X

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

YO

UN

KEN

upper

Iris

Diaphr

5ubstB"eF

Lower

Iria

Condenser

Diapbn

Focuai

in

Illustrating

the

parts

ot

compound

microscope,

l/rom

Joint

Stevens.)

(i

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

BV

,,.

Wi^'i'oUNGKEN,
Ph. G., A.M.

HEBER.
ASSISTANT

college;

PROFESSOR

OF

member

of

BOTANY
the

ASSOCIATION

FOR

OF

ADVANCEMENT

THE

AND

OF

MATERIA

CHEMISTRY,
OF

MEDICO-CHIRUR6ICAL

ETC.

SCIENCE,

BY

M. D., Ph. G.

STEWART,

F. E.

THE

ASSOCIATION,

PHARMACEUTICAL

EDITED

PROFESSOR

AT

PHARMACOGNOSY

AND
AMERICAN

DEPARTMENTS

MEDICA,
MEDICO-CHI

RURGICAL

"COMPEND

OF

OF

PHARMACY
AUTHOR

COLLEGE;

PHARMACY"

ILLUSTRATED

PHILAD'ELPHIA

P.

BLAKiSTON'S
1012

WALNUT

SON
STREET

"

CO.

AMERICAN

Copyright,

THE.

1914,

by

P.

Blakiston's

MAPLB"PRESS"TORK*

Son

PA

"

Co.

PREFACE

aim

The

of minor

are

As

has

been

importance

for

systematic aspects
of

one

hours.

is

important subject
and

omitted

has

of his lectures

matter

laboratory directions

subjects for laboratory study

Pharmacognosy,
differs from
The

however,

another

(grossand

the

Angiosperms.

but

not

of the
The

but
be

does

author

has

consulted

found

in the

Stewart

of

Macfarlane

reading of

of
the

the

Part

to

the

I is

is here

made

of

taxonomy
the

drugs obtained

on

drug

one

of

physiology of

plants, mainly

parts used

the

and

these.

from
the

to the

facts

presented,

of which

will

text.
to

his esteemed

Penna.,

proofs and preparation

for
of the

valuable

friends.Dr.
and

Dr.

Philadelphia.

79393

Francis
M.

John
in

assistance

the

index.
H.

book

how

less extent, the

Medico-Chirurgical College
Univ.

fixed

that

largelydevoted

information, mention

the

the

students,

reason

It is not

originalityfor

of

bibliographyof
the

not

period

volume

first year

to

describe

value, together with

sources

many

Acknowledgment
E.

group

sole

over

in all of its details.

parts.

claim

not

and

structural

extending

unnecessary.

non-official

the

for the obvious

II deals with

official and

collegeswhere

in this concise

given

it does

minute) and,

Part

of medicinal

wholly

same

in two

is included

work

morphology

names

of the

are

since

ration
prepa-

Medico-ChirurgicalCollege,

introduced

has

in those

mainly

the first year,

taught

author

the

topics that

the botanical

that

Medica,

In

all those

practitionerof Pharmacy.

include

should

science.

of the

The

Materia

and
year,

Philadelphia,Botany

of 155

and

the student

to

Pharmocognosy

Botany is given for

this book

from

teacher, the writer feels

and

pharmacist

eliminate

to

W.

Y.

FOREWORD
In

entitled

monograph

I advocated

published in 1882,

relating

knowledge

general head
Section

Association, the
the

subject

and

the

note

Board

teachers

of
of

in

excellent
works

for

demand

required by
student.
text

books

books

of the State

the

The

object of

suitable

for

prepared in accordance

of

As

limited

Law
for

syllabus or

United

the

corporat
its in-

note

to

and

adoption by

the

guidance

study

study

more

the

and

national

of

and

needs

of

of the

drugs

of the

of

have

But

these

education

than

pharmaceutical

Manuals

is to

supply

pharmaceutical colleges,and
syllabus.
F.

vu

from

changes

drugs, we

others.

extended

Pharmacologic

pharmacists
the

the

SoUman

study

the Stewart

to

the

administration

the

Cushney,

with

of

also

York

New

Committee

National

the

embraces

scope

their proper

national

pharmaceutical
is therefore
gratifyingto

Pharmacy

of

on

papers

state.

of view.

by

It

by

numerous

societies

Pharmacy

State

living organisms by
text

in

at

Medical

American

the

Syllabus," and

in its widest

possiblepoint

incited

Schools

and

in that

pharmacy

of

and

repeated.

was

York

New

Regents

Pharmacology
every

to

its "Pharmaceutical
the

(1896)

medical

the

of

Chairman

as

Therapeutics,delivered

and

this classification

of

Boards

the

into
the

plea

same

adoption

for

address

my

again suggested; and

contributed

since

Representing
States

in

the

under

is embraced

Medica

meeting

was

same

the

press,

Materia

Science,"

New

classification in which

the

to

Medica, Pharmacy

forty-seventh annual

the

System and

return

"Pharmacology";

Materia

on

the

to

Old

*'An

E.

S.

CONTENTS
PART

Terminologyand Morphology
CHAPTER

I
Pages

Divisions

Botany or Plant Morphology. 2.

or
PhysiologicalBotany. 3. Geographical Botany. 4. Economic
Applied Botany. 5. GeologicalBotany. 6. SystematicBotany or
VegetableTaxonomy. 7. VegetableEcology
Classification
Natural
Plants.
of
order;
System: tjrpe; class;series;
species;
family;
individual;
variety;
race; hybrid
genus;
Subdivision
Vegetable
Kingdom.
of
the
Phanerogams; Cryptogams;
Angiosperms;Gymnosperms; Monocotyledons; Dicotyledons
Vegetable
Cytology
Structure).Cell;Protoplasm;Protoplasmic
(Cellular
Cell Contents;Non-ProtoplasmicCell Contents
Vegetable
Histology
(PlantTissues).^Listof Tissues and Definitions
of

Botany.

"

i.

Structural

"

1-2

"

....

"

"

CHAPTER

2-4

5-14

II

Organs
Organisms.
and
VegetativeOrgans: Roots; Plant Hairs;
and Seeds
Stems;and Leaves.
Organs: Flowers;Fruits;
14-15
Reproductive
Root.
root hairs;root cap; generative
tissues;
Definition;
functions;

Plant

"

The

"

differences between
Classification

of

Roots

root
as

and

stem

to

Form.

15-16
"

Primary

root; secondary roots;

formsof

roots.
roots;anomalous roots;adventitious roots;epiphytic
Root.
According
Duration
Classification of Plants
to
of
Annual;
.

16

"

Root
The

The

Perennial
16-17
Biennial;
Histology.
Monocotyledons;Dicotyledons
17-19
Bud.
firstbud; scalybuds; naked buds; leaf buds; flower
Definition;
buds; mixed buds; bud positions
19-20
Stem.
direction of growth;elongation;
stem size;
functions;
Definition;
above ground stems; underground stems; exogenous;
nous
endogeduration;
"

"

"

20-23

Stem

A.Exogens: i. Annual Dicotyls. 2. Perennial DicotyJs

nition;
Defiand their transitional changes. Lenticels and Their Formation:
Thickeningof Stems: Method of
structure; function. Annual
Definition;Distinction between
formation;"annual ring." Bark:
B.
Pharmacognic and Commercial designationof zones; Periderm.
Endogens:Monocotyls
23-29
Histology.

"

ix

CONTENTS

Pages

Definition;forms; functions
29-30
Leaf.
The
Leaf;
sessile;
petiolate;
Definition;functions;parts; Complete
exstipulate;
stipulate;structure of blade. Leaf Venation: parallel;
reticulate;
pinnatelyand palmatelyveined
30-32
Forms
Leaves.
of
(a) General Outb'ne: ovate;
Simple and Compound,
orbicular;
elliptical;
peltate;filiform;
obovate; oblanceoblong;oblique;
(b)Apex: acute; acuminate;
olate;cuneate; spatulate;
acerose; deltoid,
obtuse; trimcate; mucronate; cuspidate;aristate;emarginate; retuse;
obcordate.
(c) Base: cordate;reniform;hastate;auriculate;
sagittate,
(d)Margin: entire;serrate; dentate; crenate; repand; sinuate;incised;
Forms of Compound Leaves
runcinate;lobed;cleft;
parted;divided.
32-34
Leaf
Texture.
Membranous;
succulent;scarious;coriaceous
34
Plant

Hairs

Trichomes.

or

"

"

"

"

Leaf

Color.

Leaf

Surface.

Variations

"

in color

34

scabrous;pubescent;
Glabrous;glaucous;pellucid-punctate;
vilJose;
sericious;
hispid;tomentose; spinose;rugose; verrucose
.34-35
Duration.
Evergreen; deciduous; carducous; fugacious; effect of
"

Leaf

"

climate
Leaf

35-36

clasping;
Definition;radical;cauline;rama); perfoliate;
36
connate-perfoliate;
equitant
cicled
verticillate or whorled; fasPhyllotaxy.
Definition;alternate;opposite;
law of spiralarrangement; leaf ranks
or tufted;
36-37
Vernation.
involute;
plicate;
conduplicate;circinate;
Definition;
inflexed;
Insertion.

"

"

"

revolute

37

Inflorescence

or

Anthotaxy.

Determinate,Indeterminate;Mixed;

"

Parts

of

Inflorescences.
and Indeterminate
Forms of Determinate
Inflorescences;
Prefloration.
contorted
Valvate;vexillary;
PeriThe
Flower.
floral
characteristics;
Definition;
parts; distinguishing
"

3 7-40
40-41

"

41-42

gone

The

The

The

connation; kinds
Definition;parts; physicalcharacteristics;
and forms;persistence;
adnation
forms
Corolla.
physicalcharacteristics;
parts; functions;
Definition;

42-43

of Corolla

43-44

Calyx.

"

"

Androecium
number

Perianth

and
or

of stamens

Stamen

System.

Definition;
structure; terms

"

denoting

flower;terms denoting connection between stamens;

ment;
of another to filaterms
denoting position;terms denoting attachment
forms
Pollen:
dehiscence.
44-46
description;
and
The
Gynoecium, or Pistil System.
Definition;Gymnospermous
Angiospermous;parts; the pistila modified leaf;carpel: dehiscence;
ovule a transformed
an
compound pistil;
bud; positionof ovules in ovary;
and
Gymnospermous
Angiospermous ovules;structure of Angiospermous
46-47
ovule;shape of ovule
The
Placenta.
placentalarrangement
4 7-48
Definition;
Pollination.
applied to
Definition;Close and Cross Pollination;terms
various
48-49
plantspollinatedby
agencies
in

"

"

"

Formation
Fertilization

of

Male
in

and

Female

Angiosperms.

"

Gametophytes

Process; formation

49

of

embryo

and

sperm
endo49~So

CONTENTS

XI

Pages

The

Definition;

Fruit.
"

"

Classification

Formation

of

Aggregate;

sarcocarp;

meso-

of

Multiple;

dry

dehiscent;
51-53

appendages

structure,
Differfnt

53-54

Types

and

perispermic

spermic;

Simple;

50

epicarp;

indehiscent

fleshy

Definition;

"

Mode

"

dehiscent;

Seed.

exocarp;

endocarp;

50-51

Fruits.

of

in

dry

distribution.

dehiscence

putamen;

carp;

The

Pericarp;

Structure.

Fruit

modifications;

Albumen.

of

"

exalbuminous

endospermic;

endo-

Perispermic;

albuminous

and

seeds

54-55
"

PART

II

Taxonomy
Definition.

Thallophyta.

Algae,
of

Characters

of

Life

History

the

Lichenes.

and

Fungi,

the

official

yielding

group

Definition.

Bryophyta.

of

of

typical

the

Life

official

Characters

the

History

of

Lycopodiales,

fern.

typical

and
with
of

Table

of

Equisetales
the

ing
yield-

group

66-69
Definition.

Characters

of

the

"

drugs

of

Plants

drugs

Spermatophyta.
classes

Musci.

64-66
of

"

Filicales.

and

and

Hepaticae

Life

moss

Definition.

Pteridophyta.

Plants

purpurea.

56-64
of

Characters
true

Claviceps

drugs

"

history

Schizophyta,

Myxomycetes,

"

families
the

the
official

names

yielding
of

and

and

plants

Gymnospermia
unofficial

Tables

drugs.

and

drugs

parts
of

the

yielded

of

official

constituting
family

by

and

Angiospermia
and
the

yielding
Gymnosperms

of

their

unofficial

drug.

acters
Char-

official

drugs.
69-93

ERRATA

Page

Page

55

line

for

34

line

"Cystology''

for

read

"Cytology/'

"Ezalbuminoua"
read

Page

Page

Page

Page

60

83

91

93

Figs.

line

line

line

and

32

21

for

for

22

for

33

for

''Clasiceps''

"pinnahfied''

read

read

"prostate"

"caroUa"

''Exalbuminons."

read

read

"pinnatifid."

"prostrate."

"corolla."

''Claviceps."

TEXT-BOOK

OF

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

PART

AND

TERMINOLOGY
DIVISIONS

Structural

MORPHOLOGY

OF

BOTANY

Plant

Morphology treats of the various

etc.,with their
organs or parts of a plant,as root, stem, flower,fruit,
forms and modific9,tions. It also includes Vegetable Histology^
special
1.

or

part of structural botany which

that

structure

of

Botany

plant cells

and

of

plant tissues

and

the

considers

minute

or

scopical
micro-

VegetableCytology,which

treats

their contents.

how
the various parts of the plant
Botany explains
Physiological
of food
perform their work of growth, reproductionand the preparation
for the support of animal lifefrom substances not adapted to that use.
2.

3.

Geographical Botany

treats

of the

distribution of

plant life on

globe. The centre of distribution for each plant is the habitat or

originalsource from which it spreads,often over widely distant regions.
or Applied Botany deals with the science from
a prac4. Economic
tical
the

showing the specialadaptationof the vegetablekingdom

standpoint,
to the needs of everyday life.
Botany treats of the plants of former ages, traceable
5. Geological
in their fossilremains.
6.

SystematicBotany
or

arrangement

resemblances
7.

or

or

of

Vegetable Taxonomy

plantsin

groups

or

fication
considers the classi-

ranks

accordingto

their

differences.

Vegetable Ecology

treats

of

plants

in

relation

to

their

environment.
CLASSIFICATION

OF

PLANTS

lar
respects simiBy groupingtogetherthose plantswhich are in some
and combining these groups with others,it is possibleto form some-

PHARMACEUTICAL

thing like

resemblances

natural

upon

of classification. Such

orderlysystem

an

BOTANY

is called

each

Order

other

structure.

modification
by special

Class is formed

system based

''naturalsystem."

Types represent generalplans of

of

type.

Classes

called Series.

are

is

group

of

the

same

class,related

by

common

Family is

group

of

the

same

order,related

by

common

An

sembling
re-

structure.

structure.

Genus

is

still smaller

group

having the

essential

same

structure.

Speciesis the

smallest

Individual is a unit of

An

whose

group

structure

is constant.

organiclife,
forming a complete animate

existence.
A

Variety is

sub-divisions of
A

of
peculiarity
species.
a

Hybrid is a

cross-breed

Race.

varieties

of two

and

Races

varieties

are

both

species,
rarelyof

or

two

genera.
'

OF

SUBDIVISIONS

The

two

THE

VEGETABLE

KINGDOM

great sub-divisions of the vegetablekingdom

are:

Phanerogams or floweringplants and Cryptogams or flowerless

plants.
The Phanerogams are further divided into:
AngiospermSicharacterized by having their seeds enclosed within
a box-like covering.
Gymnosperms, which have their seeds borne naked.
(They are

polycotyledonous.)
The
Angiosperms are
seed leaves
or
cotyledons,

classified according to
in the

of their

embryo, into:

Monocotyledonous plants,which have

Corn and Ginger,and
Dicotyledonous plants,which have two
and

the number

cotyledon,as

one

Indian

as
Burdock,
cotyledons,

Ipecacuanha.
VEGETABLE
CELLULAR

The

bodies of all plantsare

called cells.

CYSTOLOGY
STRUCTURE

made

up

of

one

or

more

units of structure

CELL

PROTOPLASMIC

cell is

mass

Protoplasm
substance

of

is the

CONTENTS

protoplasmcontaininga
more

in which

or

3
nucleus.

less semi-fluid,
viscid,
foamy, and

life resides.

It is the

"physicalbasis

lar
granu-

of life."

Vegetable cells generallyhave cell walls of cellulose surrounding the

livingprotoplasmof the cell (protoplast).
Cells divide to form

tissues.

Protoplasmic

Protoplasmconsists
(a) CytOplaBtn,or

Cell

Contents

of four well-differentiated

the

portions:

foamy, often granularmatrix

of

protoplasm

outside of the nucleus.

Rarvwomf,

Uwcytfr

pUsmic KHtlH

(b) Nucleus

or

Nuclearplastn,a

denser

regionof protoplasmcontaining

chromatin,a substance staining

heavilywith certain basic dyes.
(c)Nucleolus,a small body of dense protoplasmwithin the nucleus.
(d) Plastids,
tered
composed of plastid
plasm,small discoid bodies scatabout in the cytoplasm. Sometimes,as in the cells of lower plants
like the

are
Spirogyra,
plastids
largeand

are

then called

chromatophores.

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

Accordingto the positionof the cells in which plastidsoccur and

the work they perform, they differ in color,viz. :
found in the underground portions
Leucoplastsare colorless plastids
of
up

plant and also in seeds,and

starch from

reserve

change the

sugar

other

and

starch back

reserve

when

into sugar

plant.
found
Chloroplastsare plastids

well

it is needed

in cells exposed to

as

for the

lightand

contain

cells
the

tion
independent of their relayellow or orange pigment

chromophyll.

During

cell division another

protoplasmicbody

appears

called

centrosome.

Contents

Cell

Non-protoplasmic
Assimilation.
I.

to

pigment,chlorophyll.

Chromoplasts are plastidsfound in

and contain
to lightor darkness
called

carbohydratesas

is to build

the

growth of
the green

Their function

the egg cell.

Starch
Reserve.

2.

Inulin.

3.

Sugars such

gentianose,
4.

as

dextrose,

levulose,

mannitol.

Cell-sapcolors (insolution

of cell

sap).

5. Alkaloids.
6. Glucosides.
7

Neutral

Principles.

8. Feebly basic substances.

grains.

9. Aleurone

Rosette
monoclinic
10.

Calcium

Oxalate

Crystal

aggregates,
prisms.
fibres.

Raphides.
Micro-crystals.
11.

Cystoliths.

12.

Tannin.

13. Gums
14.

and

Mucilage.

Oils.

15. Resins.
Proteolytic.
16.

Enzymes

]Diastases.
Invertases.

saccharose,

maltose,

PHAKMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

layer within layer until the cells are

by depositsof lignin,
A lumen
is found within the
nearlyfilled with this substance.

thickened
often

of

centre

stone

leadingoutward
stone

cells.

in barks

and

Stone

and

is in communication

cell which

in communication
cells

seeds.

distributed

are

They

with

with

radial pore

the pore canals of

in fruits

as

canals

adjacent

grittyparticles,

supportingstructures.

are

Stone cellsfrom different sources,

Fic. 2.
i, From coffee;
2, 3 and 4, from stem
of clove; 5 and 6, from tea leaf;7, 3 and g, from powdered star-anise seed.
(From
Sleitns after
Modler.)
"

Epidermisis the

coveringtissue of a plantand is protective

in function.
be brick-shaped,
Its cells may
or
polygonal,
equilateral
with a
in outUne.
Their outer
walls are cutinized (infiltrated
wavy
waxy-likesubstance called cutin). Among the epidermalcells of
outer

leaves and young green stems

stoma) surrounded by
(sing,
cells.

beneath
spaces

oft

The

stomata

them

are

which

may

and

numerous

in direct communication

in turn

take

pores

or

stoma

ta

called guard
cells,
pairsof crescent-shaped

are

of the tissue beneath.

watery vapor

be found

The
in

or

in communication
function

give off

of the
carbon

with

air chambers

with
stomata

intercellular
is to

dioxide,water

give
and

WOODY

In addition

oxygen.

which

stomata

remain

and lie over

circular

with

or

one

Endodermis

is

some

leaves possess

stomata
transpiration
in outline,
giveoff water

quantityof

connection

to storaata

difier from
are

open,

FIBERS

small-celled

groups

in that
in

of water

they always

droplets
directly,

glandularmaterial which

is in

fibrovascular bundles.

more

the

starch

layerof cells,
constituting
innermost
layer of cortex

sheath
the

radial walls

whose

are

more

or

less suberized.

