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Intelligent system for monitoring and controlling of the Grain condition

based on ARM9
Qidi Zhao, Yanju Liu*, Yang Yu, Jianhui Song, Guang Zhou
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159
E-mail: syliuyj@tom.com

Abstract: An intelligent system for monitoring and controlling of the grain condition is designed. The system is based on
embedded ARM9 core processor, using SCM for the lower machine control unit. The grain environment Information
such as temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration is collected and stored by Multi-sensor. Then the data is processed
via multi-regional information fusion. The levels of the grain condition are predicted based on the BP neural network.
The article focused on the hardware circuit design of the grain condition intelligent monitoring system and the principle
of the multi-regional weighted fusion. The Experimental results show that grain condition intelligent monitoring system
designed in this paper has many good features such as good site stability, easy acquisition and real-time on-line detection.
And the system has important significance for future grain situation monitoring.
Key Words: Grain condition monitoring and controlling, ARM9, Multi-sensor, Information Fusion

INTRODUCTION

Currently most of the domestic grain storage determines the


level of grain situation mainly based on monitoring
temperature and humidity[1,2]. However, grain storage
environment is a complex system consisting of a variety of
factors. Grain security situation have a closely relationship
with microbial activity, temperature, humidity and CO2
concentration. Conventional grain monitor device and
prediction method could hardly meet the height and
precision of grain monitoring.
At present, the main features of China's large grain
condition monitoring and control system is limited to
simple temperature and humidity testing and grain situation
analysis, without any effective means of processing and
regulation. Usually these basic means of ventilation, drying
and circulation fumigation are relatively backward, and
waste a lot of manpower and resources. In addition, the
sampling information transmission distance is far away and
the hardware connected nodes are numerous, which result
low system reliability and accuracy, and poor scalability
peripheral device. This not only brings great inconvenience
to the grain storage management, but also brings the hidden
security risks.
An intelligent system for monitoring and controlling of the
grain condition is designed in this paper. The system is
based on embedded ARM9 core processor, using SCM for
the lower machine control unit. The grain environment
Information such as temperature, humidity, and CO2
concentration is collected and stored by Multi-sensor. Then
the data is processed via multi-regional information fusion.

This work is supported by the Education Department of Liaoning
Province (Intelligent Detection and Network Monitoring and Control,
Project No.:LT2012005)

c
978-1-4799-3708-0/14/$31.00 2014
IEEE

The levels of the grain condition are predicted based on the


BP neural network. The experiment uses vacuum extraction
method and transported grain storage gas to the grain
condition monitoring box to capture the grain situation by
various sensors, The superior machine ARM determines the
level of grain situation based on Neural Networks, and uses
the method of spraying PH3 gas to kill grain insects, so as to
achieve the purpose of the grain condition monitoring.

Overall system design

Grain storage environment is a complex system constituted


by the CO2 concentration, temperature, humidity and other
factors, and there is a non-linear relationship between the
various factors and grain condition. The system designs a
set of on-site monitoring and control devices based on
embedded system development platform, to achieve
real-time collection of data such as temperature, humidity
and CO2 concentration of the grain situation. Then the data
is weighted fusion. The levels of the grain condition are
predicted based on BP Neural Network and then the
peripheral devices are controlled to kill grain insects.

Fig 1. Control System for Grain overall design

The superior machine of the system uses embedded ARM9


with S3C2440 core processor, which configures the WinCE
operating system[3]; The lower machine uses STC89C52

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SCM which connects tank temperature, humidity and CO2


sensor array of the grain condition. The lower machine
collects the data of temperature, humidity and CO2
concentration information. Then the data is compensated
for processing and sent to the superior machine. The
superior machine calls the UART port to trigger the lower
machine according to the current grain situation. The lower
machine derives peripheral devices such as vacuum pumps,
solenoid valves and relays to complete the control functions
of the entire apparatus[4]. Figure 1 is the overall design of
the control system for grain.

is fully compatible with the instruction set and pin of


MCS-5l SCM which is widely used in the domestic
industrial control systems with not need to make any
changes to the peripheral circuits. Secondly, the SCM has
EEPROM function and the data is non-volatile (over 10
years). Finally, STC89C52 SCM has low prices and the
encryption function.

