of Froling Energy, said the

into a high-solids digester.

company began fielding inquiries about installing

Municipal wastewater treatment facilities typically

much larger biomass heating systems for schools,

use biogas that is produced as a by-product of treat-

municipal and industrial buildings. The challenge

ment to generate energy and treatment facilities may

being that the heating demands and fuel consump-

accept additional waste streams to increase biogas

tion of these types of buildings required not only the

production. Such resources include food waste and

next generation of European dual-fuel biomass heat-

fats, oils and grease, but existing anaerobic digesters

ing systems, but a second renewable fuel source: dry

often cannot be loaded with this external feedstock,

typically requiring construction of additional digester capacity.

When the owners of the new dual fuel boilers

The Omnivore retrofit enables VVWRA to triple