Cork

tissue is composed

suberous

or

of cells of tabular
whose

walls

mostly filled
containinga yellow or

air

brownish

It is derived

substance.

the

from

possess

Its cellffare

layers.
with

shape,

suberized

phellogenor

which

outwardly.

cork

oft

cuts

Cork

bium
cam-

cork

tissue is devoid

of intercellular air spaces.

in function.
protective

It is

Laticiferous tissue is to be
in many

groups

among

which

UrticaceiE
,,
ceUsare

of

-,

white

the

Asclepia-

and

Papaveracese. Its
J
elongated,
tubular,often
1

(.

penetrate all the

.

"

iL

plantsm which they are

They contain a milky-

foimd.
.

seen

plantsprincipal

are

and
,

organs

of

branched

cells

or

colored emulsion

of gumcaoutchouc,and

the surface; 3, group of cells from petal

of Viola tricolor;
4, two epidermalcellsin
thickened outer wall
cross-section
differentiated into three layers, namely,
cutinized layer(shaded),
outer Cuticle,
an
cellulose
^j
;"""
^"
layer; 5 and 6
epidermal outgrowths in the form of
(i after Strasburter,4
scales and hairs,
Bary.)
afUr Socks, and s

shoirilig

"

afur'de

resins,fat,wax,
in some
tannins,salts ferments, etc.
cases, alkaloids,
Cribiform

or

Sieve

tissue

consists

thin-walled cellswhose transverse

tubular,
perforated,
permittingof the passage of
one

superimposed,elongated,
called sieve plates,
are
walls,

of

albuminous

substances

from

cell to another.

Woody Fibres
elements

found in

thick- walled,and taper-ended

lignefied
elongated,
fibrovascular
bundle
the xylem regionof the
accom-

are

PHARMACEUTICAL

panying the

trachea

Woody

pores.

Hard

Bast

elements

(ducts). The

fibres are
is

the

composed

called bast fibres.

as

4.

"

seen

walls of these fibres show

oblique
xylem.
thick-walled
elongated,spindle-shaped,

supportingelements of the

of

The

Laticiferous vessels from

and B
under low poner
Sletens afterSachs )
Fig.

A,

BOTANY

characteristic

thickeningof the walls

the cortex of root of Scorozonora

hispanica.
a, smaller portion under high power.
{From

of lignin
deposits
upon the inner surface of the
Like the woody fibres the lumlna of these contain
cellulose cell wall.
air and the fibre walls are providedwith obliquepores.
Bast is the
supportingtissue of the phloem.
of these fibres is due to

MEDULLARY

Tracheary tissue
both of which
and have

are

consists of tracheae

found

in the

their function

as

solution from

HAYS

the roots

and tracheids,
(ductsor vessels)

xylem regionof

the conduction

upward.

The

the fibrovascular bundle

of water

tracheae

or

with
ducts

mineral salts in

elongated,

are

tubes with occasional cross- walls and having characteristic

lignefied
slightly
their inner surface.
Trachese are classified as:
on
thickenings
Annular, with ring-like
thickenings.
with
Spiral,
spiral
thickenings.
Reticulate, with reticulate thickenings.
with spherical
PoRODS
or Pitted
or
obliqueslit pores.

A,
Fig. 5. Cross-section through a portionof a root of Acorus calamus.
At
Cortical parenchyma; B. endoderrais; C. pericycle;E. phloem F. xylem.
tubes near
the
formed last,the narrow
Y, V, are large tracheal tubes, which were
of
first.
At
the
the
within
the
circle
center
ot
the
formed
root,
periphery
xylem bdng
of vascular bundles, occur
thin-walled parenchymatous pith cells. (FththSayre
"

afterFrank.)
Tracheids

are

undevelopedducts having bordered

thickenings.
Medullary Rays are bands of parenchymatous

pores

and

quently
fre-

scalariform

from

xylem

to

the cortex
a

pith(primarymed. rays)or from

med. rays).
phloem (secondary

to the

part of the

ally
radicells extending
a

part of the

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

of Zea mays.
bundle of stem
VG, Bundle sheath; L, intercellular
A, ring from an annular tracheal tube; SP, spiraltrache^tube;
M, pittedvessels;V, sieve tubes; 5, companion cells;
CP, crushed primary sieve
tissue. {From
tubes; P, tlJin-walled
parenchyma of the ground or fundamental
Sayre afterStrasburger.)

Fig. 6.

"

Closed

space;

Fig. 7,
"

^Transversc section of

surrounding the

concentric bundle

from

the rhizome

of Iris.

phlofim. (, TracIieEe;('.protoxylem; s, sieve tubes;g.

companioncellsof the internal phloem portion. (From Sayre afterVines.)
Xylem

ACORUS

Fig.

8.
"

Transverse

section

CALAMUS

^o" central pait

of the root

of Acoras

ctilamus,

Cortex; e, endoderoiis;p, pericycle;

wood-bundles,
s, primary xylem or
with small spiralvessels of the protoxylem externdly; v, phloHraportiono" vascular
bundles; m, pith. (From Sayre aflerStrasburger.)
c,

SchlerenchTDU

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

I
Fio. lo.^Stages in the development oi the elements of the xylem. A, progressive
of procambialor cambial
steps in the development of a tracheal tube,
i, Row
cells that are to take part in the formation of a tube; i, the same
at a later stage
their cross^waUs
larger,
enlarged in all dimensions; 3, the cells in a have grown
have been dissolved out, and the wall has become
thickened and pitted;4, the
walls in 3 have become more
thickened,the pitshave an overhanging border, the
walls have become lignified
and finally
the protoplasts
as indicated by the stippling,
and dead,
have disappeared,and the tube is mature
B, Stages in the formation
of tracheids from procambial or cambial cells. The steps are the same
as in vl,
exceptingthat the cross-walls remain and become pitted. C, steps in the development
cells, i, Cambial
of wood fibers from cambial
cells;2, the same
growth
largerin all dimensions with cells shoving past each other as they elongate;3, a

PHARMACEUTICAL

14

BOTANY

with xylem central in bundle.

Seen in stems
and
(a) Concentric,
leaves of nearlyall ferns and the LycopodiacecB.
with phloem central in bundle.
Seen in stems
and
(b) Concentric,
leaves of some
Monocotyledons, Ex. : Calamus.
V. Radial, characterized by a number
of xylem and phloem masses
with one
Seen in the roots of all Spermatophytes
another.
alternating
and Pteridophytes,
is that

Xylem

fibres.

cells and

part of
It may

fibrovascular bundle

also contain

that contains

wood

seldom sieve
tracheae,
tracheids,

tubes.
is that part of

Phloem

and
tubes,phloem cells,

Classification of

fibrovascular

often bast fibres.

Tissues

According to

their particular
function,tissues may

Phloem
Sieve

Tissues

III. Mechanical

PLANT

An

organ

is

part of

be classifiedas

"

^Accordingto

follows:

cells.

tubes.

Epidermis (outercell walls cutinized)

Tissues

II. Protective

Function.

Parenchyme (Fundamental tissue).

Xylem cells.
Tracheae
(ducts).

Tissue

I. Conducting

that contains sieve

bundle

Cork

(suberizedtissue).

Bast

fibres.

Wood

fibres.

Stone

cells.

ORGANS
an

AND

organism

ORGANISMS

made

up

of several

tissues and

work.
special
capable of performingsome
An organism is a livingentitycomposed of different organs or parts
with functions which are
sential
separate, but mutually dependent, and esto

the life of the individual.

tive.
floweringplantsare either Vegetative or ReproducThe vegetative
hairs, roots,
organs of higherplantsare plant
ration
and leaves.
They are concerned in the absorptionand elaboSTEMS,
of food materials either for tissue-building
or
storage.
those structures
include
of
The
higherplants
reproductiveorgans
fruit and
function it is to continue the species,
whose
viz.,the floiyjifer,
The

seed.

organs

of

The

ripened seed

is the

product of reproductiveprocesses, and the

startingpoint in the life of all Phanerogams. The livingpart of the
seed is the embryo, which, when
developed,consists of four parts, the
or
caulicle,
rudimentary stem, the lower end of which is the beginning
of the root, or radicle. At the upper
extremityof the stem are two
thickened
bodies,closelyresemblingleaves,known
as cotyledons,and
between
these a small bud or plumule.
The
function
of the cotyledonis to build up nourishment
for the
rudimentaryplantletuntil it developstrue leaves of its own.

The

The

Root

is that part of the

plant that grows into or toward

soil,that never
develops leaves, rather rarelyproduces buds,
whose
growing apex is covered by a cap.
The
functions
of a root are absorption,
storage and support.

Fig.

12.

root

Cross-section of rootlet in the region of the root

"

hairs.

principalfunction is the absorptionof nutriment

generallyhas branches

rootlets covered

or

absorbing surface. These root

of
simple structure,being merely elongations

back

of the root

The

tipof

known

as

point,but
the

soil.

PLEROME,
DERMATOGEN,
root

cap.

The

cap

each
the

into slender

rootlet is
root

serves

cap,
as

tubes

not

mechanical

generative tissues

to

this end

the

epidermisof

it

largely

of minute

are

Its

and

the root

with thin walls.

protectedby
which

hairs

and

{From Sleiens.)

with root hairs which

the

increase

and

the

sheath-

or

scale-like covering

only protects the delicate growing

aid in pushing its way
through

in the

region of

producing fibrovascular tissue;PEnrBLEU,

producing epidermis;and calyptrogen,

the

root

cap

are:

producingcortex;
producing the

PHARMACEUTICAL

DIFFERENCES
The

BETWEEN

2.

Contains

no

4.

Branches

arranged irregularly.
bear

not

2.

3.

Chlorophyllsometimes

4.

Branches

leaf rudi-

or

Stem

Ascendingaxis of plant.
Growing pointapical.

i.

chlorophyll.
leaves

STEM
The

3.

5. Does

AND

ROOT

Root

Descending axis of plant.

Growing point sub-apical.

1.

BOTANY

5. Bears

present.
"^

with mathematical
regularity.
modifications.

leaves and

ments.

6. Structure better

comparativelysimple.

6. Structure

Classification of Roots

to Form.

as

i.

Primary

first

or

root,

seed,which,if greatlyin excess of the

Ex. : Taraxacum, Radish.
lateral roots,is called the main
or tap
root.
the
later
Secondary
are
roots
2.
produced by
growths of the stem,
direct downward

such

and
The

the

with soil and

covered

are

as

growth

from

"

defined.

secondaryroots

suppliedwith

be either fibrous

may

good examples of
be multiple,as those

are

grasses

moisture.

Both

fleshy.
plants having fibrous

mary
pri-

or

of the

roots.

Dahlia, may assume

Fleshy
may
simple forms, as follows:
like that of the radish or parsnip.
Fusiform^or spindle-shaped,
somewhat
ruptly
globularand becoming abNapiform or turnip-shaped,
slender then terminatingin a conical tap root, as the roots of
the turnip.
Conical,having the largestdiameter at the base then tapering,as
in the Maple.
of irregular
are
roots
or unusual
habits,subserving
3. Anomalous
roots

other

the normal.

than

purposes

or

4. Adventitious

such

in abnormal

placeson
leaves.
on
Bryophyllum
developing
plant.
of epiphytes,common
the roots
to tropical
roots,
5. Epiphytic
reach
soil
the
f
or
at
but
all,
clingto the bark
forests, example, never
Ex.

the

6. The

roots

hosts,and
and

Dodder

Annual

seed in

use.

occur

the air.

from

Ex.

Roots

of Vanilla.

These
plants are known as haustoria.
parasitic
of plantsupon
which they find lodgment, known
nutritious

absorb
are

of Root.

of the root, as

for future

of

Geradia

Duration

as

Roots

the bark

penetrate

I.

are

and absorb nutriment

of trees

as

roots

"

juices from

them.

The

Mistletoe,

typicalparasites.
Plants

are

classified

to
according

the duration

follows:
plants

are

herbs with

They completetheir

singleseason,

then die.

containingno nourishment
fruit and
growth,producingflower,
roots

"

ROOT

HISTOLOGY

l^

plantsdevelopbut one set of organs the firstyear, and

food material
in the beet and turnip,
of reserve
as
etc.,a largeamount
is stored in the root for the support of the plantthe following
season
when
it flowers,
fnutSjand dies.
live indefinitely,
plants
as trees.
3. Perennial
Root
The
Histology. Monocotyledons.
histologyof monoings,
cotyledonousroots varies,
dependingupon relations to their surroundbe aquatic semi-aquatic,
which may
mesophytic,or xerophytic.
2.

"

Biennial

"

Croaa-section of root.
(34 diamO
A, Root
of
hairs;B, cork; C, parenchyma cortei; D, endodermis;", wood parenchyma
and
tube; B, phlofim. (Photomicrograph.) {From Sayre.)
fibers;P, water
Fig. 13.

"

Mexican.
Sarsaparilla,

In this connection

we

will discuss

the
cognicimportance,i.e.,

form

in the transverse

only the type of greatestpharmamefeophytic

type as seen in its most typical

section of

an

Onion

root.

Examining such a section from peripherytoward the centre, one

notes the following:
I.
Epidermiswith thin cuticle.
of broad zone
of rounded cells gettinglarger
a. Cortex,consisting

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

and then smaller in calibre.

These

store

starch and enable sap to pass

through.
layerof cells in the cortex with len3. Endodermis, or innermost
thickened radial walls.
ticularly
of one, two, or three layersof rounded,
4. Pericambium, a zone
which may
thin- walled,actively
dividingcells,
giverise to side rootlets.
monocotyledons
bundle, which in most
5. Radial fibrovascular
consists of eight,
patchesof phloem with
twelve,or fifteen alternating
Phloem
tissue consists of phloem cells
between.
radiatingxylem arms
tracheae the
and sieve tubes.
Xylem at tipsof arms, made of spiral
Internal to these are small pitted
firstxylem elements to mature.
vessels,
later,strikingpittedvessels and considerable wood fibre.
6. Pith.
Dicotyledons.

The

"

typicaldicotylroot

is

xylem alternatingwith four phloem patches.

unlimited power
of growth.
A. Of Primary Growth.
trans-section of

structure
1

from

Epidermiswith
H)^odermis.

2.

3. Cortex
4.

cutinized outer

its young

growth shows

lowing
the fol-

centre.

walls.

with

usuallysmall intercellular spaces.

Endodermis, or innermost layerof cells of the cortex

thickened

with

radially

walls.

5. Pericambium
may

root in
dicotyl
peripherytoward

tetrarch one, four

have an
These roots
a

produceside
6. Radial

of

one

layersof actively
growingcells which

to two

rootlets.

four,rarelytwo or three or five

six phloem patches alternating
Not
with as many
or
xylem arms.
to find bast or phloem fibre along outer face of each phloem
uncommon
vessels.
internal to these a few pitted
patch. Xylem has spiral
tracheae,
Then, as root ages, more
pittedvessels,also xylem cells and wood
fibres make
B.

fibrovascular bundle

of

their appearance

Of SecondaryGrowth,

(Most oiBEicial
roots.)
At about six weeks
cells dividing
notes
one
by tangentialwalls in
the inner curve
of phloem patches. This is intrafascicular cambium.
A single
layerof flattened cells starts to cut off on its inner side a quantity
of secondaryxylem and pushes out the patchesof bast fibres,
adds
the outer
side.
a littlesecondaryphloem on
Secondary xylem finally
fillsup the

patches between

the

arms.

The

patches of bast fibres get

THE

flattened
an

inner

The

out.

and

pericambium has
The

layer.

outer

(phellogen)
surroundingthe
the endodermis
on

its outer

BUD

It cuts

face,hence

19

tendencyto
layerbecomes

outer

bundle

inside

off cork

tissue

start division into

a

cork

cambium

"

liquidmaterial

all

is

in and
cortex
prevented from filtering
dermis,
includingendodermis, as well as the epishrivel and dry up and separate off
at

the age

cork

of two

to three

(phellogen)
may

cambium

secondary cortex internal

to the pholem.
Patches

of cells of
divide

pericambium

cambium.

intrafascicular

cambium

cambium
off

down

lay

to itself and

the

inner

rapidlyand

interfascicular

The

months.

layerof
join the

form

to

called

are

These

ring which

ternal
ex-

tinuous
con-

then

additionalsecondaryxylem on

cuts

its iimer

face. and

secondaryphloem on its outer

face pushing inward
the first-formed
or
the first-formed
protoxylem and outward
or

protophloem.

The

Bud

root

young

florus. A.

Buds

rudimentarystems with
mentary leaves compactly arranged
.

are

rudi-

endJ^ri^'
collectively)i

upon

". $,

,.

'^^'"-

The
the

sent

and

COTYLEDONS

first bud

on

PLUMDLE

the

initM

represtem

o,

Caulicle.
buds

leaf

are

rudiments

sedes, often
nous

coated

substance

within,
changes
Naked

primary xylem

to

Jltp.riir'i
'TtaSS

in climate.
are

for the

tis-

same

l^d'down
mldnU
^mbfumhis

have

their

transformed

into

laryrays in front of the primary

resi-

"j'iSl"',?."
pS'a?
Jj:!'"'

as

with

without and

protect

buds

such

bundle; S,

b, b,b, primaryphloSm bundle.

B, cross-section through older
portion of root of the same

letters stand

Scaly
outer

of Phaseolus multipr, cortex; m, pith;

withia the

them
Ex.

waxy
a

o,

downy lining phlofim.

from

sudden

(from

Siemens

after

'"*^''

Hickory.

those whose

leaf rudiments

are

destitute of

ings.
cover-

PHARMACEUTICAL

20

Leaf

BOTANY

develop leaves.
Flower
buds
are
unexpanded blossoms.
Mixed
contain both flower and foliage.
buds
As to position
either
buds are either terminal or axillary,
buds

the apex

of the stem
other

on

occur

termed

branch

or

situations

or

near

stem

roots

upon

If,as
happens,
of
the
the axil
leaf,it is called an

leaves

or

than

more

If

at

they

they are
one

bud

accessory bud.

Stem

The

The

or

often

adventitious buds.

forms in

in the axils of the leaves.

or

the stem,

on

located

is that part of the

of leaves

and

its

fications
plant axis which bears leaves or modimatical
branches are usuallyarranged with mathe-

regularity.
The
roots

functions of

with

When

leaves,and
the stem

stem

to bear

are

conduct

leaves

branches, connect

or

sap.

ground and is apparent, the plant is

rises above

said to be caulescent.
When

no

stem

is

but only flower

visible,

or

leaf

the plant is
stalks,

said to be acaulescent.
Stems

vary

in size from

of
scarcelyone-twenty-fifth

an

inch in

length,as in certain mosses, to a remarkable

heightof 400 ft. upward.
The giantSequoia of California attains the heightof 420 ft.
Direction of Stem Growth.
Generallythe growth of the stem is
it may
erect.
be:
Very frequently
Ascending, or risingobliquely
upward.
Reclining, or at first erect but afterward bending over and trailing
upon the ground. Ex. : Raspberry.
Procumbent, lyingwholly upon the ground.
upward.
Decumbent, when the item trails and the apex curves
"

Ex.

Vines of the Cucurbitaceae.

Repent, creepingupon

the

ground and rootingat the nodes,as the

Strawberry.
Stem
very

Elongation. At the tipof the stem

activelydividingcells (meristem)which

the stem.

"

All the tissues of the stem

are

there is found
is the

time

to

group

of

growing point of

derived from

growing point whose activity

gives rise in
regionswhich are from without,inward:
(i) Dermatogen, forming epidermis;

the cells of the

three

generative

PHARMACEUTICAL

22

more

BOTANY

Underground Stems." A khizome

less scaly,sendingoff roots
or

from

[its
upper.