2.1 Experimental system modules


The hardware of Grain Control System mainly included
three modules: grain condition level display module based
on ARM9, information collection module and peripheral
control module based on the SCM. Grain condition level
display modules main function is interactive
communicating with lower machine, finishes grain
situation collection, data display and forecasts grain
condition[5]; The main function of the information
collection module is collecting temperature, humidity and
CO2 concentration by multi-sensor; Peripheral control
module mainly include two functions: Firstly, the SCM
receives collected data sent by multi-sensor, then the data is
compensated for processing and forwarded to the superior
machine; Secondly, the SCM receives the control
parameters of the superior machine, and triggers external
vacuum pumps, solenoid valves, relays and other devices,
then controls the peripheral devices to kill insects of grain
storage. The module structure of the grain control system is
shown in Figure 2.

Fig 3. MCU control circuit

The MCU communicates with embedded ARM9 via UART


port and finishes the function of superior machine trigger
and the lower machine control. Vacuum pumps selects 24V
AC/DC motors which is easier to implement uniform
rotation; MCU can output PWM signal in the case of
non-resource and controls the pros and cons of motors by
ULN2003L chip, completes pumping or exhaust work;
Secondly, the photoelectric separated chip is triggered by
level signal of SCM P0 port to achieve the 24V relay
control, and thus indirectly controlls the external solenoid
valve, so as to flexibly open or close gas pipeline.
2.3 Grain information acquisition module

Fig 2. Module structure of the Grain Control System

The ARM9: Samsung-S3C2440A core processor is


selected. Samsung-K9F2G08U08 is used whose Nand
Flash capacity is 256M; 48lc16m16A2-75 is used whose
SDRAM capacity is 256M; the ARM 9 is configured
embedded WinCE operating system which can directly
drive LCD screen, SD card interface, UART asynchronous
serial ports, A/D conversion, USB interface, IIC bus, and
IIS bus.

The grain condition information acquisition module is


shown in figure 4. Grain information acquisition circuit
mainly includes a CO2 sensor, two temperature sensors
pt100, multi-channel analog switches, amplifiers, A/D
converter and SCM. Firstly, analog temperature signal is
collected by pt100 sensor, MCU control multi-channel
analog switches to transmit the two temperature signal to
preamplifier circuit by allocated time. Secondly,
transformed amplified analog temperature signal into
digital signal by A/D converter. Finally, the digital
temperature is passed to SCM port and acquired necessary
compensated and correction processing.

2.2 MCU control circuit schematic


The MCU control circuit design is shown in Figure 3, the
lower machine selects STC89C52/S52RC SCM,
ULN2003L motor driver chip, MAX232 UART
communications chips and relay control interface.
STC89C52 SCM has many advantages to meet the design
requirements of lower machine: Firstly, STC89C52 MCU

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Fig 4. Grain condition information acquisition module

1) Temperature, humidity
information collection

and

2014 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

CO2

concentration

The temperature sensor uses platinum resistance Ptl00


produced by Beijing HuaXia RiSheng Technology Co. Ltd.
the sensor can provide l00 ohm standard resistance at 0C,
the temperature range is -200C to 600C, with strong
interchangeability, small thermal capacity, fast reaction and
good linearity.
Humidity acquisition uses the principle of measuring wet
and dry bulb method. The measurement signal is conversed
and obtained by two Ptl00 temperature sensors. The method
of measuring humidity is high precision and cheap price.
The method has a large number of calculation and
correction works, which is the advantage of SCM.
The principle of measuring humidity by psychrometer
method is that the moisture of wet-bulbs surface
evaporated and obtained wet bulb temperature in case of
sufficiently large stability winds. The water vapors partial
pressure of the measured air is exported by psychrometer
equation e = e(tw) AP(ta tw) .Then the relative
humidity, dew point temperature and other various
humidity represented are calculated, while the relative
humidity is exported by the following formula:

U = e(tw) / e(ta ) *100%


CO2 sensor selects GM811 analog sensor which have a
high sensitivity and selectivity, less affected by temperature
and humidity changes, a good stability and reproducibility
features.
2) Two-stage amplifier circuit
Preamplifier circuit selects LM358 integrated operational
amplifier. In order to prevent nonlinear error caused by
single-stage high magnification, the amplification circuit
adopts two enlarged. The role of preamplifier circuit has
two: on the one hand, the analog signal transmitted is
pre-amplificated by analog switch. On the other hand, the
amplified signal is filtered by the band-pass filtering.
LM358 is a two op amp IC, whose interior contains two sets
of identical and independent operational amplifier. The
experiment system designed in this paper adds a band-pass
filter circuit on the basis amplification circuit to prevent
system self-excited caused by single-stage high
magnification. The two amplifying and filtering circuit is
shown in Figure 5.

