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GeneralKnowledgeCategory:ThePolity,India:AnOverview

ThefirstAmendmentActtotheIndianConstitutionwasmadeintheyear
1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were
amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was
added.
TheConstitution(24thAmendment)Act,1971:Itaffirmedthepowerof
the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. After this
amendment,thePresidentisboundtoassenttoConstitutionAmendment
Bill.EducationwastransferredtotheConcurrentListbythisamendment.
TheConstitution(31stAmendment)Act,1973: increased the elective
strengthoftheLokSabhafrom525to545.UndertheAct,theupperlimit
ofrepresentativesoftheStatesgoesupfrom500to525andthatofthe

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UnionTerritoriesdecreasesfrom25to20.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim
becamethe22ndStateoftheIndianUnion.
The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975: was passed by

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Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the countrys north

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easternmostUnionTerritory.
TheConstitution(39thAmendment)Act,1975:TheBillwaspassedby
the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August
9,1975. The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to
ParliamentofapersonholdingtheofficeofPrimeMinisterorSpeakerand

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theelectionofPresidentandVicePresident.

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TheConstitution(40thAmendment)Act,1976:ThisAmendmenthasa
threefold objective: (1) It places beyond challenge in courts some major
Central laws (2) It gives similar protection to several State enactments,
mostlyrelatingtolandlegislation,byincludingthemintheNinthSchedule

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of the Constitution and (3) It provides that the limits of the territorial
waters, the Continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the
maritimezonesofIndiashallbespecifiedfromtimetotimebylawmade
byParliament.
TheConstitution(42ndAmendment)Act,1976:Itwasenactedduring
the period of internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on
November 11, 1976 and received Presidential assent on December 18,
1976.
TheAmendmentestablishedbeyonddoubtthesupremacyofParliament
over the other wings of Government gave the Directive Principles
precedenceovertheFundamentalRightsenumeratedforthefirsttimea
setoftenFundamentalDuties.Itfurtherimposedlimitsonthepowerand

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jurisdiction of the judiciary raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the

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VidhanSabhafromfivetosixyearsauthorisedtheuseofCentralarmed
forces in any State to deal with law and order problems, made the
PresidentboundbytheadviceoftheCouncilofMinistersandenvisaged
the establishment of administrative tribunals for service matters of
Government employees and also other tribunals for economic offences.
TheActalsoclearlylaiddownthatnoConstitutionalAmendmentcouldbe
questionedinanycourtoflaw.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the
Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxious
provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the
Emergency. It restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave
powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under
the guise of legislation for the prevention of antinational activities. The
newlaw,whichwasratifiedbymorethanhalfoftheStatesinaccordance
with the Constitution, also restores legislative powers to the States to
make appropriate provision for antinational activities consistent with the
Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary has also been restored
toitsrightfulplace.TheSupremeCourtwillnowhavepowertoinvalidate
State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High
Courtswillalsobeabletogointothequestionofconstitutionalvalidityof
Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain
speedyjusticewithouthavingtocometotheSupremeCourt.
TheConstitution(44thAmendment)Act,1978:TheConstitution(45th
Amendment) Bill, renumbered as the 44th Amendment came into force
onApril30,1979,whenthePresidentgavehisassent.TheActremoves
major distortions in the Constitution introduced during the Emergency.
ThedurationoftheLokSabhaandStateLegislativeAssemblieshasbeen
reduced from six to five yearsthe normal term which was extended
during the Emergencyunder the 42nd Amendment to achieve some
political purposes. The Right to Property ceases to be a Fundamental
Right and becomes only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th
Amendment.TheActalsoextends,forthefirsttimesinceindependence,
constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament
and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved to be
malicious.AnotherimportantfeatureoftheActisthatanyproclamation
of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after
receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The President
willnotbecalledupontoactonthebasisofadvicebythePrimeMinister
onhisownwithoutconsultinghisCabinet.Othersafeguardsprovidethat
the proclamation will have to be adopted by a twothirds majority of the
members of both Houses of Parliament within a month. The 44th
Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion of the
Constitutionforestablishinganauthoritarianregime.Itcontainsprovisions
which are designed to make it impossible to impose the kind of
emergencythecountryhadexperiencedfor19months.
The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980: The Act extends
reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
in Parliament and the State Assemblies and the representation of Anglo
Indiansbynominationforafurtherperiodof10years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982: It seeks to authorise
the government to prepare an authoritative text of the Constitution, in
Hindi.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has made
defectiontoanotherparty,afterelectionsillegal.Anymemberdefectingto
another party after elections will be disqualified from being member of
ParliamentorStateLegislature.
TheConstitution(53rdAmendment)Act,1986:ItconfersStatehoodon

