Traverse

Position(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Traverse
Position(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Pitot Tube at 54 mm
Static `Pressure Reading
105mm
Stagnation
x
p
2
`Pressure
(mm)
(N/ m )
Reading(m
m)
86
19
146.68
80
25
193
8
25
193
80
25
193
80
25
193
81
24
185.28
81
24
185.28
81
24
185.28
83
22
169.84
Pitot Tube at 294 mm
Static `Pressure Reading
108mm
Stagnation
x
p
2
`Pressure
(mm)
(N/ m )
Reading(m
m)
90
18
138.96
80
28
216.16
80
28
216.16
80
28
216.16
81
27
208.40
81
27
208.40
81
27
208.40
82
26
200.72
83
25
193.00

h
(N/ m

Velocity
(m/s)

12.4608
16.3958
16.3958
16.3958
16.3958
15.74
15.74
15.74
14.9283

15.6358
17.9356
17.9356
17.9356
17.9356
17.5732
17.5732
17.5732
16.8251

Velocity
(m/s)

(N/ m

11.805
18.3633
18.3633
18.3633
17.7075
17.7075
17.7075
17.0517
16.3958

15.2189
18.9813
18.9813
18.9813
18.6392
18.6392
18.6392
18.2908
22.1472

Traverse
Position(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Traverse
Position(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Pitot Tube at 774 mm

Static `Pressure Reading
116 mm
Stagnation
x
p
2
`Pressure
(mm)
(N/ m )
Reading(m
m)
94
22
169.84
84
32
247.04
80
36
277.92
80
36
277.92
80
36
277.92
80
36
277.92
82
34
262.48
90
26
200.72
92
24
185.28

Pitot Tube at 1574 mm

Static `Pressure Reading
122mm
Stagnation
x
p
2
`Pressure
(mm)
(N/ m )
Reading(m
m)
106
16
123.52
88
34
262.48
86
36
277.92
86
36
277.92
85
37
285.64
85
37
285.64
84
38
293.36
86
36
277.92
100
22
169.84

h
(N/ m

Velocity
(m/s)

14.4283
20.9867
23.61
23.61
23.61
23.61
22.2983
17.0571
15.74

16.8251
20.2918
26.5767
26.5767
26.5767
26.5767
25.8279
22.5858
21.6998

Velocity
(m/s)

(N/ m

10.4933
22.2983
23.61
23.61
24.2658
24.2658
24.9217
23.61
14.4283

17.7178
25.8279
26.5767
26.5767
26.9433
26.9433
27.3049
26.5767
20.7759

Traverse
Position(m
m)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Pitot Tube at 2534 mm

Static `Pressure Reading
130mm
Stagnation
x
p
2
`Pressure
(mm)
(N/ m )
Reading(m
m)
110
20
154.40
96
34
262.48
92
38
293.36
92
38
293.36
94
36
277.92
96
34
262.48
96
34
262.48
106
24
185.28
118
12
92.64

h
(N/ m

13.1167
22.2983
24.9217
24.9217
23.71
22.2983
22.2983
15.74
7.87

Velocity
(m/s)

16.0421
25.8279
27.3049
27.3049
26.5767
24.8279
24.8279
17.5732
15.3441

SAMPLE CALCULATION
X is determined by calculating the difference between the stagnation pressure,

x 1 and static pressure, x 2

X =x 1x 2
For example,

X =x 1x 2
X =105 mm86 mm
= 19mm
p is determined by calculating the difference in pressure using the formula

p=7.72 ( x1x 2 ) cos

; whereby

=0

For example,

p=7.72 ( x1x 2 )
p=7.72 ( 10586 )
146.68 N/ m 2
Velocity is calculated by using the formula, v = 2 gh '

In order to calculate velocity, h has to be calculated first. The formula to calculate

h, head of air,

h' =

k ( x 1x 2 )
x
cos
air
1000

; whereby

=0

k =787 kg/m3

air =1.2 kg /m
For example,

h' =

787
19

1.2 1000

12.4608 N / m2
Hence,

v =2 ( 9.81 ) ( 12.4608 )
15.638 m/s
Graph of Velocity vs Traverse Position
30
25
20

Velocity

Pitot tube 1

15

Pitot tube 2
Pitot tube 3

10

Pitot tube 4
Pitot tube 5

5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

Traverse Position

60

70

80

EXPERIMENT 2
Static Pressure Readings when using Standard Nozzle (80mm)
0%
Points
Room
pressure"
After
nozzle
54mm
294mm
774mm
Before
Orifice
After
Orifice
1574mm
2534mm

84

Damper Openings (% Openings)

25%
50%
75%
mm of kerosene
80
80
80

100%
80

80

81

82

81

82

81
81
81
82

82
83
85
86

83
84
86
88

82
84
87
88

83
84
87
88

99

174

192

200

202

95
95

154
142

Qi (m3 /s)

1.1062

170
176
154
160
Calculated values
0.5531
0.7822
0.5531

Cd

1.2290

0.2701

0.3514

0.2394

0.3356

Re

2950958

1475478

2086638

1475478

2086638

Static Pressure Readings when using Small Nozzle (50mm)

278
160
0.7822

0%
Points
Room
pressure"
After
nozzle
54mm
294mm
774mm
Before
Orifice
After
Orifice
1574mm
2534mm

86

Damper Openings (% Openings)

25%
50%
75%
mm of kerosene
116
120
78

100%
78

86

109

113

115

116

87
84
85
87

112
97
94
106

116
100
102
103

118
101
102
104

118
100
103
104

101

172

186

190

192

98
97

156
146

Qi (m3 /s)

168
174
156
160
Calculated values
0.5716
0.5716
1.3142

174
160

Cd

0.3223

0.2874

0.6492

0.6504

Re

953019

953019

2191143

2220488

1.3318

SAMPLE CALCULATION

Qi , is calculated using the equation below :

Qi= Ai C d 2 g hi

whereby

hi=the drop pressure head across the inlet , the discharge=

k
( x before no zzle x after nozzle )
air

A i=standard nozzle crosssection area=

C ' d assumed be 0.97
g=9.81m s1
For example,

d2
4

787
(8480)
1.2
2 ( 9.81 )()
( 0.08 )2
Qi=
0.97
4
1.1062

m
s

C d , is calculated using the equation below

C d=

Q
A 0 2 gh

; whereby

d2
A 0=orifice crosssection area ,
4

For example,
C d=

1.1062
2

( 0.049)
4

2 9.81 ( 9982 )
1.2290

Re, is calculated using,

vd

Re

; whereby = the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of air density

V = mean pipe velocity, Qi/Ap
d = pipe diameter

For example,

1.1062
3
1.9244 10
5
1.87 10

1.2
=

2950958

Graph of Cd vs Reynolds Number

3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
Cd value 1500000
Series2

1000000
500000
0
0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Reynolds Number

1.2 1.4