The

bearinga
with the
The
borne

scars

terminal

grows

bud

is

short and

usuallyat

the

buds.

or

eyes

end

of

creepingunderground stem,

from

its lower

surface

and

stems

or
horizontally,
vertically

at its tip. Its upper

of the bases of aerial stems

TxJBEH

numerous

rhizome

Is

surface

liquely,
ob-

is marked

of

previousyears.
undergroundstem,
slender,creepingbranch, and having
Tubers
of the Potato, Aconite, and

thickened
excessively
a

Ex.:

Jalap.

Fig. is.

Fig. i6.

Fig. 15.
Photomicrograph of cross-section of very young cornstalk,where the
piocambium strands have just gone over into vascular bundles. For comparison
Tdth Fig. 16. {From Sleiens.)
older than
Fig. 16. Photomicrograph of cross-section of cornstalk somewhat
in Fig. 15. Compare with Fig. i5,andnotice that thenumberof
vascularbundlesis
tissue
in both, and the number
oi ceUs in the fundamental
approximately the same
the same.
Growth in Fig.1 6 has been accomplished by the enlargeis approximately
ment
of the ceUs already present in Fig. 15. a. Epidermis; b, cortex and pericycle;
or
ground tissue corresponding to pith and medullary rays with
c, c, fundamental
vascular bundles interspersedthrough it. (From Slnens.)
"

"

The

is

CORM

an

characterized

and
upper
A
lower

surface and
BULB

is

face and

rootlets from

very

short

leaves from

and

the lower

surface.

scaly stem, producing

BULBS

are

roots

from

the

the upper,

completelycovered by broad
Daffodil.
concentric coatings. Ex. : Onion, Squill,

TtraiCATED

form

thickened
and solid
underground stem excessively
by the production of buds from the centre of the

scales

which

HISTOLOGY

Scaly

have

bulbs

the inner.

Tubers

and

ANNUAL

Ex.

annual.

are

and

into

outer

an

of

Bulbs

Endogenous

cambium.

cortical

or

tlieouter
scales,

Stems."

to presence

regionand

stems

23

ones

not

closing
en-

Lily.

Endogenous
and
Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons
due

STEM

DICOTYL

imbricated

narrow

cobms

Exogenous

of

OF

and

Exogenous
can

Such
an

Rhizomes

inner

increase

perennial.

typical
in thickness
materially
stems

show

stems
or

are

central

are

differentiation

cylinder
region.

are

tjT)icalof Monocotyledons
and

increase

cannot

in thickness
of

due to absence

cambium.

show

stems

rially
mate-

no

Such

tion
differentia-

into cortical and central

regions.
Histology of Annual
nual
DicotylStem." (In both anand perennialdicotyledonous
endodermis

stems

and

pericambium are
since

seen

each

rarely

has become

similar to cortex

through
passage of food,etc)
1.
Epidermis, CUtinized,
so

with hairs
'

2.

three

Cortex
zones:

outer

an

cortex,

whose

walled

and

cells

contain
,

"

plasts; a middle or
of
cortex, consisting
indurated

walls

The

or

are

Fig. 17." Photomicrograph of cross-section

'"'^stem
of Aristolochia sipno,where cambial
activity is just beginning, a, Epidermis; b,.
collenchynia;c, thin-walled parenchyma of the
"""''"'?. innermost ceU Layer of which is the
starch sheath or endodermis; d, sclerenchyma
ring of the pericyde;*,thin-walled parenchyma

'^"

exo-

thin

f, primary medullary ray;

'^'^^^
Pfncyde;
phloem; A, xylem; 1, interfascicular cambium;

chloro,.

medio-

medulla

or

pith.

x^o.

innermost

(From Sietens.)

cells of

and strength,
an inner or endopliability
thin and thieked- walled parenchyme cells.

zone

of

layerof

cells of the cortex

called the endodermis.

(Not generally
distinguishable.)
(Not generallydistinguishable.)
4. Pericambium.
bundles of open
collateral type arranged in
S- Fibrovascular
circle with primary medullaryrays between the bundles.
6. Pith.

g,
j,

givingextreme

cortex, a very broad

3.

of

composed

V
PHARMACEUTICAL

24

Fig. i8.

"

BOTANY

A diagram to show the character of the tissues and their dispositio

{from Stevens.)
young stem of the typicaldicotyledontype,

PERENNIAL

Growth
stem
dicotyl

By

of Perennial

DICOTYL

DicotylStem

and

STEM

its Histol(^. A
"

in tliefirstyear does not differin structure

the close of the year

cork cambium

from

perennial
an

annual.

has originated
side
be(phellogen)

the

of two methods:
epidermis. In originof cork cambium^one
(a)either the epidermismay divide into an outer layerof cells that remains

and
epidermis

an

inner

layerof cells that

becomes

cork

cambium,

26

PHARMACEUTICAL

(b)the

BOTANY

comes
layerof cortex cells underneath the epidermisbeactive after beingpassivefor one year, and laysdown walls,
the
cork
the
of
cork.
inner layerbecoming
outer becoming a layer
cambium,
The cork cuts ofifwater and food supplies
from epidermis
outside and so
epidermis
separatesand falls ofifas stringylayer. The cork cambium
producescork on its outer face and secondarycortex on itsinner.
Between
the bundles certain cells of the primary medullary rays
become very active and form interfascicularcambium
which joinsthe
of the first-formed bundles (intraf
cambium
ascicular cambiiun)to form
the
of these cama complete cambium
ring. By
rapidmultiplication
bial cells new (secondary)
and new
xylem iscut off internally
(secondary)
or
phloem externally,
pushing inward the first-formed,
protoxylem,
thus increasing
the first-formed,
the
and outward
or
protophloem,
The
diameter of the stem.
primary medullary rays are deepened.
also
rise
Cambium
to
give
secondarymedullaryrays.
may
and Asclepias,
instead
Sometimes,as in Grape Vines,Honeysuckles,
of cork cambium
f
rom
cells
arise
cortex
it may
outer
at any
arising
cork
is
of
the
It
in
cambium
cortex.
at
point
origin
varyingdepths
or,

that

outermost

extensive sheets of tissue to separate off.

causes

givesthe stringyappearance
At

"

to

DicotylStem

we

Epidermis development of dermatogen or periblem

absent.
off,later on entirely

2.

Cork

"

3. Cork

"

tissue

or

cambium

into

peeling

cut off by
containingchloroplasts
phelloderm.
cells of cortex may
undergo modification into
etc.
spiralcells,
crystalcells,
receptacles,

of thin-walled
on

cells

inner face known

perennialstem
into tannin
mucilagecells,

6. Fibrovascular

in process of

phellogen.

or

zone

in

"

note:

periderm.

cork cambium
5. Cortex

is what

of climbers.

1.

4. Sometimes

-43

the stems

close of first year in Perennial

That

as

of open collateral type

which are
and between
circle,

bundles

compact

which

are

found

primaryand

now

arranged
often

secondarymedullaryrays.
tissues make
without inward the following
up f. v. bundles.
f Hard Bast long tenacious bast fibres.
Protophloem
\ Soft Bast phloem cells and sieve tubes.
Secondary Phloem
active layergivingrise to secondaryphloem on outer
Cambium
xylem on inner face,and adding to depth of med. rays.
tracheids.
pittedvessels,
Secondaryxylem wood fibres,
tracheae.
Protoxylem spiral
From

"

"

"

"

"

"

Pith.

and

ondary
sec-

LENTICELS

Leaticels and
of

AND

THEIR

Their Formation

FORMATION

27

epidermisin
produces stomata, apertures,surrounded by

cases

The

"

great majority

pairof guard

through a. lenticel of Sambiuus

nigra. E, Epidermis;
of the
L,
loosely
disposed cells of the lenticel;PL, cambium
PH, phellogen;
lenticel;
PS, phelloderm;
C, cortical parenchyma containing dilorophyll.
{Prom
Sayre afterStrasburger.)
Fig.

20.

Cross-section

"

which
cells,

function

as

for gases

passages

to the active cells of the cortex

There
the

regionbeneath
which

the

from

and

beneath.

stomata

cells from

looselyarranged
rain and

watery vapor

early origmatein

very

cambium

and

swell

during

up

rupture, forming

fissures in the

cork

cork

convex

layer,called

lenticels.
function

The

lenticels is

of

similar to that of stomata,

to

cells of the

trees

beneath.

cortex

Annual

woody

Thickening. 'In

and

the

givesrise to

secondary
.

every

summerandautumn.

xylem

as

persistent

xyiem thickemng
cylinderof

such

stems

shrubs

,.

spring,

Soonagreat
"

anses

stitutes the wood

branches.

all

"

exogenous

cambium

of delicate

of aSration

permit

namely,

In the

little woody fibre

which

of the trunk

con-

21."

Part

of

a.

uansverse

sec-

twig of the lime four years old.

m, Pith; "is, medullary sheath;I, secondary wood; PA; phloem. 2, 3,4, annual
ends
outer
rmgsif.cambium; fo^^ated
o! medullary rays; b, blast;pr, pnmary
Vines.)
{From Sayri after
cortex; A,cork.
a

and

spring,growth
are

Fig.

tion of

is

more

producedwhile

in

active,and largeducts with

summer

or

autumn

growth

is

28

PHAEIMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

lessened and small ducts and

much

mechanical

fibre

woody

formed.

are

Thus

the

looselyarrangedproduct

open,

of

the

and

spring growth
on
ranged
densely arproduct of the last
and autumn
growth
the
sharp contrast

marks

the

abuts

the

summer

periodsof growth.
the two
different regions
growth is given the

To
of

of "annual

term

counting the
these ringsit
estimate
or

ring." By
of

number
is

possibleto

the age of the

tree

branch.

Bark.-:" Bark

bork

or

is a

appliedto all that portion

of a woody exogenous
plant axis outside of the
term

cambium

line.

pharmacognic work,

In

bark

is divided

zones,

these

inward

being:

1.

Outer

2.

Middle

into

from

three

without

Bark

or

Bark

or

Cork.

tical
Cor-

Pabekchyme.
Fig. 2i."
Part
of a cross-aection through
branch of Cylisus loburnum.
(The branch was
cut from the tree at the end of October.) From
-4 to " the last annual ring of wood; from A to
tracheal tubes
(r, T, T); between B and C and D and ZJ are
wood-fibers;between C and D and D and E,
wood parenchyma; from E to F, canbium; F to
(i,phloem portion; Gto H, cortical parenchyma;
M" medullary ray.
Below
A
the last woodfibers and wood parenyma
formed the previous

f..'^.S^P^Tf""*J^'^^^^Se

year.

{From Sayre afterHaberlandt.)

3- INNER

Bakk

or

Phloem.

bark

Commeraally,
di id d
which
^^^

into

are,

two

is

zones,

passingfrom

with-

inward"
i
2.

OuTER

Bare

InNErBaRK

Parenchyme

(Cobk).
(CORTICAL

and

Phloem).

PHAKMACEUTICAL

30
Branched

weed.

hairs

Mullein.

be

can

seen

BOTANY

and

Geranium

the

upon

of the

leaves

field

common

Stinging nettle afford examples

the

glandularhairs.

of

Plant hairs
nourishment
Those

are

in the form

which

servfe

as

silicified,
renderingthem

They absorb

different purposes.
of moisture
and mineral matter

adapted

to many

protectionto the plant may

unfit for animal food, or,
with

charged

into the wound.

cloggingof the
of dust.
They

in the

as

and

nettle,

of insects and

ravages

by

stomata

the

accumtilation

an

important office in the

with their aid
as
fruits,

fillan

of
dispersion

seeds and

such

those of the

as

barbed

fluid,
irritating
penetrating
the poison
touched, injecting
A dense coveringof hairs

prevents the

seeds

be

an

the skin when

also

in solution.

milkweed

by the wind.
reproductive
oi^ans

ily
read-

are

scattered
The

modified

are

of many

the

hairs,as

Cryptogams
sporangia

of Ferns.

The
Fig.
24.^Different
forms
of epidermal out-

Leaves

'"'"
cJ'h."x''rS"J.t
3,

climbing hair

from

"'=''

Stem,

stem

of Saccharum

stem

appendages

which

"""*

'^ '^' "p"

"' '^'

regularly
arranged upon
expansionsof its tissues.

The

ofBci-

are
(folia)
"*" i"'

are

Bistot
a?r.fi^S!;?S'S
Stem

Leaf

functions

of

leaf

LZ?fcp"'''s"'.S~1

are

assimilation,
respiraUonand

hairofUrticaurens.

The

{Fig.3
"^^"'"^^

frlmHaMai(U)

most

of

con-

photosynthesis,
transpiraUon.
^

plantsis
inorganic into organic

essential

^^'^ conversion

it,and

function

of

in the green
matter; this takes placeordinarily
and
chlorophyll,
parts,containing

in these

when

exposed

to

suiJight.

the extent of green surface.

Foliageis an adaptationfor increasing
The leaf when
petiole,
complete consists of three parts, lamina,
the
into
is
the
of
and STIPULES.
lamina
blade
The
stem
or
expansion
less delicate framework, made
a more
01
up of the branching vessels

of the

petiole.
The petioleis

appearingat

the leaf stalk.

the base

of the

The

are
stipules
petiole.

leaf-like

appendages

THE

leaf of the

The
of

TulipPoplaror
CompleteLeaf.
the

Sometimes

by

its base

and

lamina

or

LEAP

31

affords

Liriodendron

blade

is attached

is then said to be

sessile.

good example

directiyto the

If the

stem

is present,
petiole

petiolate.
are
absent,the leaf is said to be exstipulate,
stipules
when present,stipulate.
is seldom cylindrical
in form, but usuallychannelled
The petiole

When

Fig. 25.

"

leaf

Stereogram of leaf

structure.

Intercellular spaces

the upper

on

in

pairsand
The

are

Part of a vdnlet is shown

shaded.
(From Sleiens.)

are
stipules

or
side,flattened,
compressed. The
closelyresemble the leaf in structure.

blade of the leaf consists of the

the right.

on

framework, made

up of

always

branching

which are woody tubes pervadingthe soft tissue

petiole,
not only as supports
mesophyll,or leaf parenchyme,and serve

vessels of the

called
but

as

to conduct

veins

leaves such

as

many

Leaf Venation.
of many

"

nutritive

fluids.

Veins

are

absent

in

simple

of the Mosses.
Furcate

Cryptogams.

or

Forked

Venation

is characteristic

PHARMACEUTICAL

32
Parallel

is

Venation

BOTANY

typicalof the Monocotyledons,as Palms,

Lilies,
Grasses,etc.
Reticulate

the

characterize

Veins

Netted

or

as
Dicotyledons,

Poplar or Oak.
PiNNi-VEiNED

or

leaves

Feather-veined

intervals and

in

Palmately

extending from
regularmanner.
leaves

Veined

consist of

mid-vein

with lateral veinlets

the

the

Ex.

consist of

to

The

of Leaves.

Forms

blade,either

sessile or

Compound

Simple

frequent

leaves

of veins

number

are

Ex.

those

of

nearly

Maple leaf.
having a single

petiolate.

leaves

are

which
leaflets,

called

"

at

mid-vein

Calla.

size,
radiatingfrom petioleto margin.

same

margin

divided

into two

or

more

distinct subdivisions

be either sessile or

petiolate.
scribed
Simple leaves and the separate blades of compound leaves are desurface
as to generaloutline,
apex, base,marginalindentations,
may

and texture.

(a) General

(form viewed as a whole without regard to

indentations of margin). Dependent upon kind of venation.
When
the lower veins are longerand largerthan the others,the leaf
is Ovate, or Egg-shaped. Parallel-veined leaves are
usuallylinear,
like
of nearlyequal breadth throughout,or lanceolate,
long and narrow
the linear with the exceptionthat the broadest part is a littlebelow the
Outline

centre.

Elliptical, somewhat
sides.

Ex.

Leaf

longer than

wide, with

rounded

ends

and

of Pear.

Oblong, when longerthan broad, margins parallel.Ex. : Matico.

Oblique, margin longeron one side than the other,as the Hamamelis
and

Elm.

shape. Ex. : Nasturtium.

Peltate, or shield-shaped,
having the petioleinserted at the
centre
Ex.: the Nasturtium, Podophyllum.
ot the lamina.
as
Filiform, or thread-like,
Asparagus
very long and narrow,
Orbicular,

circular in

leaves.
Ex.:
broadly elliptical.

Ovate,

Digitalis.Obovate, reversely

ovate.

Ex. : Chimaphila.
Oblanceolate, reverselylanceolate.
Cuneate, shaped like a wedge with the point backward.
base and broad
Spatulate, like a spatula,with narrow
apex.

Ex.

Uva

Ursi.

rounded

MARGIN

OF

tippedwith

LEAF

33

needle-like

point,as Juniper,
letter A, as Chenopodium.
Deltoid, when the shape
(b) Apex of Leaf. Acute, when the margins form an acute angle
at the tipof the leaf.
Ex. : Eriodictyon.
taperingthan the
Acuminate, when the point is longerand more
Ex. : Pellitory.
acute.
Ex.: Buchu.
Obtuse, blunt or round.
Truncate, abruptlyobtuse,as if cut square off.
MucRONATE, terminatingin a short,soft point.
Cuspidate, like the last,except that the point is long and rigid.
Aristate, with the apex terminatingin a bristle.
Ex. : Pilocarpus.
Emarginate, notched.
Retuse, with a broad, shallow sinus at the apex.
Obcordate, inverselyheart-shaped.
(c)Base of Leaf.
Cordate, heart-shaped. Ex. : Lime.
Reniform, kidney-shaped. Ex. : Ground Ivy.
when
the lobes point outward
from
Hastate, or halbert-shaped,
the petiole. Ex. : Aristolochia Serpentaria.
AuRicuLATE, having ear-like appendage at the base.
Sagittate, arrow-shaped. Ex.: Bindweed.
line.
(d) Margin of Leaf.
Entire, when the margin is an even
Serrate, with sharp teeth which incline forward like the teeth
of a hand-saw.
Ex. : Peppermint.
teeth. Chestnut.
Dentate, or toothed,with outwardly projecting
Crenate, or Scalloped,similar to the precedingforms, but with
Salvia.
the teeth much
Ex.: Digitalis,
rounded.
AcEROSE

AcicuLAR,

or

of the Greek

"

"

"

Undulate,margin a wavy line.

sinuous than the last.
distinctly
Sinuate, when the margin is more
incisions.
Ex. : Hawthorn.
Incised,cut by sharp,irregular
RuNCiNATE, the peculiarforna of pinnatelyincised leaf observed
Repand,

in the

or

"

Dandelion

and

other

some

Compositaein

which

the

extend

nearlyto

teeth

are

recurved.
leaf is

A LoBED

in which

one

mid-vein,or mid-rib,as
or both,being rounded.
Cleft

commonly
A

is the
acute.

Ex.

as

it is

usuallycalled,the segments

Ex.