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Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by the Central

Government with the laws relating to spheres of social relationship and
communityconductapplicabletoMizoram.
The Constitution (54th Amendment) Act, 1986: It enhances the
salariesofJudgesofHighCourtsandSupremeCourtofIndia.Thesalary
ofChiefJusticeofIndiawillbeRs10,000ChiefJusticeofHighCourtsRs
9000JudgesofSupremeCourtRs9000andJudgesofHighCourtsRs
8000.
TheConstitution(55thAmendment)Act,1987:ItgrantsStatehoodto
Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State of the
IndianUnion.
TheConstitution(56thAmendment)Act,1987:ItconfersStatehoodon
Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus
becamethe25thStateoftheIndianRepublic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special
provisionforthesettingupofthenewStateofGoa.ConsequentlyDaman
andDiuwereseparatedfromtheformertoformaUnionTerritory.
The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988: It provides for special
arrangementswithregardtoreservationofseatsforScheduledTribesin
theStatesofArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,MizoramandMeghalaya.By
amendingArticle322theadjustmentofseatshasbeenfrozenuntil2000
A.D.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered the
Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed
necessary.Undertheamendment,Presidentsrulecanbeextendedupto
threeyears.Earliermaximumperiodwastwoyears.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting
agefrom21to18.
The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided for the
extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the Parliament
and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and
reservationforAngloIndiancommunitybynomination.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989: It repealed
Amendment59whichempoweredthegovernmenttoimposeemergency
inPunjab.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended the
PresidentsruleinPunjabbysixmonths.
TheConstitution(66thAmendment)Act,1990:Tobringlandreforms
withinthepurviewof9thScheduleoftheConstitution.

The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National

CapitalRegion.TheActalsomadeprovisionforLegislativeassemblyand
acouncilofministersforDelhi.

The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was
made Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided for an
electoralcollegeconsistingonlyoftheelectedmembersofParliamentas
wellasthelegislativeassembliesoftheStates(notofUnionTerritories).
The amendment provide for inclusion of members of legislature of
PondicherryandDelhi.

The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the
8th Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
Languagesinthe8thScheduleoftheConstitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make temporary

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provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the
ScheduledTribesintheStateassemblyofTripura,untilthereadjustment
ofseatsismadeonthebasisofthefirstcensusaftertheyear2000under
article170oftheConstitution.

The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct

election to all seats in Panchayats to reserve seats for SCs and STs in
proportion to their population and for reservation of not less than one
thirdoftheseatsinPanchayatsforwomen.

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure

directelectiontoallseatsinNagarpalikasandMunicipalities.

The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994: It provides for setting

up of Statelevel Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts,
exceptthatoftheSupremeCourt,underArticle136oftheConstitution.

The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the

Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of appointments or
posts in the Services under a State, for Backward Classes, Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on
November16,1992,thatthetotalreservationsunderArticle16(40)ofthe
Constitutionshouldnotexceed50percent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According to this Act,
the Government have decided to continue the existing policy of
reservationinpromotionfortheScheduledCastesandScheduledTribes.

TheConstitution(78thAmendment)Act,1995:Itincludeslandreform
laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be challenged before the
courts.

The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends the

reservation of seats for SC, ST and AngloIndians in the Lok Sabha and
LegislativeAssembliesfornext10years.

The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000: It deals with an

alternativeschemeforsharingtaxesbetweentheUnionandtheStates.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that the
unfilledvacanciesofayearreservedforSC/STkeptforbeingfilledupina
yearasperArticle16,shallbeconsideredseparatelyforfillingvacancies
in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for
fillingthe50%quotaoftherespectiveyear.

The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that

nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any
provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying
markswithrespecttoexamination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article
243MtoprovidethatnoreservationinPanchayatsbemadeinfavourof
SC/STinArunachalPradeshwherethewholepopulationistribal.

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By:NILESHKUSHWAHA|On:17NOV201417:51:09
pleasesendmeallgk&currentaffairsthingsbecouseiwillprepareforMPSC
&UPSC

By:shilpa|On:28AUG201407:00:03
Good

By:kuldeepsingh|On:02JUL201410:23:17
pleasechangethewrittenmaterialrelatedto82ndamendmentbecausethats
notarticle355itisarticle335........bythewayitsnice

By:kishankumarbhujel|On:01FEB201420:45:40
What is the importance of Government Notification ? How long it will last?
What is procedure to rectify it? If it is not rectify, it remain the same or not
,pleaseadvice

By:GyaaneshChandra|On:10AUG201320:44:26
its helpful for us. please edit it if you can with all amendments made to add
languagesin8thscheduleandwiththoseamendmentswhichareforcreation
ofnewstates.thanks

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