Fig 5. Two amplifying and filtering circuit

2.4 Data information collection and multiple nodes


information fusion
Then data collected is processed via multi-regional
information fusion. And then the levels of the grain
condition are predicted based on the BP neural network.

1) Multiple nodes information fusion


The multi-grain collection node level information fusion is
mainly for raw collection layer, which is directly
integration. The original measurement data of each sensor
is synthesized and analyzed without pretreatment. The
finite measured data is processed using the useful
correlation information to achieve the more accurate results
than the arithmetic mean algorithm, which eliminates the
interference and uncertainties in the measurement sensor
and achieve more reliable measurement results.
The whole granary is divided into 16 regions. The
collection device of information is installed in every region,
which constituted a 4x4 collection array, which is shown in
Figure 6.

13

10

14

11

15

12

16

4x4 the granary acquisition array


Fig 6. Model of Grain depot

In order to reduce the mechanical error, human error, and to


avoid interference of collection information, the 4x4
information acquisition array is used to collect samples
every time before emptying the original gas of sampling
channel and controlling box. The time of sampling is set to
3 minutes. The time of emptying and detecting is
respectively set to 1 minute and 2 minutes. During the time
of acquisition, the time of detection is set (interval of 2
seconds). The mean value of 30 times temperature,
humidity and concentration of CO2 is calculated, which is
saved in the database. Finally, the collection information of
16 areas is weighted fusion by the least mean square error
and the fusion result is as the ultimate indicator of the
current sensors.
Taking CO2 sensor measurement for example, the flow
chart detailed process is shown in figure 7. The acquired
process of temperature and humidity is as same as the
process of CO2.
The definition of the parameter of the information
collection and weighted fusion during processing is listed
below.
N - Grain depot acquisition area, which is the number of
collection point. 16 is used in the experiment.
M - The measured number of sensor in 2 minutes, once 2
seconds, total 30 times;
i - The first i time measured in 2 minutes;
j - The first j point to measure of grain depot;

Tt -The mean value of 30 times data collected in the first t


point;

Wk -The weighted value of the first k point in the grain.

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In the fusion process, the sensor measurement testing error


of each time is normally distributed. The monitoring
probability of environmental parameters for 16 collection
points is related. So the target ( X ) to multiply information
of 16 acquisition area is the minimum point of errors, which
is also the largest point of Px . The flow chart of CO2s
weighted fusion collected in more points is shown in figure
7.

and store a large amount of input-output model mapping


without prior reveal mathematical equation description. BP
network learning rule is the steepest descent method. BP
network continuously adjust the weights and thresholds
through the back-propagation network to achieve the
minimum squared error of the network. BP network
topology includes the input layer, the hidden layer and the
output layer.
The grain monitoring model proposed in this paper uses
three layers feed forward neural network (BP) algorithm.
The grain monitoring neuronal network is hierarchically
arranged. The grain predicted error is reverse propagated
and corrected. The grain predicted topology network is
shown in figure 8. From right to left is grain factor input
layer, hidden layer and output layer of safety indicators.
The input layer includes temperature, humidity, water, CO2
concentration and other factors. The hidden layer is the
bridge to connect the input and output. The number of the
nodes in the hidden layer is determined by the network
error. The output layer selects one or more safety
indicators.
X1

v ij

y1

wjk

O1

yj
Xi

Ok

yq
Xs

Om

Fig 8. Grain predicted topology network

2.5 System settings and acquisition


Fig 7. The flow chart of CO2s weighted fusion collected in more points

The constraint conditions of data weighting collected in


multi-collection points is shown in equation 1.
n

W
i =1

=1

(1)