Sassafras.

lobed,except that

Dandelion.

one

in which

Ex.

leaf is

Parted

mid-rib.

same

the indentations

Geranium

maculatum.

the sinuses

the incisions extend

are

or

the

sinuses,

deeper,and

nearly to

the

PHARMACEUTICAL

34
the

In

segments

leaf the

Divided

If the

stalked.

not

are

venation

BOTANY

incisions

Ex.

extend

to

the

mid-rib,but

the

Watercress.

is

pinnate,the preceding forms may be described

as
pinnately incised,lobed, parted, or divided. If the venation is
radiate,then the terms radiatelyor palmately lobed, incised,etc.,

employed.

are

The
one,

in many

that

so

given
and

transition from

form

is to

be

Compound

to

Leaves

is

very

instances it is difficult to determine

regarded as

of the parts of

simple or compound.

gradual

whether
The

number

compound leaf correspond with the

terms are appliedto outline,
descriptive

arrangement

mode

Simple

of

venation,and the same

margin, etc.,as in simple leaves.
either pinnately or radiatelycompounded.
Leaves
are
They are
the leaf is terminated
said to be abruptlypinnate or paripinnatewhen
odd pinnateor imparipiunate
when it terminates
by a pair of leaflets;
the leafletsare alternately
with a singleleaflet. When
largeand small,
the terminal
interruptedlypinnate,as the Potato leaf. When
diminish in size toward
and the remaining ones
leafletis the largest,
base the form is known
as
lyrate,illustrated in the leaf of the

the leaf is

the

Turnip.
Radiatelyor palmatelycompound leaves have
to

the

apex

of the

petiole.When

these

are

two

the leafletsattached
in number

the leaf

or
or
binate;if three in number, trifoliate,
bifoliate,
ternate; when
If each of the leafletsof a palmately
four in number, quadrifoliate,
etc.
if this
compound leaf divides into three,the leaf is called bi-ternate;
form
again divides,a tri-ternate leaf results. Beyond this point the
leaf is known
as
decompound. Example of decompound leaf seen in

is

Cimicifuga.
Leaf

Texture.

"

Leaves

are

described

as:

Coca.
as
pliable,
Succulent, when thick and fleshy,as Aloes, and Live Forever.
Scarious, when dry and scaly.
Coriaceous, when thick and leathery,as Eucalyptus,Uva Ursi and
when

Membranous,

thin

and

Magnolia.
Leaf

Color.

Petaloid, when

"

of

some

brilliant color different from

the usual green, as the Coleus and Begonia,and other plantswhich

prized for the beauty of their foliagerather than their blossoms.
Leaf

Surface.

"

Any plant surface

is:

are

OF

DURATION

LEAVES

smooth
Glabrods, when perfectly
Ex.: Tuhp.

GLAucot;s,when

with

covered

Pellucid-pijncate,

when

free from

and

bloom,

dotted

35

with

as

the

oU

hairs

Cabbage

or

tuberances.
pro-

leaf.
the leaves

glands,as

of

Orange family.

the

leaves

Scabrous

Pubescent,

have

rough surface

with

covered

with

short,soft hairs.

Ex.:

ViLLOSE, covered with long and shaggyhairs.

SERiaous, silky. Ex.

points.

minute, hard

Strawberry,

Ex.

Forget-me-not.

Silverleai.

Fig. 26.

F:c. 27.

Cross-section through a portionof rubber leaf,showing the largepercentage of water-storage tissues on both sides of the leaf, and the relation of the
palisadeand spongy parenchyma to the lateral veins. {From SSetens.)
Fig. i7.
Surface view of the epidermisof a leaf showing several stomata.
The
guard cells are dotted. {From Hamaker.)
Fig. s6.

"

"

Hispid,when

covered

Ex.: Borage.
short,stiff hairs.
the Mullein leaf.
as
ToMENTOSE, denselypubescentand feit-like,
as in the Thistle.
Spinose,beset with spines,
Ex. : Sage.
Rugose, when wrinkled.
Verrucose, covered with protuberancesor warts.

Duratioii of Leaves,

"

with

^Leaves

vary

as

to

their

periodof

if they remain

green

in springand falling
in
Deciduous, if unfolding

autumn.

They

are

for

year

Persistent,
or

or

evergreen,

more.

Caducous,

or

fugacious,

if

falling
earlyin

the

season.

on

duration.
the tree

36

PHARMACEUTICAL

Like

BOTANY

roots, they differ greatlyas to duration in different latitudes.

Evergreen

trees

that many

of

most

are

deciduous

our

in the

common

become

trees have

it is

and
tropics,

probable
by adaptationto

such

the colder climate.

Leaf

Insertion.

^The

"

called the insertion.

when

attached

the base of

When

Ex.

Urularia

When
called

the

bases

of two

branch.

completelyaround the
pass through the blade.

appearing to
Bellwort.

the stem

more

oppositeleaves

called

are

stem.

less at the

or

base,it is

Poppy (Papaver somniferum).

Ex.:

piece,they

one

the stem

or
perfoliata
Mealy

CLASPING.

When

to
directly

sessileleaf surrounds

underground

an

sessile leaf is extended

it is perfoliate,

stem

is

aerial stem.

an

upon

Ramal, when

of the leaf to the stem

attachment

A leaf is:

inserted upon

Radical, when

Cauline,

point of

are

so

connate-perfoliate,

united

as

form

to

Eupatorium

as

or

Boneset.
Leaves

folded

when

called equitant

are

each

they

are

all radical and

sively
succes-

the Iris.

other,as
Phyllotaxy. Phyllotaxyis the study of leaf arrangement upon the
be either alternate,
stem or branch,and this may
opposite,whorled,or
fascicled.
It is a generallaw in the arrangement
or
of
verticillate,
leaves and of all other plantappendages that they are spirally
disposed,
on

"

or

on

line which

winds

spiralline is formed
and
longitudinal,
In the
each

around

by

the axis like the thread of

the union

its most

common

arrangement

ALTERNATE

of two

The

a screw.

motions,the circular and

the

modification is the circle.

there

is but

one

leaf

produced

at

node.

Opposite,when
sides of the
Whorled
the stem.

Fascicled

node, as

stem.

or

Ex.

:
or

pairof
Ex.

leaves is developedat each

node,on

site
oppo-

Mints, Lilac.

Verticillate,when three or more form a circleabout

Canada
Lily and Culver 's root.
Tufted, when a cluster of leaves isborne from a single

in the Larch

and

Pine.

The

spiralarrangement is said to be two-ranked when the third leaf

is over
the first,
when
the fourth is over
as in all Grasses;three-ranked,
the first. Ex. : Sedges. The
five-ranked arrangement is the most
common,

beingmade

and

in this the sixth leaf is

around

the stem

to reach

over
directly

it.

Ex.

the first two

turns

Cherry, Apple,Peach,

38

PHARMACEUTICAL

The flower stalk is known

RACHis,

or

The

the peduncle,

and

its prolongation
the

axis of the inflorescence.

flower stalk of
When

PEDICEL.

as

BOTANY

singleflower

borne without

of

an

inflorescence is called

such support the flower is sessile.

from the ground is called a scape, previously

tioned
menpedunclerising
under the subjectof stems.
The modified leaves found on pedunclesare termed bracts.
These
the same
described in a similar manner,
as leaf forms,are
vary much
A

When
collected in a whorl at the
may be either green or colored.
base of the pedunclethey form an involucre,
the parts of which are
and

imbricated

sometimes

or

like shingles.This
overlapping,

is generally

inflorescence ; ^ , A raceme.
Fig. 28. Types of racemose
5, A spike. C, A catkin.
umbeL
The
An
flowers
A
the age of the
",
are
Z", corymb.
representedby circles;
flower is indicated by the size. (From Hamaker.)
"

green,

but

leaves found

sometimes

as
petaloid,

in the

Dogwood.

The

modified

called bracteolar
are
leaves.
pedicels
The Spathe is a largebract envelopingthe inflorescence and often
as in the Calla,
or membranous, as in the Daffodil.
colored,
In the indeterminate or axillary
anthotaxy,either flowers are produced
from base to apex, those blossomingfirstwhich are lowest down
the rachis or from margin to centre.
The principal
forms of this
on
the flowers occur
in which
indeterminate is one
type are: A solitary
singlyin the axils of the leaves.
of
Raceme, or simpleflower-cluster in which the flowers on pedicels
nearlyequal length are arranged along an axis. Ex.: Convallaria,
on

and
Cimicifuga,

Currant.

VERTICILLASTER

39

from the raceme

short,broad cluster,
mainly in
diflFering
its shorter axis and longerlower pedicels,
which give the cluster a flat
level.
by bringingthe individual florets to nearlythe same
appearance

Corymb,

Ex.

Cherry.

Umbel, which resembles the raceme, but has a very short axis and
the nearlyequal pedicelsradiate from it like the rays of an umbrella.
Many examples of this mode of inflorescence are seen in the order
indicated by the name,
as
includingAnise,Fennel and
UmbellifercBy
other offidal plants.
A Spike is a cluster of flowers,
gated
sessileor nearlyso, borne on an elonaxis.
The
trations.
and
Plantain
Mullein
afford good illuscommon
The

Catkin

Ament

or

resembles the

scalyinstead of herbaceous
Hazel,Willow, etc.
The

Head

shortened

Capitulum

or

so

to form

as

bracts,as the staminate flowers

islike a

compact

Dandelion,Marigold,Clover,and
The

Strobile

the

is

as
flowers,

The

Spaddc

embedded

compact

of the

Oak,

spike,except that it has the rachis

in the
cluster of sessile flowers,
as

Burdock.

flower cluster with

the inflorescence of the

is

differs in that it has

Spike,but

largescales

ing
conceal-

Hop.

closelysessile or
sheathingbract. Ex. : Calla,

thick,fleshyrachis with

flowers

with a spathe or
it,usually
Acorus,Calamus, Arum triphyllum.
The
if irregularly
compound raceme
compounded
particularly
called

on

is

panicle.

Determinate

Anthotaxy

is the terminal

is one

in which

the firstflower that opens

the

axis,the others appearingin succession from

varieties are:
apex to base or from centre to margin. The principal
The Solitary Determinate, in which there is a singleflower borne
the scape, as in the Anemone, or Windflower, and Hydrastis.
on
The Cyme, a flower cluster resemblinga corymb, except that the
buds
be

one

developfrom

rounded, as
A

and

SCORPOID

on

center

in the
cyme

arranged along a
A

Glomerule
into

head, as

VERTICILLASTER
a

is

to

circumference.

Ex.:

Elder.

Snowball,it is a globosecyme.
imitates a raceme,
having the
lengthenedaxis.
a

cymose

inflorescence of any

the so-called head

is

compact,

whorl, but reallyconsists

of Cornus

cymose
of two

If the cyme

flowers

pedicelled

sort which

is

densed
con-

florida.

flower

cluster which

glomerulessituated

sembles
re-

in the

v/

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

40
axils of

oppositeleaves. Clusters of this kind are seen in Catnip,

Ho rebound,Peppermint and other plantsof the Labiatae.
The raceme, corymb,umbel,etc.,are frequently
compounded. The
is called a panicle.
branched
with
or
raceme
compound raceme,
pedicels,
Ex. : Yucca and paniculate
inflorescence of the oat.
A Thyrsus
is a compact panicle,
of a pyramidal or oblong shape.
Ex.: Lilac,'
and
Rhusglabra.
Grape
A Mixed

Anthotaxy

in which the determinate

is one

combined, and illustrationsof

plans are

this

are

and indeterminate
of

frequent

occurrence.

The

order of flower

development is termed

ascendingwhen,

as

in

\/

\/

N/

\/

N/

S^

H
Fig.

29.

"

Cymose

inflorescences.

compound
the raceme,

continue
same

the blossoms

to the

family.

Apex.

F, A terminal flower.
cyme.

G, A simplecyme.
(From Hamaker.)

open firstat the lowest pointon

other
Ex. : White Lily,and many

In the cyme

the

florets openingfirst,
while in the

U^ A

the axis and

plantsof the
the central
centrifugal,
or from margin
corymb it is centripetal,

developmentis

to center.

Prefloration.
"

is
By prefloration

in the bud.
floralenvelopes

the arrangement of the

It is to the flower bud what vernation is to
meant

terms
being largely
descriptive
bud, the same
employed, as
involute revolute,
etc.
plicate,
imbricate,
convolute,
the following
In addition to those alreadydefined,
are
important.
in
which
the
Valvate
but
do not overmeet
lap.
margins
prefloration,
has its two margins rolled inward
Of this varietythe induplicate

the leaf

THE

as

in Clematis.

In

the

FLOWER

41

reduplicate
they are

turned

outward,

the

as

sepalsof Althea.
Vexillary, the varietyshown

in the corolla of the

Pea, where

the

lower

petalsare overlappedby two lateral ones, and the four in

turn overlappedby the largerupper ones.
exterior and the other
Contorted, where one margin is invariably
two

interior,
givingthe

bud

twisted appearance,

as

in the Oleander

and

Phlox.
The

The
serve

flower is a shoot which

as

means

for the

Flower

undergone a metamorphosisso
propagationof the individual.
has

as

to

A, shows the relations of the floral

Diagrams of floral structures.
flower.
The
in a perigynous flower. C, The
same
B,
hypogynous
flower.
A
A simple pistilin longitudinal
stamen.
in
D,
",
an
epigynous
same
in cross -section. C, Transitonal forms between true petals
section. F, The same
and true stamens
(right). H, Slightunion of two caroels to form a cfampound
(left)
more
complete. K and L, Cross-sections of compound
pistil./ and /, Union of carpels
three
In
B:
of
carpets.
pistils,
a, stamen; b, petal;c, sepal;d, pistil;
",
receptacle;/, pedicel. In D: a, anther cell;b, connective; 1^, filament. In E: a,
(Prom Hamaker.)
stigma; 6, style;c, ovules;d, ovary.
Fig. 30.
parts in a

The

"

parts of the flower

all of which
or

Torus.

are

Sepals, Petals, Stamens,

in the

sometimes

Cakpels,

axis called the Receptacle

a shortened
are inserted upon
This is usually
flator convex, but may be conical and fleshy

as
Strawberry;concave
as in the Orange.
modification,
as

and

called

and Lettuce.

a common

in the Rose

and

The

axis of

as in
receptacle,

Fig;or

show

disc-like

flower cluster,
if short,is

the floralaxes

of the Dandelion

V
PHARMACEUTICAL

42

BOTANY

CompleterFlower possesses the four whorls of floral organs

arrangedupon the torus.
constitute the essential organs, and a flower
The stamens
and pistils
when these are present and functional.
is said to be Perfect
A Regular Flower possesses parts of the same
shape and size.
A

It is Symmetrical
when

the parts of each whorl

are

of the

same

ber,
num-

number.
of the same
multiples
shows
An Imperfect
Flower
set of essential organs wanting.
one
than the
When
either petalsor sepals,
or both,are
present in more
usual number, the flower is said to be ''double,^'
as the cultivated
or

Aster,Rose, and Carnation.

If the

are
wanting,the flower is called
pistils
present and stamens
but no pistil,
it is described
if it possesses stamens
or female;
pistillate,
as staminaie,
as marginalflowers of
or male;if both are
absent,neutral,
the
Castor oil bear both
Some
and
Viburnum.
Begonias
plants,as
and are called Monoecious,
staminate and pistillate
When
flowers,
flowers are borne on different plantsof
the staminate and pistillate
the Sassafras and
the same
as
they are termed Dioecious,
species,
a
nd
Willow.
When
hermaphrodite flowers
staminate,pistillate
all borne
are
one
on
plant,as on the Maple trees, they are

polygamous.
The

sisting
Perigone. The perigoneor perianthis the floral envelopeconof calyxand corolla (when present).
When
both whorls,i,e.,
are
calyxand corolla,
present the flower is
if onlycalyxis present,monochlamydeous.
said to be dichlamydeous;
The Calyx. The Calyx is the outer whorl of modified leaves. Its
from a
parts are called Sepals,and may be distinct (Chorisepalous,
Greek word meaning disjoined)
or more
or less united
(Gamosepalous).
leaf-like
but
foliaceous
or
They are usuallygreen
may be brilliantly
is applied. Ex.:
colored,hence the term petaloid(likethe petals)
Tulip,Larkspur and Columbine.
In a GAMOSEPALOUS
CALYX, when the union of sepalsis incomplete,
the united portionis called the tube,the free portion,
the limb,the orifice
of the tube,the throat.
In form the calyxmay be regular
or irregular;
regularifits parts are
if
a
nd
in
size and shape. The
its
differ
evenlydeveloped,
irregular parts
forms are tubular,
more
common
resemblinga tube;rotate,or wheelor urn-shape;
shape;campanulate,or bell-shape;urceolate,
hypocraterito the
or two-lipped;
bilabiate,
form,or salver-shape;
corresponding
"

"

"

"

THE

of

different forms

COROLLA

which

under
corolla,

43
will be

each
examples illustrating

given.
after the corolla and

calyxusuallyremains

The
sometimes

until the fruit matures

even

persistent. If

in either

"

the flower opens,

is often

more

or

in the

caducous,as

to the ovary

less adherent

fallen,

it is said to

case

be

stamens, it is deciduous,and

it fallswith the corolla and

if when

have

stamens

and

Poppy
base

or

of

May-apple. It
the pistil,
and it is

important, in plant analysis,to note the presence or absence of such

or
adhesion,which is indicated in a descriptionby the terms inferior,
neath
non-adherent
(hypogynous),when free from the ovary and wholly bewhen
half-adherent
it partially
or
(perigynous),
it;half-superior,
envelops the ovary, as in the Cherry; superioror adherent (epigynous),
when
it completelyenvelopsit,as in the Colocynth.
Corolla.

The

The

"

delicate in texture, and

Corolla

is the

showing

more

inner

floral

envelope, usually

less brilliant colors and

or

nations
combi-

Petals,and when the calyxclosely

and coloringthey are togethercalled
resembles
the corolla in structure
of these envelopes is to protect the reproThe purpose
the Perianth.
ductive
aid
the
fertilization
of
and
also
in
the
to
flower,
organs within,
of color.

as

Its parts

called

are

bright colors,fragrance and

poUen^carryinginsects.

saccharine

their

attract

Forms

called

often

Lous,

of

each

more

less

or

When

the

petalsare not
to be Choripetalous, often
united,they are Gamopeta"

corolla is said

cross,

petalsare

four

in

number,

corolla is called Cruciform.

the

plantsbelonging to

The

Perianth.

to

serve

called Sympetalous.

the distinct

When

other

and

other,the
Polypetalous. When

united with

form

Corolla

the

of

secretions

Papilionaceous

the order
corolla

and
Ex.

arranged
:

in the

Mustard

and

Cruciferae.
is

so

called because

of

fancied

semblance
re-

in this form is very striking,

butterfly. The irregularity
the largestone
is the vexilliun,
and the petals bear special
names:
or
standard; the two beneath it the alae,or wings; the two anterior,the
carina or keel.
Ex. : Locust, Pea, and Clover.
flowers are of peculiarirregularity,
Orchidaceous
combining calyx
and corolla.
The petalin front of stamen
and stigma,which differs from
to a

the others

and

in form
and

other

Cypripedium
When
calyx and

secretes

nectar, is called the Labellum.

Ex.

Orchids.

corolla

each

consist

of three

parts closelyresem-

PHARMACEUTICAL

44

in form

blingeach other

and

BOTANY

in the

color,as

Tulip and Lily,the

flower

is called Liliaceous.
Galeate

shape of
The

corolla

is one

in which

the

Galea,as

helmet,called

LiGULATE

Strap-shaped

or

the upper petalis arched

in Aconite.

in the

is nearlyconfined to the

corolla

family Compositae. It is usuallytubular at the base, the remainder

resemblinga singlepetal. Ex. : Marigold,and Arnica Flowers.
the upper composed of two
Labiate, or BI-labiate,having two lips,
the lower one of three. This form of corolla givesname
to the
petals,
this arrangement
is
Labiate, while in the family Leguminos-*:
sometimes
reversed.
The corolla may
be either ringent,or gaping,
the throat is nearly closed by a
in Sage, or
as
personate, when
in'Snapdragon.
of the lower lip,
as
projection
Rotate, Wheel-shaped, when the tube is short and the division of
the limb radiate from it like the spokes of a wheel.
Ex. : The
Potato
blossom.

Crateriform, Saucer-shaped, like the last,

except that the margin
is turned upward or cupped. Ex.: Kalmia latifolia(Mt. Laurel).
(more correctly,
Hypocrateriform, or Salver-shaped
hypocrateritube
is
when
the
and
in
Phlox
long
or Trailing
morphous),
slender,as
into
flat
Arbutus and abruptlyexpands
limb.
is derived
The name
a
from that of the ancient Salver,or hypocraterium with the stem
or
beneath.

handle

of

When

form
nearlycylindrical

Honeysuckle,and

the corolla is

such as the
(Infundibuliform),
Morning Glory, a tube graduallyenlargingfrom
an
expanded border or limb.

breadth,and which
Canterbury Bell,Harebell.

Urceolate,
the limb at

and

or

urn-shaped,

corolla of the
the base

in the

common

upward into

tube whose

length is not
expands graduallyfrom base to

Bell-shaped,

or

than twice the

Ex.:

as

Stramonium.

Funnel-form

Campanulate,

Tubular,

when

the tube is globosein

more

apex.

shape and

rightanglesto itsaxis,as in the officialUva Ursi,Chimaphila

Gaultheria.

Andrcecium,

The

are
sporophylls

stamen

which

or

the male

consists of

Stamen
organs

filament,or

System. ^The Stamens or microof reproduction,

and each complete
stalk,and an anther,or pollen sac,

is the essential portionand contains

pollen.

"

powdery

substance

called

46

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

which
openings. The pollen is usually a powdery substance
shows under the microscopedistinct grainsof characteristic forms,sizes
and markings. Like starch grains,
each represents a particular
source,
hence the varietythat may be examined is limited only by the number
of kinds of flowers available for the purpose.
In order to study pollen
of forcepsa stamen
whose anther is justdehiscing,
grains,take up by means
free its contents, and tap upon a sheet of white paper;
or letting
then examine
with a Compound
Microscope.
The followingare some
of the forms of pollengrains:
Spore
cells hanging togetheras in the Cat Tail
Four
Daughter
forming a pollengrain.
Elongated
simple pollengrainsas in Zostera.
Dumb-bell
shaped as the pollenof the Pines.
Triangular, as in the Mexican Primrose.
vular

EcHiNATE.

as

in the Malvaceae.

Spherical, as in Geranium.
Lens
shaped as in the Lily.
The Gynoecium, or Pistil System. The Carpel
or megasporophyll
is the female organ of reproductionof flowering
plants. In the Spruce,
Pine,etc.,it consists of an open leaf or scale which bears but does not
enclose the ovules. In angiospermsit forms a closed sac which envelops
and protects the ovules,and when complete is composed of three parts,
the ovary or hollow portionat the base enclosingthe ovules or rudimentary
seeds,the stigmaor apicalportionwhich receives the pollengrains,
and the style,
connective
which
unites these two.
The last is nonor
essential
and when
wanting the stigma is called sessile. The carpel
clearlyshows its relations to the leaf,though greatlychanged in form.
when
folded lengthwisewith the margins
The lower portionof a leaf,
incurved,represents the ovary, the unfolded surface upon which the
of the tipof the leaf,
ovules are borne is the placenta,
the
a prolongation
intermediate portion,the style. A leafthus
stigma,and the narrow
transformedinto an ovule-hearing
carpels
organ is called a carpel. The
of
of the Columbine
and Pea are made
the
latter
singlecarpels. In
up
the young peas occupy a double row
along one of the sutures (seams)of
the pod. This portioncorrespondsto the infolded edge of the leaf,
and
the pod splits
open along this line,called the ventral suture.
tained
Dehiscence,or the natural opening of the carpelto let free the conseeds,takes place also along the line which correspondsto the
mid-rib of the leaf,
the dorsal suture.
"

THE

47

PLACENTA

carpelswhich have united

cells as carpels.
form
to
them, and therefore will have justas many
each
When
simple ovary has its placenta,or seed-bearingline,at
Pistils

Compound

of

composed

are

axile
angle the resultingcompound ovary has as many
dated
but all [more
central placentaeas there are
or less consolior
carpels,
called dissepimentsand form part
The partitions
into one.
are
of the walls of the ovary.
If,however, the carpelsare joinedby their
there will be but one
edges,like the petalsof a gamopetalous corolla,
the wall.
and the placentawill be parietal,
or on
cell,
transformed
The OVULES
are
buds, destined to become seeds in the
In position,
varies from one to hundreds.
fruit. Their number
mature
they are erect, growing upward from the base of the ovary, as in the
Compositae;ascendingturningupward from the side of the ovary or cell;
pendulous,like the last except that it turns downward; horizontal when
from the
directed straight
outward; suspended,hanging perpendicularly
the

inner

top of the ovary.

In

Gymnosperms

enclosed in
A

seed

are

complete angiospermous seed

funiculus,

or

containingthe
The

outer

stalk.

ovum

do

coats

naked; in Angiosperms they

are

vessel.

body; two coats,the

a

the ovules

not

or

primine,

Within

ovule

consists

and the inner

the nucellus

of
or

is found

nucellus

secundine;

the

and
sac

female

reproductivecell.
completelyenvelop the nucellus,but

or

embryo

or

an

opening

admits the pollentube.

at the apex, called the foramen
micropyle
or
The pointwhere the coats are attached to each other and to the nucellus
is called the

The

point where the funiculus

is joinedto the ovule,and if attached to the ovule through a part of its
The shape of the
length,the adherent portion is called the raphe.
ovule may
be orthotropous,
bent or
or
straight;campylotropous,
inverted.
curved; amphitropous,
partly inverted;and anatropous,
The last two forms are most common.
A campylotropous ovule is one
whose body is bent so that the hilum and micropyle are approximated.
chalaza.

hilum

The
The

the

Placenta

placenta is the nutritive tissue connectingthe ovules with the

wall of the ovary.

centation)are
follows:

marks

The

various

t3^es of placenta arrangement

grouped according to

their

relative

(pla-

complexity

as

48

PHARMACEUTICAL

2, Sutural.

I, Basilar.

BOTANY

3, Parietal.

4, Central.

5, Free Central.

placentationis well illustrated in the Polygonaceae(Smart

Weed, Rhubarb, Etc.)in Piper and Juglans. Here at the apex of the
axis and in the center of the ovarian base arises a singleovule from
Basilar

tissue.
placental
in the Legmninosae (Pea,Bean, Etc.).
Sutural placentation
is seen
Here
each carpel has prolonged along its fused edges two cord-like
placentaltwigs,from which start the funiculi or ovule stalks.
is seen
in Gloxinia,Gesneria,Etc.
Parietal placentation
Here we
find two or more
carpelsjoinedand placentaltissue runningup along
edges of the fused carpelsbearingthe ovules.
in Campanulaceae(Lobelia),
Central or axile placentationis seen
the two, three,or more
where
carpelshave folded inward until they
and
in the process have carried the originally
in the center
meet
form a central swelling
This then may
parietalplacenta with them.
bearingthe ovules over the surface.
Free
Central placentationoccurs
perfectlyin the Primulaceae,
and a few other families. In this the carplessimply
Plantaginaceae
roof in a central placentalpillararound
which the
or
cover
over
a

small

ovules

of

area

are

scattered.

Pollination.

"

Pollination is the

transfer

of

stigma and the consequent germinationthereon.

to

pollen from

anther

It is a necessary

to

step

fertilization.

flower the
pollenis transferred to the stigma of its own
Self Pollination; if to a stigma of another
or
process is called Close
If fertilization follows,these processes
flower.Cross Pollination.

When

are

termed

the

Close
respectively,

Close Fertilization means

or

Self Fertilization and

Cross

in time ruination to the

race

tion.
Fertilizaand

happily
and pistils
is preventedin many
cases
by (a)the stamens
standing
relation to each other,(b) by the anthers and pistils
in extraordinary
ing
maturing at different times, (c)by the pollenin many cases germinatanother
flower
of
than
its
better on the stigma
own.
for cross
the wind,
The agents which are responsible
are
pollination
insects,water currents, small animals,and birds.
Wind-pollinated
floweringplantsare called Anemophilous; their
pollenis dry and powdery, flowers inconspicuousand inodorous,as in
the Pines,Wheat, Walnut, Hop, etc.
called Entomophilous.
Insect-pollinated
plants
are
These,
beingdependent upon the visits of insects for fertilization,
possess bril-

FERTILIZATION

49

have fragrantodors,and secrete nectar, a sweet

liantlycolored corollas,
liquidvery attractive to insects which are adaptedto this work through
of a pollen-carrying
the possession
apparatus. Ex. : Orchids.
Plants
are

known

as

live under

the

through

pollinated

Hydrophilous.

and

water

Ex.

which

Some

humming

of

this class

To

produce flowers

Sparganium.
plantsas the Honeysuckle

same.

agency

the

at

water

currents

belong such plants as

or

the surface

near

of

and

Nasturtium

are

fertilized by

birds.

pollengrainhas been depositedupon the stigma a series

of events
both the pollengrain and the embryo sac occur.
affecting
and
the mother
The microspore (pollen
grain)divides into two cells,
Before the

gametophyte. The nucleus of the mother

of the meganuclei.
The nucleus
cell divides to form two generative
nuclei
spore or embryo sac undergoes division until eightdaughter
are
produced which are separatedinto the followinggroups:
(a) Three of these nuclei occupy a positionat the apex, the lower
the other two nuclei being
nucleus of the group being the egg or ovum,

TUBE

the

CELLS

of the

synergids

(b)

At

or

the

male

assisting

oppositeend

nuclei.

of the

sac

are

three nuclei known

as

the

function.
apparentlyhave no special
(c) The two remaining nuclei (polar nuclei) form a group lying
nucleus
the centre of the embryo sac which unite to form a single
near
from which, after fertilization,
the endosperm of nourishingmaterial
constitutes the female
is derived.
This stage of the embryo sac
gametophyte.
Fertilization. After the pollengrain reaches the stigma the viscid
moisture of the stigma excites the outgrowth of the male gametophyte
which bursts through the coats of the pollengrain forming a pollen
The pollen tube carryingwithin its walls two generativeand
tube.
tube nucleus penetrates through the loose cells of the styleuntil it
one
reaches the micropyle of the ovule,then piercingthe nucellus it enters
of the generative
the embryo sac.
The tipof the tube breaks and one
The oospore develops
nuclei unites with the egg to form the oospore.
into an embryo or plantlet,
which lies passiveuntil the seed
at once
undergoesgermination. The other generativenucleus unites with the
previouslyfused polarnuclei to form the endosperm nucleus which soon
of nuclei scattered about
undergoesrapid division into a largenumber
These accumulate
protothrough the protoplasm of the embryo sac.
antipodals

which

"

PHARMACEUTICAL

50
about

plasm

them,

Germination
favorable

cells walls

laid

down, endosperm resulting.

ditions
growth in a seed or plant. The congerminationare warmth, moisture and presence of

is the
to

BOTANY

are

beginningof

air.

Fruit

The
fruit consists of the matured

The

and contents, and may

ovary

include

but connected with it,as

pistil,
in Clematis,where the long,featherystylerenders the fruit buoyant,
and, like the fruits of the Thistle and Dandelion,in which the modified
In the
is easilyscattered by the wind.
a similar purpose,
calyx serves
thick and succulent,
Strawberry and Quince the receptaclebecomes
and constitutes the edible portionof the fruit. Other modifications
of which
certain fruits
in the hooks or spines,
seen
are
by means
dock,
compel animals to assist in their dispersion. Ex.: Cocklebur, BurBidens, Etc.
Some
Distribution of Fruits and Seeds.
as the cocoanut, are
fruits,
transportedby water currents, and are adapted to withstand for a
Another of the peculiarmeans
long period the action of salt water.
other organs

of the flower external to the

"

provided by
absorptionof
cause

loud

water

dissemination

of seeds

Tree, the fruit of which

in the Sandbox

shown

and

for the

nature

bursts

report and

to

the

is

and

fruits is that

and by
hygroscopic,

pericarpwith such explosiveforce

scatter

the seeds in every

fruit-eating
mammals, includingman,

also

direction.

play a part

as

to

Birds

in the work

of distribution.

Fruit

The
and
but

Pericarp,

or

seed

Structure

vessel,

is the

generalthe structure of the fruit wall

modifications in
undergoes numerous

in

The

number

of cells of the ovary

may

ripened wall
resembles
the

course

increase

of the ovary,

that of the ovary,

of
or

development.
decrease, the

change from soft and hairy in the flower to hard,

and
become
covered with sharp, stiff prickles,as in the Datura
in consistence
Transformations
Stramonium
or
Jamestown weed.
become
take placeand the texture of the wall of the ovary may
may
the forms
hard and bony, leathery,
as the ririd of the Orange, or assume
in the Gourd, Peach, Grape, etc.
seen
external

surface may

CLASSIFICATION

OF

FRUITS

51

pericarpconsists of two layersof different texture,as in the

When
the
Plum, the outer layeriscalled exocarp, the inner,endocarp.
when the
termed the epicarp,
external layer is thin,it is sometimes
middle or inner layers
are
fleshyor pulpy they constitute the sarcocarp.
is hard, forming a shell
the endocarp within the sarcocarp
When
three concentric layers
When
or
stone, this is termed a putamen.
is called mesocarp.
in a pericarp,
the middle one
are
distinguishable
Indehiscent
Fruits are either Dehiscent
or
according as they
fruits open
regularly,or
dischargeor retain their seeds. Dehiscent
the pericarp splitsvertically
through the whole
normally. When
or a part of its length,
along sutures or lines of coalescence of contiguous
Irregularor
carpels. Legumes usually dehisce by both sutures.
Where

abnormal

the

dehiscence has

transverse
or

to normal

circumscissile,
extendingaround
hinged lid,as in Hyoscyamus, or

or

forming a

is called

Dehiscence

throughpores
orifices form
septicidal

reference

no

at the apex,

in the wall

when

porous
as

or

in the

of the

the constituent

apical

the

sutures, as where

it is

capsuleeither entirely

detached.
the

when

seeds

valvular,when

escape

valve-like

Poppy;
is
dehiscence
capsule. Valvular
carpelsof a pericarpbecome disjoined,

into
along their ventral suture ;Loculicidal, dehiscence
down
its dorsal
in which each component
or
loculi,
carpelsplits
cells,
Septifragal
suture, and the dissepimentsremain intact;
dehiscence,
of
the
from
the
valves
a breakingaway
septa or partitions.
Fruits
Classification of Fruits (according
to structure).Simple

and

then open

"

result from

in a flower.
singlepistil
Aggregate
the product of several distinct pistil
Fruits
are
ripenings
in one flower,
the cluster of carpels
being crowded on the receptacle
ing one mass, as in the Raspberry,Blackberry,and Strawberry.
Multiple
the product of a flower
those which
Fruits
are
are
cluster instead of a singleflower.
Simple Fruits are either Dry or Fleshy. The first may be divided
into Dehiscent,those which
ripe;and Indehiscent,
splitopen when
those which

the

of
ripening

do not.

is
Dry, Dehiscent,Simple and Aggregate Fruits. The Follicle
and dehiscent by one
a pod formed
by a simplepistil
suture, as Aconite
and Staphisagria.
A Legume
and dehiscent by both
is a pod formed
by a simplepistil
The name
sutures.
legume is restricted to the fruits of the natural
"

and
familyLegiuninosae,

includes all the modifications

which it represents.

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

52

indehiscent legume, called

jointed,

loment, breaks

into transverse,one-seeded divisions. The

legiune. Ex.
Capsule

A
and

of Loment:

shows

is

Cochlea

up naturally
is a coiled or spiral

Cassia fistula.

dry dehiscent fruit of two

of dehiscence,
in
as

several forms

or

united

carpels,
Poppy, Cardamon,

more

the

etc.

capsulewhich opens transversely,

or Hyoscyamus.
forminga lid,as
A SiLiQUE is a long slender capsulewith two parietal
placentae,
the valves openingfrom below upward, as in the Cruciferae.
Dry Indehiscent Fruits (oftenerroneouslyregarded as seeds).
The Akene
is a dry one-chambered,indehiscent fruit,
in which the
pericarpis firm and may or may not be imited with the seed,the style
and may
be
remainingin many cases as an agent of dissemination,
Ex. : Fruits of the Cdmpositse,
Anemone
or hooked.
winged,feathery,
The

Pyxis

the upper

is a modification of the

in Portulaca

half

"

and

Ranunculus.

as in the Birch,
winged akene-like fruit,
Elm, Ash"
Box Elder and Maple.
is loose and
The Utricle is like the akene,except that the pericarp

The

Samara

bladder-like.

is a

Ex.:

Chenopodium.

pletely
Caryopsis, Grain,differs from the last in having the cell comfilled by the seed and the pericarpvery thin. This fruit is
than any other to be mistaken
for a seed.
Ex.: Wheat,
more
likely
etc.
Rice,Barley,Oat,
A Nut
is a hard,one-celled,
one-seeded fruit,
like the akene but
and usuallyproduced from a compound ovary.
The nut is
larger,
often enclosed in a kind of involucre termed a Cupule,as the cup of the
of the Hazel-nut.
acorn
or the leaf-like covering
A Cremocarp
is the characteristicfruit of the Umbelliferae family.
It consists of two inferiorakenes or mericarpsseparated
from each other
by a stalk called a carpophore. The mericarpsseparate as soon as the
fruit ripensand are seen
ribbed with numerous
to be longitudinally
oil glandsbetween the ribs.
is a one-carpelled
Fleshy Indehiscent Fruits. ^The Drupe
fruit,
such as the Pliun,Peach,Prune,Sabal,Rhus, etc.,and called "stone
because the endocarp or putamen is composed wholly of stone
fruit,"
or

"

cells.
An

the

Et-":rio consistsof

Raspberry.

collection of little drupes on

torus

as

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

54

by wind

seminated

which

has

Examples of

currents.

tuft of hairs

at

and

attached

to

one

appendage at

the hilum

has

seed and

of the

end

end

one

which
in the officialStrophanthus,

are

in

in the Milkweed,

seen

of the seed

called

longbristle-like

called

micropyle,as

or

these

an

The

awn.

Castor

Oil

inner

coat

Coma,

appendage
wart-like

Seed, is called

the Caruncle.
The

tegmen

surrounds

generallysoft

third

When

such

an

integument arises

.Fig. 31." cSection

ofc a
,
,
grainof wheat.
^.Pericarps BiiCTOpyle01 the Seed, as in the
and seed coats; S, layer of
i^ ^n^wn
as an arillode.
ceLs in endosperm containing
The
NuCELLUS
KERNEL
or
aleuronegrains;C,ceIlsofthe
,

tissue

{From Hamaker.)

grains.

Stance

MODE

name

OF

If the egg

given the

FORMATION

cell within

IS

present, and

nutritive matter
OF

the

containingalbumen, when
.

is the

and

integument,or accessory seed

covering, is occasionallypresent and is
called
the
Aril.
Ex.:
culent)
(sucEuonymus

endosperm containingstarch

the

delicate,
A

is

closelyand

nucellus

or

DIFFERENT

"

the

stored
TYPES

at

,t

Nutmeg,
consists

the
it

of

this sub-

embryo.

men
Albu-

in the seed.
OF

ALBUMEN

embryo sac segments and grows into

the embryo and, stretching,
fills up
the cavity without food material
around
laid down
gers
it,it happens that the nutritive material linthe embryo. This is
in the cells of the nucellus pressingaround
Seen in the Polygonaceas.
cai\tA PerispermicAlbumen.
of Angiosperms,the endosperm nuIn by far the greater number
cleus,
divides and redivides,
after double
fertilization,
givingrise to
in the protoplasmof the embryo sac
nuclei imbedded
side
outnumerous
selves
of the developingembryo.
Gathering protoplasm about themcell walls they form
the endosperm tissue
and
layingdown
outside of the embryo. Into this tissue food is passed constituting
the Endospermic albumen.
In the Marantacese, Piperacese,
etc.,nutritive material is passed
side a
into the nucellar cells causingthem to swell up, while to one
moderate
amount
small patch of endosperm tissue accommodates
a
in the formation
of abundant
of nourishingsubstance,thus resulting
perispermand a small reduced endosperm.

^
OF

FORMATION

seeds

Ezalhuminous
the

embryo
Albuminous

in

the

embryo

during

the

seeds
until

those

are

growth
are

those

germination

of
in

ALBUMEN

in

which

he

seed.

which
takes

SS

the

the

place.

albumen

nourishment

is

stored

is not

stored

in

PART

II

TAXONOMY

L"

DIVISION

Plants
stem

leaf.

or

of

consisting
The

presenting forms
through

division

of

the

to

animal

hiunous

or

of

mass

or

nearest

showing

body

the

to

undiflFerentiated
of the

beginning

rudimentary

root,

plant kingdom

which

structures

into

modified

are

labor, differentiation,
etc., in higher groups.