The Lagrange multiplier method is used to solve the


extreme value of equality which is multivariable. Because
there is error in the data of N collection points possibly,
the minimum and the highest accuracy of root mean square
are set respectively: min and max . Mean square error is
shown in equation 2:
1

=
2
+ 1
1 min

2
max

n 2

+ 1

i2

1
1
2
max

n2

2
i =1 i

i =1
(2)
From the above equation, it is known that the accuracy can
be improved after the fusion of the bad data of a single
collection point and the data of multi- collection points.
2Grain monitoring algorithm based on BP
The back propagation (BP) network is proposed by a team
of scientists led by Rumelhart and McCelland in 1986. BP
network is a kind of multilayer feedforward networks with
error back propagation algorithm, which is one of the most
widely used neural network models. BP network can learn

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In order to achieve real-time monitoring and management


of grain situation, the experiments adopte VS2005
programming software, use VC++ language and design
MFC application based on Windows CE operating
system[6,7].
Embedded applications mainly include: documents,
information, method, determination, top, query, calibration
and help functions [8,9]. Figure 9 is settings interface of
grain condition monitoring based on the ARM ,which is
used to set the collection time, collection methods; Figure
10 is collected data and display interface, respectively
drawing curves of temperature, humidity and CO2
concentration, the effect is intuitively obvious.

Fig 9. The operation interface of Grain condition

2014 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

The software integrally achieved the grain systems data


acquisition, draw, prediction, perform and other functions.
The characteristics of the grain control system are field
applications.

36.82
0
-0.83

48.54
0
-0.34

55.76
0
0.33

60.18
0
0.83

-0.806
2.40
Security

-0.291
12.41
Critical

0.246
20.36
Danger

0.559
27.56
Very
dangerous

It can be seen from table I and table II. The maximum


prediction error of the grain monitoring model proposed in
this paper is 0.0084. The error fluctuates between
0.430%-2.545%. While the conventional method uses
temperature and humidity as an input factor, the maximum
prediction error is 0.271. The error fluctuates between
2.4%-27.56%. Therefore the grain monitoring model
proposed in this paper can predict more accurately. The
prediction error is smaller.

Fig 10. The data acquisition interface

humidity/%
CO2/100PPM
Expectation
Export
Export Index
Error Rate /%
Security Status

The predicted results of the Intelligent


Control System for Grain

Taking Dalian grain storage for example, the temperature,


humidity and CO2 concentration of the wheat is collected.
The multi-regional forecast display interface of grain
situation is shown in figure 11. The 1982-2001 samples are
used as the training samples. The 2002-2008 samples are
used as the prediction samples.

Conclusion

The grain monitoring system based on ARM9 and WinCE


is proposed in this paper. The hardware circuit design and
the integration principles of multi-node information
collection based on multi-gas channel are introduced. The
intelligent system designed in this paper realizes the
functions of the detection and control of temperature,
humidity and CO2 concentration. Compared with the
traditional grain condition monitoring system, the system
has high reliability, low cost, good anti-jamming capability,
scalability, flexible maintenance and software upgrade. The
intelligent monitoring system proposed in this paper
provides a new approach for multi-functional grain
condition monitoring technologies and systems. The
research has significant practical value.

REFERENCES
[1]
Fig 11. Mutil-regional forecast display interface of Grain situation

The predicted results of the grain monitoring model


proposed in this paper are shown in table I. Similarly, the
conventional method uses temperature and humidity as an
input factor, the prediction results of the grain monitoring
model based on BP network are shown in Table II.

[2]
[3]

[4]

Table 1. The predict effect of the grain monitoring model


NUMBER
Temperature/T
humidity/%
CO2/100PPM
Expectation
Export
Export Index
Error Rate /%
Security Status

1
15.81
36.82
5.00
-0.83

2
19.13
48.54
10.10
-0.34

3
23.62
55.76
13.50
0.33

4
25.44
60.18
19.00
0.83

-0.8264
0.430.
Security

-0.336
1.176
Critical

0.3216
2.545
Danger

0.8256
0.451
Very
dangerous

[5]
[6]

[7]
[8]

[9]

Table 2. The predict effect using the conventional method


NUMBER
Temperature/T

1
15.81

2
19.13

3
23.62

4
25.44

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