SUBDIVISION

Terrestrial

thallus, a

group

THALLOPHYTA

I."

OR

MYXOMYCETES,

SLIME

MOLDS

aquatic organisms, frequently classified

and

kingdom

found

soil in forests.

Their

called

protoplasm

commonly

the

decaying wood, leaves,

on

vegetative body

consists

which

Plasmodium

belonging

as

has

of

naked

creeping

and

rolling motion, putting

and

out

of

retracting regions

its

called

body

pseudopodia.
SUBDIVISION

This
a

comprises

group

splits into

the

of asexual

method

common

II."

parts, each

two

SCHIZOPHYTA

"fission

plants"

whose

reproduction whereby
which

of

then

members
the

becomes

possess

cell cleaves
a

or

and

separate

independent organism.
I.

Plants

which

chlorophyll, a

green

giving
everywhere

are

pigment

Ex.:

walls, etc.

2.

Bacteria

are

phycocyanin,

and

serve

on

blue

pigment,

of this group.

damp

"

agents

of^decay and
56

bination
com-

Found

Nostoc.

BACTERIA

vegetable organisms
'

contain

logs, rocks, bark

Oscillatoria, Gloeocapsa, and

unicellular
as

plants

also

and

SCHIZOMYCETES

minute,

chlorophyll. They

the

to

salt water

and

blue-green algae. They

termed

sometimes

blue-green aspect

in fresh

of trees, stone

Cyanophyce^

destitute

fermentation

and

of
are

58^

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

istics.

the bacilli characteristic forms result

Similarlyamong

others

which

form

chains

as

singleindividuals

of various

lengths.
The
rapidity with which bacteria
Mtiltiplication.
The
and multiply is dependent upon
rapidityof
speciesand environment.
grow
the growth is surprising.Under
favorable conditions they may elongateand divide
If they should continue to reproduce at this rate for twentyevery 20 or 30 minutes.
If each of these
four hours a singleindividual would have 17 million descendants.
should continue to grow
at the same
rate, each would have in twenty-four hours
would developbeyond conception.
million
the
numbers
and
then
offspring,
more, 17
artificial conditions,
is not possibleunder natural or even
However, such multiplication
and

Growth

Rapidity of

both

on

and

"

of lack

account

of nutritive material

and

because

of the inhibition

growth of the bacteria by their own

products. If they did multiplyat this
in the world but bacteria.
a few days there would be no
room
Chemical
Composition of Bacteria. The quantitative chemical composition
of bacteria is subject to wide variations,
dependent upon the nutritive materials
furnished them.
About
80 to 85 per cent, of the bacterial body is water; proteid
these are
When
constitute about 50 to 80 per cent, of the dry residue.
substances
cellulose
of
bacteria
traces
cases
extracted,there remain fats,in some
wax, in some
of the

rate in

"

appear,

and

the remainder

consists of

to

ash.

per cent.

and proteinsubstances
partly of nucleo-protdds,globulins,
as endotoxins
differing
materiallyfrom ordinaryproteids. Toxic substances known
them
from
bacteria
bacterial
secreted
certain
to distinguish
during the
by
poisons
process of growth, also occur.
The

proteidsconsist

SUBDIVISION

III."

ALGiE

thallophytesof terrestrial and aquatic distribution

of singlecells
consistingfor the most
part of singlecells or rows
or some
They contain chlorophyll
joinedend to end to form filaments.
in the same
manner
other pigment, and so can use the CO2 and H2O
as
higher plants,e.g., in assimilatingand providing for their own
Low

forms

of

nutrition.

Class
In this group

I.

Chlorophyce^,

"

the cells

are

observed

The
to

Green
possess

Alg^

distinct nuclei and

bodies,whose pores contain an oil-like pigment called chlorophyll,

forms are typical
the chloroplasts.The following
: Spirogyra,
Diatoms,
Pleurococcus,
Volvox, Conferva,and Chara.
Class

Mostly marine
vegetativebodies.

II.
"

PH^oPHYCEiE,

The

Brown

Alg^e

showing great diversityin the form of their

Their bodies are usuallyfixed to some
support in the

forms

ALGA-LIKE

59

highly differentiated both as to form and tissues.

of feet in length as, for example, Macrocystis
hundreds

water

and

Some

reach

which

grows

forms

typicalof

are

FUNGI

often

in the Pacific Ocean

Class

the group

III.

"

are

of California.

off the coast

Ectocarpus,Laminaria,and

The

Rhodophyce^,

Red

Other

Fucus.

Alg^

greatlydiversified group comprisingthe majorityof marine algae.

Their vegetative
bodies vary from simple branching filaments through
all gradationsto forms differentiated into branching stems, holdfasts
and
leaves.
Their color may
be red, purple, violet,or
reddish
brown
and is due to the presence
of phycoerythrin,a red pigment.
Among this group are classed Chondrus, Nemalion, Corallina,etc.
is the sole official alga in the U. S. P. and belongs to the
Chondrus
family Gigartinaceae.
A

IV."

SUBDIVISION

This
absence

FUNGI

is characterized by the total

great assemblage of thallophytes

independent
chlorophylland so its members
possess no
of manufacturing food materials such as starches,
power
sugars, etc.,
from CO2 and H2O.
depending
Consequently they are either parasites,
other
for their nourishment
livingplantsor animals,called
upon
hosts;or saprophytes,depending upon decajdng animal or vegetable
in solution. Some
forms are able to live either as saprophytes
matter
while others are restricted to either the parasitic
or parasites
or
phytic
saproof
is
known
habit. The vegetative
as
a
a
myceliiun.
body
fungus
It consists of interlacing
and branching filaments called hyphae, which
ramify through decaying matter or invade the tissues of livingorganisms
and

of

derive nourishment

absorbing connections

are

more

less

or

case

dated
hyphae become consolidefinite shapes accordingto the
and assume
into false tissues,
species. Of this character are the fructifying
organs which constitute
the above ground parts of Puff Balls,Cup Fungi, Mushrooms, etc.

are

called haustoria.

which

of

the
parasites,
and definite
specialized

In the

therefrom.

Class

I.
"

In the

higher forms

Phycomycetes,

or

the

Alga-like

Fungi

Phycomycetes represent a small group of fungishowing close

with the green algae. Their mycelium is composed of coenocytic
affinity
The

PHARMACEUTICAL

hyphae which suggests a

green algae. Their sexual

BOTANY

relation

dose
organs

are

with

the

Siphonalesgroup

of

likewise similar in structure.

FlO. 33-

Portion

"

of

Horn-shaped sclerotium
of
Claskeps purpurea,
bearing four stalked

ceptacles.
re-

(.FromSayre.)

Clasiups purpurea. A. Young

j.^. rhe
sclerotium,i, with old sphacelia,
B.
of
of
Upper
dead
the
rye.
apei
ovary
showing
of
section,
longitudinal
A,ra
part
sphacelia.j,C. Transverse section through
the sphacelia,
more
highlymagnified,m. The
with the hyphie; b,
surrounded
mycelium,
bearing con idia; p. conidia fallenoff; w, the
wall of the ovary.
D. Germinating conidia,
formingsporidia,!.(From Sayre afterBacks.)
Fig. $2.

"

Sub-class

A."

Longitudinal
receptacle,
magnified, showing the
(From Sayre.)
perithecia.
Fig.

34.

"

section of

Oouycetes

(Sexual apparatus heterc^amous)

on
Ex. : Synchytrium,a form parasitic
Chytridiales."
seed plantsand forming blister-like swellings.
frogs,
molds which attack fishes,
Order
2. Saprolegnialea. Water
Ex. : Saprolegnia.
and decayingplantsand animals.
water
insects,

Order

i.

"

THE

Order

SAC

FtTNGI

Mildews, destructive parasites,

Peronosporales,"
living
in the tissues of their hosts and effecting
pathologicchanges, Ex.:
of the
Albugo, the blister blight,a white rust attacking members
Cruciferfe and Phytophthora,producing potato rot.
3.

Sub-class

B."

Zvgomycetbs

(Si9cual
apparatus shows isogamy)
Order

Mucor

Mucorales,

i.

the

black

molds, mostly saprophytic.Ex.:

Mucedo, Rhizopus nigricans.

Class

II.

"

Ascomycetes,

Sac Fungi

the

Mycelium composed of septate filaments

and

life historycharacter-

A singleperithecium of Claviceps
FiG. 3SFig. 36. Asci containmagnified, showing the contained
purpurea,
ing the long,slender ascoasci. {From Sayre.)
(From Sayre.)
pores.
"

ized

by

"

the appearance

formed.
Order

The
i.

of a sac

called

an

largestclass of fungi.
Protoascales,the yeasts

ascus

in which

ascospores

are

(position
(Saccharomycetes)

doubtful).

and

Order

2.

Pezizales

Order

3.

Order

4.

Tuberales,the trufBes.
the blue and
Plectascales,

FeniciUium.

or

cup

fungi.

Ex.: Peziza

green

and

molds.

Ascobolus.

Ex.:

Aspergillus

62

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

as
Pyrenomycetales,the mildews and black fungicommon
superficial
parasiteson various parts of plants. To the black fungi
division of this order the Ergot fungus,Clavicepspurpurea, belongs.

Order

5.

Life

History

of

Claviceps

Purpurea

of this
or conidia)
Through the agency of winds or insects the spores (ascospores
organism are brought to the young ovaries of the rye (Secalecereale).They germinate
into long filaments called hyphae which, becoming entangledto form a mycelium,
secrete
a
ferment, and cause
spread over the ovary, enter it superficially,
decomposition of its tissue and the resultant formation of a yellow-mucus substance
chains of moniliform reproductivebodies known
called honey-dew, which surrounds
conidia.
The
as
honey-dew attracts certain insects which disseminate the disease
to other heads of grain.
and soon
The mycelialthreads penetrate deeper and deeper into the ovary
form
the entire substance
of the ovary and hardens
a dense tissue which graduallyconsumes
official
the
curved body called a sclerotium,
into a purplesomewhat
or
ergot
"

fungus, Claviceps.
ground and in the followingspringsprouts into several
in its surface nuhas imbedded
head or ascocarp
Each
stalked heads.
merous
(fruiting)
from
the
of
which
bases
called
several
perithecia
flask-shapedinvaginations
asci develop. Within each ascus
are
sacs
or
spores)
developed eightfiUform spores (ascocarried
the
the
and
when
wind
are
are
ascus
discharged
by
which,
ruptures,
life cycle.
to other fields of grain,there to begin over
a new
restingstage
The

of the

ergot falls to the

Class

III.
"

Basidiomycetes, or

Basidia

Fungi

large class of fungi includingthe smuts, rusts, mushrooms,

of a basidgilland tooth fungi,etc.,is characterized by the occurrence
ium in the life history. A basidium is the swollen end of a hypha
called sterigof one or four cells and givingrise to branches
consisting
mata, each of which cuts off at its tipa spore.
This

Sub-class

A.

"

Protobasidiomycetes

each
(Basidium four-celled,

cell bearing a

spore)

the smuts.
Destructive parasiteswhich
Ustilaginale?,
other parts of these
attack the flowers of various cereals,
occasionally
plants. Ex. : UstilagoMaydis, the corn smut.
of
Ex.: Puccinia graminis,one
Order 2. Uredinales,the rusts.

Order

the wheat

I.

rusts, livingin the intercellular spaces of young

wheat.

Sub-class

(Basidium

one-celled

B.

(Hymenium
Order

incrustations

forms.

or

or

a.

as

bracts

four nuclei

or

axe

formed)

^Hymenomycetes

"

surface exposed)
spore-bearing
tree trunks

ground, old logs,etc.

coral fungi. Fleshy coral

as

leathery

the

on

the
Clavariales,

2.

or

club-shaped

Clavaria.

Ex.:

Order

either four spores

forms appearingon
Thelephorales,

i.

Order

Autobasidiomycetes

"

within which

Division

63

LICHENS

THE

3.

Agaricales,the

with the other members

mushroom

of the

toadstool alliance.

or

the plantbody
Basidiomycetes

Alike

consists

myceliiun,ramifyingthrough the substratum, but the part which

like
rises above the surface (the Sporophore)is differentiated into a stalkbody called a stipebearing upon its siunmit a cap or pileus,the
latter having specialsurfaces for the hymeniiun.
tooth fungi. Ex.: Hydniun.
Family
or
i. HYDNACE-as
Family
2.
PoLYPORACEiE, or pore fungi. Ex.: Polyporus.
the hymenium
Family
3. AGARiCACE-as, the gillfamily in which
blade-like platesof the pileus,called gills,
generallyoccurring
covers
Ex.: Agaricus campestris,the
the under
surface of the same.
on
Anamita
of fields;
muscaria and Anajnita
edible mushroom
common
both of which are poisonous.
phalloides,
of the

Division b.

"

Gasteromycetes

(Hymenium inclosed)
Order
star

and

Order

i.

Lycoperdales,or

Lycoperdon.
the
2. Nidulariales,
SUBDIVISION

Lichens

v."

puflFballs.
nest

Ex.:

Geaster,

the

earth

fungi.

LICHENES,

THE

LICHENS

variouslycolored,usually dry and leatheryplants,

consistingof symbioses of algaeand fungi. They are found on the
bark of trees,on rocks,logs,old fences,
etc.
According to structure and mode of growth of the thallus,the
are

64

PHARMACEUTICAL

Lichenes

BOTANY

are, like the

Fungi,divided into several sub-groups. A perfect

lichen usuallyconsists of a thallus,
or
vegetableapparatus; apothecia,
of
and
or
fructification, spermogonia,or organs of fertilization.
organs
DIVISION

n."

BRYOPHYTA

Plants

showing a beginning of definite alternation of generations,

with sporophyte (asexual
i.e.,
gametophyte (sexualphase) alternating
bined
phase of development)in their life history,the two phases being comin one
plant.
SUBDIVISION

Plants

I." HEPATICyE

OR

LIVERWORTS

aquaticor terrestrial habit whose bodies consist of a rather

flat,furchate branching thallus or leafybranch which is dorsiventral
(havingdistinct upper and lower surface)
; the upper surface consists of
several layersof cells containingchlorophyll,
which
gives the green
color to the plants;the lower surface gives originto hair-like outgrowths
of the epidermal cells servingas absorptiveparts and called
rhizoids.
Upon the dorsal surface of this thalloid body (the gametophyte)
of

structures
cup-like

called

cupules which contain

specialreproductivebodies called gemmae, these being able to develop
into new
gametophytes. The sex organs are of two kinds,male and
The
male
termed
female.
are
antheridia,the female,archeorgans
stalked
somewhat
or less club-shaped,
gonia'.The antheridia are more
of an outer
of
layerof sterile cells investinga mass
organs consisting
cells from which are formed the spirally
curved biciliate
sperm mother
male sexual cells. The
or
archegonia are flask-shaped
antherozoids,
of
o
f
sterile cells surrounding an
organs consisting an investinglayer
ventral canal cells and
of cells,the neck canal cells,
the
axial row
breaks
down
egg or female sexual cell. Every cell of the axial row
with the exceptionof the egg which remains
in the process of maturation
in the basal portion. Both antheridia and archegoniagenerallyarise
on
specialstalks above the dorsal surface. After the egg is fertilized
by an antherozoid,the young embryo resultinggrows into a sporoof a stalk portionpartlyimbedded
consisting
goniiun(thesporophyte)
in the archegoniiunsurmounting a sporangium or capsule in which
the capsulesplits
mature
open discharging
spores are produced. When
the spores.
The spores on germination develop into a protonema
or
filamentous
outgrowth which later developsthe thallus.
are

produced

66

PHAIGtfACEUTICAL

BOTANY

in the basal portionof the archegonium. The base of the stalk remains imbedded
In
gonium at the tip of the leafy stalk and forms a foot or absorbing process.
the
the
of
the
carries
neck
and
growing upward
sporogonium ruptures
archegonium
it upward as the covering of the capsule,
or calyptra. The
calyptrais thrown off
within the capsule. The
before the spores are matured
upper part of the capsule
into a lid or operculum at the margin of which
becomes
converted
annulus
an
or
forms.
cells
The
cells
the
annulus
of
of
and
at
are hygroscopic
ring
expand
maturity,
This completes the asexual
throwing off the lid and allowingthe spores to escape.
o^
sporophyte generation. The spores fallingto the damp soil germinate into
protonemata, thus completing the life cyclein which is seen an alteration of generations,
the two phases,gametophyte alternatingwith sporophyte.

DIVISION

The

m."

PTERIDOPHYTA

nation
highly developed cryptogams showing a distinct alterof generationsin their life history. They diflFerfrom
the
Bryophytes in presentingindependent,leafy,vascular,root-bearing
sporophytes.
most

SUBDIVISION

I." LYCOPODIALES

OR

CLUB

MOSSES

perennialvascular,
dichotomouslybranched herbs with stems
thicklycovered with awl-shapedleaves. The earliest forms of vascular
from ferns in being comparatively
plantsdiffering
simple in structure,
of small size,
vein.
leaves sessile and usuallypossessing
a single
Except
in a few instances the sporangiaare borne on leaves,
crowded together
and formingcones
at the ends of the branches.
or spikes
Homosporous.
Family
the
i.
LYCOPODiACEiE,including singlegenus Lycopodium
with widely distributed species. The spores of Lycopodiiun clavatum
Small

official.

are

Family

2.

the single
SELAGiNELLACEiE, including
genus Selaginella,

for the greater part tropical.Plants similar in habit to the

species
Lycopodiaceaebut showing heterospory.
Family
IsoETACEiE, includingthe singlegenus Isoetes whose
3.
speciesare plantswith short and tuberous stems givingrise to a tuft of
branching roots below and a thick rosette of long, stiff awl-shaped
leaves above.
Heterosporous.
with

SUBDIVISION

(The
The
rushes

Horsetails

II."

or

EQUISETALES

Scouring Rushes)

the Horsetails or Scouring

as
Equisetales,
commonly known
are
jointedand fluted
perennialplantswith hollow,cylindrical,

67

FILICALES

Stems, sheath-like whorls

Their

bodies

of united
contain

terminal

leaves and

of

largeamounts

tification
cone-like fruc-

hence
silicon,

scouringrushes.

name

In

varieties the

some

others

on

spores

are

with

cone
fruiting

is borne

on

ordinarystem, in

the

In the latter the

different form.
specialstem of slightly
coil and uncoil
provided with elaters,
which, being hygroscopic,

increase

or

decrease

of moisture

in the amount

present,thus

aiding in the ejectionof spores from the sporangia.The

speciesis small and included under one genus Equisetum.
SUBDIVISION

The
and
of

the

its various

Filicales is the

nodes

of

III."FILICALES

largestamong
includes all the plantscommonly known
typicalfern is a creepingunderground
group

number

bears rootlets below

and

the vascular cryptogams

as

Ferns.

stem

or

The

rhizome

fronds above.

main
which

These

axis
at

fronds

highlydeveloped,each being provided with a petiole-like

portion
called a stipewhich is extended into a lamina usuallyshowing a forked
Some
ferns possess laminae which are lobed,each lobe being
venation.
called a pinna. If a pinna be further divided,its divisions are called
pinnules. The unfoldingof a frond is circinate and it increases in length
by apicalgrowth. On the under surface of the laminre,pinnae,or
pinnulesmay be seen small brown patches each of which is called a
Each
called the indusium'.
sorus, and usuallycovered by a membrane
consists of a niunber of sporangia (sporecases)developed from
sorus
ferns the entire leaf becomes
a spore-bearing
epidermalcells. In some
Most
(sporophyll).
sporangiahave a row of cells around the
organ
Each
cell of the annulus
margin, the whole being called the annulus.
has a U-shaped thickened
cell wall.
is present within these
Water
cells and when it evaporates it pullsthe cell walls together,
straightening
the ring and tearingopen
the weak
side. The annulus then recoils
and hurls the spores out of the sporangiimi. Upon coming in contact
with damp earth each spore germinates,producinga green septate
filament called a protonema.
This later becomes
a green heart-shaped
called
It
a prothallus.
body
developson its under surface antheridia
male organs and archegoniaor female organs as well as niunerous
or
rhizoids. Within the antheridia
are
developed motile sperm, while
ciliate sperms
are
ova
produced within the archegonia. The many
and
prothallusduring a wet season
escape from the antheridia of one
are

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

moving through the water are drawn by a chemotactic influence

the archegoniaof another prothallus,
the neck canals
pass down
them.
fertilized egg
The
these and fuse with the ova, fertilizing

Fto. ST."DryopUris

oospore

filix-mas Plant and section through

divides and

"

redivides

and

soon

becomes

bud, first leaf,root, and foot. The

from the prothallus
until the root grows into
stem

and

the

sporophytebecomes

sorus.

the

when
soil,

of
or

(From Sayfe.)

differentiated

foot obtains

to

into

nourishment
it atrophies

independent. Unequal growth

and

divi-

69

SPERMATOPHYTA

sion of labor continue

the mature

"fern

Class

i.

irntil a

plant."

Filicine^

True

or

PoLYPODiACEiE.

Family

highlydifferentiated sporophyteresults,

Sporangia

"

(Homosporous)

Ferns
with

annulus

vertical and

incomplete.
rhizomes

The
are

of

Dryopteris filix-mas

officialin the U. S. P.

The

in type but differ from

in

that

xylem

and

fibrovascular

Dryopteris marginalis

bundles of these

the concentric f.v. bundles

is innermost

and

phloem

of

are

some

centric
con-

cotyledons
mono-

surrounds

the

xylem.
Class

2.

Hydropteridine^,

Water

or

(Heterosporous)

Ferns

ferns with broad

SALViNiACEiE, floating

Family

submerged dissected

leaves which

bear sporocarps.

leaves
floating
Ex.

and

Salvinia and

Azolla.

DIVISION

Plants
division of

IV."

SPERMATOPHYTA

producing real flowers

the vegetablekingdom.

SUBDIVISION

Class
class of

and

seeds.

I." ANGIOSPERMIA

(Plantswith

(PHANEROGAMU)

A.

"

covered

OR

The

highest evolved

ANGIOSPERMS

seeds)

Monocotyledons

Angiospermia characterized

by

cotyledonor seed leaf in the embryo.

Stems endogenous with closed collateral or
bundles,which are scattered.
Leaves
veined.
generallyparallel
Flowers trimerous
(havingthe parts of each
thereof).

the

followingpeculiarities:

One

Secondary growth in roots generallyabsent.

Medullary rays generallyabsent.

concentric

whorl

in

fibrovascular

3'sor multiple

PHARMACEUTICAL

70
Family

i.

Arace^

BOTANY

Family.

Arum

or

^Perennial herbs

"

with

fleshyrhizomes or corms, and long petioledleaves,containingan acrid

crowded
on
a
or
spadix,which is usually
pungent juice. Flowers
surrounded
by a spathe. Fruit a berry. Seeds with large fleshy
embryo.
Botanical

Part used

Officialdrug
Calamus

name

Unpeeled rhizome

Acorus

Rhizome

Symplocarpusfcetidus
Arisaema triphyllum

calamus

Unofficial drug
Skunk

cabbage
Indian turnip
Family

2.

Corm

Graminace^

or

Grass

Family.

Mostly

"

herbs

with

The leaves
hollow jointedstems whose nodes are swollen.
cylindric,
are
alternate,with long splitsheaths and a ligule.Flowers generally
and borne in spikelets
making up a spicateinflorescence.
hermaphroditic
called glumes,which are empty
Lowest floral leaves of each spikelet
are
and paired. Fruit,a caryopsisor grain. Embryo with scutellum.
Part used

Official drug

Botanical

Triticum

Rhizome

Agropyron

Saccharum

Refined sugar

Saccharum

Maltum

germinated
Seed,partially

Hordeum

Zea

Stylesand stigmas

and

and

name

repens
officinarum

Sorghum sp.?
distichum

dried

Palm

Zea

Family.^

mays

Tropicalor sub-tropical
arborescent plants,
having unbranched trunks which are terminated by a
of leaves,in the axils of which the flowers are produced. The
crown
leaves are well developedwith pinnateor palmate blades and a fibrous
sheathed
claspingpetiole. Inflorescence lateral with small flowers.
Fruit a berry or drupe.
Family

Palme^e

3.

or

Part

Official drug

"

used

Botanical

Fruit

Sabal

Serenoa

name

serrulata

Unofficial
Cocoanut

oil

Fixed oil

Garnauba

wax

Wax

Areca

4.

LiLiACEiE

or

nucifera

Copernicacerifera
Areca Catechu

Seed

nut

Family

Cocos

from leaves

Lily

Family.

"

regularand
The perianthis parted

Herbs

with

symmetricalalmost always six-androus flowers.

into six segments, the calyx and corolla being alike in color. Anthers
introrse. Ovary three-locular with a singlestyle. Fruit a capsuleor

berry.

ORCHID

FAMILY

71

flowers which are

equitanttwo-ranked leaves and regularor irregular
loculicidal,
showy. Fruit a three-celled,
many-seeded capsule. Rootmostly acrid.
stocks,tubers,or corms
Unofficial drug

Part used

Botanical

name

Iris florentina
Rhizome

Orris

Iris
Iris

Stigmas

Saffron

Family

6.

ORCHiDACEiE

pallida
germanica

Crocus

Orchid

or

Family.

sations

Perennial

"

herbs

perianth consists of six segments, the

Two
three of which correspond to sepalsand are similar.
outer
ments
segof the inner circle resemble petalswhile the third is known
as the
Labellum
This is generallylargerthan the rest and is directed
or Lip.
is developed,
downward
and forward.
ing
bearUsually only one stamen
anther.
Leaves
veined and alternate.
Ovary unilocular
parallel
with many
ovules on three parietal
placentae. Fruit a capsule,threehaving grotesque

valved

flowers.

and one-celled.

The

Seeds minute.
Part

Official drug

used

Botanical

Vanilla

Fruit

Cypripedium

Rhizome

and

roots

name

planifolia
Cyprip edium^hirsutum
Cypripedium parviflorum

Vanilla

PHARMACEUTICAL

72
Family

BOTANY

Zingiberace^

Ginger

Family.

^Tropical
plants,
large elliptical
pinnately
The leaf sheaths are folded tightlyaround
veined leaves.
each other
of a stem.
so as to give the appearance
Flowers,zygomorphic.
7.

perennialherbs

or

fleshyrhizomes

with

Class

B.

"

and

Dicotyledons

"

having the followingcharacteristics:

in embryo.
Two-seed
leaves (cotyledons)
Plants

Netted

veined

leaves.

arranged about pith.

Open collateral fibrovascular bundles,radially
Exogenous stems.
Medullary rays present.
Cambium.
Roots
Flowers

developingsecondarystructure.
tetra-

pentamerous

or

(partsof

each

whorl,four

or

five

or

multiplethereof.
Sub-class

a.

"

ARcmcHLAMYDEiE

dicotyledonousplants in which the petalsare distinct and

wanting. That group of the
separate from one another or are entirely
Archichlamydeaewhose flowers show the absence of petalsand frequently
of sepalsis called the Apetalae. The group whose
plantshave flowers
separate and distinct is called
showing the parts of their corolla (petals)
the Chloripetalae.
Those

The
Family
herbs

and

i.

PiPERACEiE

shrubs

with

alternate leaves

or

Apetalae

Pepper

Family.

"

familyof

aromatic

or
times
somejointedstems, opposite,verticillate,
and spikedor racemose
flowers.
without stipules,

PHARMACEUTICAL

74
Family

MYRiSTiCACEiE.

6.

BOTANY

order

^An

"

of

apetalous trees
Myristica,of about
"

the

80
family comprising the singlegenus
species.
Myristica, ^A largetropicalgenus of fragrant,apetalous trees
the nutmegs" -coextensive with the nutmeg
family,having alternate,
often
dioecious
small
entire,
regularflowers,and a
punctate leaves,
one-celled
fruit with a solitaryseed usually
succulent,two-valved
covered by a lancinate aril.
M, fragrans,a handsome
tree, 20 to 30 feet high, of the Malay
of commerce.
archipelago,
suppliesthe nutmegs and mace

nutmeg

"

"

"

Official drug

Part

Kernel

Oleum

Volatile oil

Myristicae

used

Botanical

of seed

Myristica

name

Myristica fragrans
M)rristica
fragrans

familyof aromatic
with alternate,
trees or shrubs
coriaceous,pellucidpunctate leaves
containingconsiderable volatile oil;flowers polygamous, each having
six colored sepals.
a calyx of four or
Family

green

7.

Laurace-s:

or

Laurel

Family.

"

deciduous, apetalous,mostly dioecious shrubs

or

and

cluded
in-

trees

Myrica. Flowers in mostly single,

seldom
occasionally(Myrica asplenicloselyset aments, leaves single,
folia)
pinnatelycleft. Fruit,a waxy drupe.
candle
The outer waxy layerof the fruit is used in making a superior
within

while

an

the

infusion

or

specificin various
dysentery,etc.
Family

9.

singlegenus,

of the bark

fluid extract

affections of the

Polygonaceje

herbs,shrubs,or rarelytrees

or

with

mucous

Buckwheat
alternate

is used

leaves

and

as

membranes, diarrhoea,
Apetalous
leaves,the stipules

Family.
entire

"

FAMILY

ELM

forming
with

and

sheath

a
a

jointsof the stem; flowers,small

six-parted
perianth;fruit,an angled akene.

above

two-

to

75

the swollen

Official drug

Part

used

Botanical
Rheum

Rheum

Rhizome

Rheum
the

name

ofl"cinale

palmatum

and

varietytanguticum

Unofficial
Root

Rumex

crispus

Rumex

familyof apetaloustrees,shrubs,
the pokeweed family with alternate entire leaves
or
woody herbs
and flowers resemblingthose of the goosef
oot family (Chenopodiacea)
in having the several-celled ovary
but differing
composed of carpels
united in a ring,and forming a berry in fruit. It embraces
21
genera,
and 55 species,
and
tropical
sub-tropical.
Family

Phytolaccace.s:.

io.

"

"

"

Official drug

Part

Phytolacca

Botanical

used

Root

name

Phytolaccadecandra

less succulent
or
familyof more
apetalous -annual or perennial herbs" the goosefoot family with
leaves and minute
greenishflowers. It
usually alternate exstipulate
embraces
about 80 genera and over
them being
500 species,
among
several garden vegetablesand a number
of weeds.
Family

ii.

CHENOPODiACEiE.

"

"

Official drug
Oleum

Part

Chenopodii

Chenopodium

Refined sugar

Beta

ARisxcLOCHiACEiE.

12.

Botanical

Volatile oil

Saccharum

Family

used

^A

"

anthelminticum

vulgaris

small

family

of

apetalous
and tropical,

plants the birthwort family chieflyclimbers or twiners

with irregular,
smellingflowers.
dingy, often offensively
five genera and about 200
species.
"

"

Official

Part

drug
T".

Rhizome

Serpentaria
^

used

Botanical
( Aristolochia

andJ roots

name

[ Aristolochia
.

There

are

name

serpentaria
.f

reticulata
.

Unofficial
Rhizome

Asarum

Family
to

the

13.

Ulmace^e

temperate

and

or

and

Elm

roots

Family.

tropicalzones,

veined
with pinnately
plants,

leaves and

"

Asarum

canadensis

Forest

trees

indigenous
by being woody
and without
stipules

characterized
caducous

76
milky juice.
or

BOTANY

PHARMACEUTICAL

Their

flowers

four parts to the

perianth. Fruit,a

Official drug

Morace^

14.

Botanical

Mulberry

with small
trees,rarelyherbs,perennials,

name

fulva

Ulmus

or

six

samara.

bark

Inner

hermaphroditic with

or

used

Part

Ulmus

Family

unisexual

are

Family.

Mostly

"

clustered
axillary,

shrubs

or

solitary
unisexual flowers,
variouslycolored;leaves ovate with serrate margin
and having caducous
fruit an akene enclosed by the perianth.
stipules;
Milky juicepresent.
Official

drug

used

Part

Indica

Cannabis

Botanical

tops of

Flowering

or

name

sativa

Cannabis
pistil-

late

plant

Ficus

Fruit

Humulus

Strobile

Lupulinum

Glandular

Family

trichome

Euphorbiace^

15.

carica

Ficus

or

Humulus

lupulus

Humulus

lupulus

Spurge

Family.

"

A vast

of

group

countries,
apetalous trees, shrubs, or herbs mainly natives of warm
with milky acrid juice,
entire leaves;fruit,
a threenormally alternate,
locular capsule containingseeds with oily endosperm. Some
plants
furnish rubber.
Official drug

used

Part

Botanical

name

Elastica

Concrete

Stillingia

Root

species
Stillingia
sylvatica

Oleum

Ricini

Volatile oil

Ricinus

Oleum

Tiglii

Hevea

juice

communus

Volatile oil

Croton

tiglium

Cascarilla

Bark

Croton

eluteria

Tapioca

Starch

Kamala

Hairs

Unofficial

The
Flowers
distinct

philipinensis

Chloripetalae
(Polypetalse)

MAGNOLiACEiE

16.

having alternate

corolla colored
Pistils and

anisi

alike.

stamens

Official drug
Oleum

utilissima

latter

being composed

of

petals.

Family
shrubs

capsule

Manihot

Mallotus

the
calyx and corolla,

both

have

of

leaves

or

and

Sepals and
Bark

numerous.

Part

used

Volatile oil

Magnolia

Family.

"

^Trees

and

singlelargeflowers with calyx and

petalsdeciduous, anthers adnate.
aromatic

and

bitter.

Botanical

lUicium

verum

name

CASHEW

FAMILY

77

family of polypetalous plants the

rose
leaves,and
family with alternate simple or compound stipulate
distinct stamens
inserted on the
regularflowers with usuallynumerous
80 genera, and nearly 2000
species,
urn-shaped calyx. It embraces
Family

Rosace-s:.

17.

"

^A

"

"

in all parts of the world.

found

and

Trees, shrubs

petals.

many

The

few

herbs.

fruits vary

The

flowers

greatlyand

bear
be*

may

comparatively

an
akene,
fleshy,

family of
alternate
trees or shrubs,with resinous,
chloripetalous
acrid,milky juice,
leaves,small flowers,and a mostly drupaceous fruit. Exhalations of
from
members
the Rhus
nata,
venefrequentlypoisonous especially
many
and R. Toxicodendron
(PoisonIvy).
Family

18.

ANACARDiACEiE,

Family

19.

RANUNCULACEiE.

plants

the crowfoot

or

"

Cashew

An

order

Family.

"

of herbaceous

or

woody

or
or
buttercup family
palmately veined leaves,and terminal,racemose, or panicled flower
the flowers regularor irregular,
with all parts distinct and unconnected.
clusters,
There are 30 genera and 1350 species.
shrubs or herbs with acrid juices. Fruit is an akene.
Medium-sized
"

"

with

radical

alternate

78

PHAEMACEUTICAL

pod

or

BOTANY

berry. Chieflytemperate

albuminous

or

cold climates.

Seeds

contain

matter.
Botanical

name

Hydrastic canadensis
Aconitum
napellus
Delphinium Staphisagria

Cimicifugaracemosa
Anemone

Pulsatilla
pratensis

Anemone

Coptis trifolia
Helleborus niger
Adonis

vernalis

family of polypetalousherbs,
the bean family with alternate,
shrubs and trees
usually
stipulate,
with
or sometimes
regularflowers,
compound leaves and papilionaceous
usually10 monadelphous, diadelphous,or rarelydistinct stamens, and
a simple
pistil
becoming generallya legume in fruit. It embraces three
well-marked groups, 24 tribes,
427 genera, and 7000 species.
Family

LEGUMiNOSiE.

20.

"

"

vast

"

Botanical

name

Acacia Senegal and other species

Astragalus gummifer and other

species

pereirae

Toluifera

TolujiferaBalsamum

Haematoxylon campechianum
Pterocarpus santalinus
glabra
glandulifera
Glycyrrhiza

iGlycyrrh
Cassia acutifolia

\ Cassia

angustifolia

Cassia.fistula
Tamarindus

indica

Copaiba species
Vouacapoua araroba
Physostigma venenosum
PterocarpusMarsupium
CytisusScoparius
Trigonellafcenum-graecum
Pisddia
erythrina
Indigoferatinctoria
Trifolium pratense

Dipteryx

odorata

CELASTRACE^

Family
annual

or

cruciform

79

largefamily of
perennialpolypetalousherbs with pungent watery juiceand
stamens
corollas;
tetradynamous; fruit a silique.
CRUCiFERiE

21.

Mustard

or

Family.

"

balsamiffamily of tropical
resinous polypetaloustrees or shrubs
the myrrh family-^
or
erous
with alternate compoimd leaves and three to five parted usuallyperfect
flowers.
It includes 18 genera and 150 species.
Family

Burserace-s:.

22.

"

small

"

Part

Official drug

M)nTha

used

Botanical

name

Gum

resin

Commiphora Myrrh

Gum

resin

BosweUia

Unofficial
Olibanum

Family

carterii

family of American
polypetalous
ing
havand mostly leafless,
plants the cactus family ^green and fleshy,
globularor columnar, tuberculated or ribbed,or jointedand often
flattened stems, usuallyarmed with bundles of spines,
and bearinglarge
and often showy flowers with numerous
sepals,
petalsand stamens, and
the fruit a pulpy berry. It embraces 13 genera and about 1000
species.
23.

Cactace-s:.

"

"

"

Unofficial

drug

Cactus

Family

24.

used

Part
Fresh

branches

Berberidace^

Botanical

or

name

grandiflorus

Cereus

Family.

Barberry

"

Herbs

and

woody plantswith watery juicesand alternate,or radical,simple or

compound leaves often bearing spines or barbs, which give them a
barbed
Fruit a berry or capsule.
appearance.
Officialdrug

Part

Berberis

Rhizome

Podophyllum

Rhizome

Family

Celastrace^.

Botanical

used

and

roots

name

Berberis

aquifolium and
species
Podophyllum peltatum

other

family of polypetalous trees or

the staff-tree or spindle-tree
shrubs
having
family mostly tropical,
coriaceous
small
flowers
imbricated
with
simple,
leaves,
sepals
regular
and petals,
and four or five perigynousstamens
inserted on a fleshydisc
with the petals;
seed in a succulent aril.
alternately
25.

"

"

"

Official drug

Euonymus

Part
Bark

used

Botanical

Euonymus

name

atropurpureus

8o

PHARMACEUTICAL

Family

family of tropicalAmerican
aromatic
the canella family with alternate,
trees
expolypetalous,
entire
leaves
and
flowers.
It
braces
emstipulate,
axillary,
perfect
cymose,
Canella
smd Cinnamodendron,and about four species.
two
genera,
26.

Canellace-s:.

BOTANY

small

"

"

UnofGlcial drug
Canellae

Part used

Botanical

Bark

cortex

Family

"

name

Canella alba

Cornace-s:.

familyof polypetalousshrubs or trees

the dogwood or comel family of all parts of the world,with usually
alternate coriaceous entire leaves,
ters
clusand terminal or axillary
cymose
of small flowers.
It embraces 15 genera and 80 species.
27.

"

"

"

Unofficial drug
Cornus

Part used
Bark

Family

28.

laurel

spurge

or

entire leaves and

family of trees or shrubs, the

mezereum
family,having very tough bark,opposite
small,perfect,
regularflowers.
Thymeleace^.

"

Part

Botanical

used

Bark

Mezereum

Family

29.

name

florida

Cornus

Official drug

or

Botanical

Daphne

Geraniace-e.

^A familyof

"

name

Mezereum

polypetalousherbs,shrubs

geranium family usuallywith lobed or dissected leaves

axillarypeduncles of often showy, perfectflowers. It embraces
perate
tribes,
widely scattered in tem25 genera, and about 980 species,
and sub-tropical
regions.

trees

and
seven

"

the

"

Official drug

Botanical

used

Part

Geranium

Rhizome

Geranium

name

maculatum

familyof polypetalousshrubs or
the witch-hazel
trees
family with alternate simple leaves, two
and heads or spikesof monoecious
deciduous stipules,
or
polygamous
flowers.
It includes 19 genera and about 40 species.
The leaves and twigs contain highly aromatic
volatile oils.
Family

30.

Hamamelidace-s:.

"

"

"

Official drug

Part

Hamamelidis

folia

Leaves

Hamamelidis

cortex

Bark

Styrax

rarelytrees

31.
"

name

and

twigs

virginiana
Hamamelis
virginiana
Liquidambar orientalis

family of polypetalousherbs,shrubs,or
family with alternate simple and usuallyentire

Linace-s:.

the flax

Botanical
Hamamelis

Balsam

Family

used

"

"

82

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

It embraces
handsome, flowers with five monadelphous stamens.
all tropical
or sub-tropical.
tribes,
27 genera, and 235 species,

often
five

Family.
ChloriMsNisPERMACEiE, or Moonseed
petalouswoody, climbingtropicalplantswith alternate simple leaves;
flowers green to white; fruit a one-seeded
succulent drupe. They
usuallycontain tonic,narcotic or poisonousbitter principles.
Family

Family

36.

"

Myrtace^e

Myrtle

Family.

Evergreen trees or
shrubs of warmer
with opposite,
leaves of an
entire exstipulate
climates,
elliptical
shape and having a vein running close to the margin. All the
glands containinghydrocarbon principles,
organs provided with roundish
giving them an aromatic odor. Flowers with imbricate calyx
and an inferior ovary.
stamens
lobes,numerous
37.

or

Official drug

used

Part

Eucalyptus
Eucalyptol

Leaves

Caryophyllus

Flower

Eugenol

Aromatic

Pimenta

Fruit

"

Botanical

name

Eucalyptusglobulus

Organic

oxide

Eucalyptus globulus
Eugenia aromatica
Eugenia aromatica

bud

phenol

Pimenta

officinalis

Unofficial
Volatile oil and

Myrcia

leaves

Myrcia acris

family of polypetalous herbs,

the milkwort
family having alternate
shrubs,or rarelysmall trees
hypogynous flowers with four to eight
simpleentire leaves and irregular
diadelphousor monadelphous stamens.
Family

38.

Polygalace-s:.

"

^A

"

"

Official drug

used

Botanical

Root

Senega
Family

Part

39.

Rutace^

or

name

Polygala Senega
Rue

Family.

"

family of pellucid,
having exstipulate

woody plants,rarelyherbs
pol5^etalous
simpleor compound leaves and variouslyshapedinflorescences
opposite,

punctate,

83

ZYGOPHYLLACE^

of

perfect,five-partedflowers;fruit a capsule or berry.

The

plants

contain ethereal oils in their intracellular cavities.

Official drug
Aurantii

Part

Dulcis Cortex

Outer
Rind

Cortex

rind of

ripefruit

Aurantu

Amari
Cortex

Outer

rind of

ripefruit

Citrus Limonum

Limonis

Succus

Fresh

juiceof ripefruit

Citrus Limonum

unripe fruit

(short)

Leaves

Barosma

1
T"
Bark

Xantnoxylum

betulina

/ Xanthoxylum

"

Citrus vulgaris

/ Pilocarpus
Jaborandi
\ Pilocarpusmicrophyllus

Leaflets

Pilocarpus

name

Citrus Aurantium

Limonis

Buchu

of

Botanical

used

"

^.

"

americanum
__

I Fagara Clava-Hercuhs

Family
shrubs

RnAMNACEiE

40.

small trees of

or

Buckthorn

or

Chloripetalous
spinystems, simple
fleshywinged drupaceousfruit.

warm

Official drug

Part

Purshiana

Frangula

"

temperate regionswith

and
leaves,small regularflowers,

Rhamnus

Family.

,.

used

Botanical

name

Bark

Rhamnus

Purshiana

Bark

Rhamnus

Frangula

Fruit

Rhamnus

cathartica

Unofficial

Rhamnys

Cathartica

Family

herbs or
pol)rpetalous
shrubs
the
turnerad
family ^mainlyAmerican, having alternate
and axillary
or few-clustered perfect
leaves,
solitary
simpleor pinnalified
There
six genera
flowers with five stamens.
and
are
85 species.
Turnera,the type genus, fmrnishes a number of ornamental greenhouse
plantsand the drug damiana.
Turnerace-^:.

41.

"

"

^An

order

of

"

Unofficial

used

Part

Damiana

Leaves

Family

Simarubace-s:.

42.

shrubs

Turnera

"

the

Botanical

name

diffusa varietyaphrodisiaca

familyof

very

bitter

pol3^etalous

quassiafamily having
pinnate leaves
and small dioecious flowers in axillary
It embraces
paniclesor racemes.
all natives of warm
countries.
2,z genera and 1 10 species,
trees

or

"

"

Official drug
r\

'

Family

Part used
TTT

Quassia

alternate

Wood

Botanical

/ Picrasma

name

excelsa

"

^
I Quassia

amara

shrubs or
familyof pol)^etalous
herbs
the bean-caper
family shavingjointedbranches,two-foliolate
or pinnatestipulate
pedunclesbearingwhite,red.
leaves,and axillary
"

43.

Zygophyllace.s:.
"

"

^A

84
or

PHARMACEUTICAL

It embraces

yellowflowers.

BOTANY

and

i8 genera

no

species,
mainly tropical

in distribution.
Official

used

Part

drug

Botanical

Resin

Guiacum

name

/ Guiacum

officinale

\ Guiacum

sanctum

family of polypetaloustrees
shrubs
the tea or camellia family having alternate simpleleaves,
or
and often large,showy, mostly five-partedflowers with niunerous
and 310 species,
It embraces
stamens.
nearly all natives
41 genera
of the tropics.
Family

44.

TERNSXROEMiACEiE.

"

"

"

Official drug

Part

used

Botanical

Feebly basic principle

CafiFeina

name

chinensis

familyof polypetaloustrees or shrubs

the soapberryfamily having alternate,
often evergreen, compound
leaves,and small unsymmetrical odorless flowers with eightstamens.
It embraces
122
mainly tropical.
genera, and 950 species,
Family

45.

Sapindace-s:.

Thea

"

"

"

Official drug

Part

Guarana

Paste

Family

used

of crushed

Botanical

seeds

name

Paullinia Cupana

family of polypetalousshrubs,or
the
cola-nut
trees
sterculia family having usually opposite,
or
cence
and a variouslyshaped infloresor three- to nine-foliate leaves
single,
of regularperfect
flowers with frequently
monadelphous stamens
46.

Sterculiace^e.

"

"

"

having two-celled

Family

47.

anthers.

Umbelllfer^e

or

Parsley

Family.

"

family of

polypetalousherbs or shrubs characterized as follows:

umbel (simple
each,
an
or compound) of small flowers,
Inflorescence,
with five petalsand five stamens
and ovary two-celled,inferior,
calyx
adnate

to ovary.

Fruit,a
carps

which

aromatic

cremocarp,

of
consisting

often separate when

volatile oils.

two

dry carpelsor meriripe. Entire plantspossess

seed-like

fruit is

8S

RXIBIACE^

Chloripetalousshrubs or trees
five petals,
with small zygomorphicflowers exhibiting
a five-lobed calyx,
and a superiorovary; fruit a drupe. Indige10
hypogynous stamens
nous
Family

to

Erythroxylace^.

48.

torrid and

temperate

Official drug

"

zones.

Part

Coca

used

Botanical

/ ErythroxylonCoca
\ Erythroxylon Truxillense

Leaves

Family

with

Vitace^

49.

Grape

or

watery sap, whose

abundant

Family.

"

climb

stems

oppositethe leaves;flowers hypogynous; fruit a

Official drug
Vinum

Album

Vinum

Rubrum

Family

Part

used

Botanical

Fermented

Vitis vinifera

Fermented

juiceof

Vitis vinifera

in presence

of their skins.

trees of small size with

scarlet

shrubs
Chloripetalous
of tendrils
by means
berry.

juiceof fruit

PuNiCACEiE,

50.

name

receptacle,
calyx

and

or

fruit

Pomegranate

Family.

"

name

lous
Chloripeta-

oppositeovate-lanceolate,entire
corolla;fruit

an

edible

berry

leaves,

with

hard

rind.
Official drug

Part

Granatum

Sub-class

used

of stem

Bark
b.

Botanical

and

Sympetal^e

A division of

calyx and
piece.
Family

shrubs,or

root

RuBiACEiE.

herbs

"

"

the Madder

name

Granatum

Gamopetal^

dicotyledonousplantsin which
the latter with petalsmore
corolla,
i.

Punica

the flowers possess both

or

less united

into

one

large family of gamopetalous trees,

family with simpleoppositeor whorled
"

86

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

and perfect,
connected by interposed
often dimorphous,
leaves,
stipules,
flowers.
It embraces
in all parts
25 tribes,
375 genera, and 4500 species
of the world.

Usually contain

valuable

alkaloids.
Botanical

f Cinchona

\ Cinchona
[ Cinchona
Cinchona

name

officinalis

Calisaya
Ledgeriana,and hybrids
succirubra

/ CephaelisIpecacuanha
\ Cephaelisacuminata
Ourouparia Gambir

Feeblybasic
Family

substance

CoNVOLVULACE-ffi.

Coffea

arabica

largewidely dispersedfamily of
the convolvulus
gamopetalous,chieflyclimbingherbs,rarelyshrubs or trees
bindweed
or
family with alternate leaves,and showy penflowers. It embraces
about 36 genera and 870 species.
tamerous
axillary
Contains
milky juices.
2.

"

"

"

Official

Part

drug

Jalapa

Tuberous

Scammonium

Gum

Botanical

used

name

Exogonium Piurga

root

Convolvulus

resin

Scammonia

family of gamopetalous herbs

the valerian family shavingoppositeexstipulate
leaves and cymes
of
small often irregular
fewer than the corolla lobe,
flowers with stamens
and
its tube.
inserted on
There are nine genera and 275 species.
cludes
Valeriana,the type genus, distinguished
by its triandrous flowers,inFamily

3.

Valerianace^.

"

"

"

the

common

or

Official drug

officialvalerian.
Part

Valeriana

Rhizome

Botanical

used
and

roots

Valeriana

name

officinalis

family of gamopetalous plants the

the sapodilla
or
star-apple
family being mainly trees or shrubs with
milky juice,alternate leatheryleaves,and largeflowers with perfect
all natives of the
It embraces
stamens.
38 genera, and 400 species,
Family

4.

Sapotace.e.

"

"

"

warmer

An

countries.

importantresin-producing
family.

Unofficial drug

Gutta-percha

Part
Concrete

used

exudation

Botanical

name

Palaquium gutta

87

CAPRIFOLIACE^

familyof smooth annual or perennial

the gentianfamily with colorless bitter juice,
gamopetalousherbs
oppositesimple leaves,and showy, perfect,regular flowers. It is
the world,especially
in temperate regions,
and
widely distributed over
embraces
49 genera, and about 575 species.
Gentianace^.

Family 5.

"

"

"

Botanical
Gentiana
Swertia

Family

name

lutea

Chirayita

Logania
Family.
herbs,
^Tropical
Loganiace^e, the
often poisonous. Allied to
shrubs,or trees containingbitter principles,
the milkweed
and gentianfamilies. Leaves entire,
stipulate,
opposite,
fruit a
inflorescence cymose,
and
fourto
flowers,regular
five-parted,
two-celled berry or capsule.
6.

"

family of gamopetalous herbaceous

or woody plants the dogbane family mainly tropical
or sub-tropical,
with milky, mostly acrid juice,simple,entire,
leaves,and
exstipulate
regular,five-parted flowers. It embraces 103 genera and 900 species.
Fruit,a pod containingmany seeds which are often downy.
Family

7.

Apocynace.e.

"

"

Official

"

Part

drug

Apocynum

Rhizome

Stfophanthus

Seed

Family

used

Botanical

name

cannabinum

Apocynum
other species
Strophanthushispidus

largefamilyof gamopetalousperennial
shrubs
herbs or
the milkweed
family erect or twining,
having milky juice,leaves mostly opposite,five-partedimibellate
with the pollencoheringin waxy masses, and a fruit
stamens
flowers,
of two follicles. It embraces
about 1300 species.
8.

Asclepiadace^.

and

"

"

Unofficial drug

Asclepias
Condurango
Family

9.

"

Part

used

Botanical

name

Root

Asclepiastuberosa

Bark

Gonolobus

Caprifoliace^.

shrubs,or rarelysmall

trees

"

condurango

family of gamopetalous herbs

the honeysucklefamily ^mostlyof the
"

"

88

PHARMACEUTICAL

BOTANY

northern

hemisphere,having oppositelobed or odd-pinnateleaves,the

with perfectregularor irregular
inflorescence usuallycymose
flowers,
and a baccate or drupaceousfruit. It includes 13 genera and about 200
the honeysuckle,
species,
viburnum, elder,etc.

Family

familyof gamopetalous,frequently
narcotic,poisonous plants the nightshade family shavingcolorless
juice,alternate simpleleaves,regularpentamerous and pentandrous
flowers and
seeds.
It embraces
72 genera, and
1750 species,
many
America.
found in all warm
Solatium,the type
particularly
countries,
genus, includes S, tuberosum,the cultivated potato; S, Melongena,the
S. nigrum, the black nightshade;S. Dulcamara, the bittersweet;
egg-plant;
S. Carolinense,the Horse Nettle.
10.

SoLANACEiE.

"

"

"

Family
the

family of gamopetalous herbs

family of northern temperate regions,with alternate
and regularblue or white bell-shaped
flowers,
five-parted
and a thousand
the Lobeliacece)
species.
genera (including

ii.

bellwort

Campanulace^.

Official drug

Part

Lobelia

or

"

"

simpleleaves
embracing 53

Leaves

Family

"

12.

Ericace^.

perennialherbs
often

"

the

evergreen

and

used

floweringtops

Botanical
Lobelia

name

inflata

family of gamopetalous trees, shrubs,

heath family ^with commonly alternate,undivided,
leaves,variouslyshaped clusters of symmet"

"

PHARMACEUTICAL

90
OfScial drug

BOTANY

Part

Salvia

used

Botanical

name

Salvia officinalis

Leaves

Scutellaria

Dried

plant

Marrubium

Leaves

and

floweringtops Marrubium

Hedeoma

Leaves

and

floweringtops
floweringtops

Scutellaria lateriflora

Oleum

Piperita
Thymi

vulgare
pulegioides
Leaves
and
Mentha
spicata
Leaves
and floweringtops Mentha
piperita
Volatile oil from leaves and Thymus vulgaris

Oleum

Rosmarini

Volatile

Oleum

Lavendulae

Mentha
Mentha

Viridis

Hedeoma

flowering
tops
oil from

fresh

Rosmarinus

fresh

Lavendula

officinalis

floweringtops
Florum

Volatile oil from

officinalis

floweringtops
Unofficial
Melissa

Leaves

Origanum

Herb

Family

tops

Melissa officinalis

Origanum majorana

familyof gamopetalous trees or shrubs

the storax family shavingalternate simple leaves and usuallywhite
racemed
flowers with a corolla of four to eight more
less united
or
natives of all parts
petals. It embraces seven
genera and 235 species,
i6.

Styrace^.

and

"

"

"

of the world.
Official drug
Benzoinum

Part

Balsamic

Family

used

resin

Botanical

Styrax

name

Benzoin

largestfamily of plantsembracing
835 genera, and over 10,000 species. A family of gamopetalous herbs,
shrubs
and rarely trees found
in all parts of the world,having their
flowers in a head or capitulum on a common
surmounted
receptacle,
inserted on the caroUa,
with five (rarely
by an involucre,
four)stamens
their anthers,syngenesious. Calyx tube crowned
by a pappus in the
form of bristles,
teeth or scales,
Corolla either ligulate
or tubular.
etc.
In the perfectflowers a two-cleft styleis present. Fruit, an
akene.
The
plants of this family contain inulin,a substance isomeric with
17.

Composite.

"

The

starch.
Official

drug

Part

used

Botanical

name

Anthemis

Flower

head

Anthemis

Arnica

Flower

head

Arnica

Matricaria

Flower

head

Matricaria

Calendula

Ligulateflorets

Calendula

Lappa
Pyrethrum

Root
Root

lappa
Anacyclus Pyrethrum

Taraxacum

Root

Taraxacum

nobilis

montana

Chamomilla
officinalis

Arctium

officinale

GYMNOSPERMS

THE

91

flowering tops Eupatorium perfoliatum

Eupatorium

Leaves

and

Grindelia

Leaves

and

Lactucarium

Concrete

Santonica

Unexpanded

Oleum

Volatile oil

Grindelia robusta

Erigerontis

floweringtops

Grindelia squarrosa
Lactuca

milk juice
flower heads

virosa

Artemisia paudflora

Erigeron canadense

Chrysanthemum

roseum

PyrethriFlores

Chrysanthemum

carneum

Carthamus

Carthamus

Unoffidal
Flower

heads

Florets

Cichorium

Root

Cichorium

Inula

Root

Inula

Absinthium

Leaves

and

Achillea

Leaves

and

Tanacetum

Leaves

and

Family

18.

floweringtops
floweringtops
floweringtops

Hydrophyllaceje.

"

tinctorius

intybus

Helenium

Artemisia

Absinthium

Achillea millefolium
Tanacetimi

vulgare

escent
Herbaceous, shrubby, or arbor-

a watery, insipid
plantscontaining
juiceand further characterized
by having hairy and toothed pinnatelycompound leaves;scorpoid
and two-valved fruits.
inflorescences,

OflSdal drug

Part

Eriodictyon

Botanical

used

name

Eriodictyon californicum

Leaves

lent
family of usuallysuccuthe gourd family ^with
tendril-bearing
dicotyledonousherbs
climbing or prostate stems, simple plamately veined alternate leaves,
monoecious
or
dioecious,
rarelygamopetalous flowers,and a large,
and about
86 genera
fleshy,usuallythree-celled fruit. It embraces
mostly found in the tropics.
630 species,

Family

19.

CucuRBixACE-ffi.

"

natural

"

"

Official drug

Part

Botanical

used

name

Pepo

Seed

Cucurbita

Colocynthis

Peeled dried fruit

Citrullus Colocynthis

Elaterinum

Neutral

Ecballium

SUBDIVISION

The
which

principle

II." THE

Gymnosperms comprisean
were

more

numerous

Pepo
Elaterium

GYMNOSPERMS

ancient

and historic group

in the Paleozoic and

Carboniferous

of

plants
periods

They differ from the Angiosperms mainly in their seeds

are
being exposed. Most of their number
evergreens, retainingtheir
leaves throughout the year, important exceptionsbeing the Larches
which drop their foliage
upon the advent of winter.
The groups stillextant are the Cycads or Fern Palms, the Gnetums,
of most
the Ginkgos, and the Conifers.
Of these the Conifers are
than

now.

PHARMACEUTICAL

92

BOTANY

of Gymnosperms,
pharmaceutic importance. This, the largest
group
includes the pines,firs,
balsams, cedars,
spruces, hemlocks, junipers,

and arbor
of

medicinal

pharmaceuticand

Botanical
Hnus

followingGymnospermous plantsyieldproducts

vitic. The

value:

Products

name

pine bark

White

strobus

Pinus paiustris

Pinus glabra
Pinus

echinata

Pinus

Ueda

and

other speciesof Pinus

|
J

Abies balsamea

Balsam

Larix decidua

Venice

Pieea eicelsa

(Abies excelsa)

Tsuga occiden talis

Juniperus Oxyccdrus
Juniperus communis

of iir

turpentine
Btu'gundy pitch
Volatile oil
Oil of cade

Juniper berries
and

JuniperusSabina

Tops

Callitrisquadrivalvis

Sandarac

Pinus

Volatile oil

sylvestiis

and

volatile oil

volatile oil of savin

PINACEiE

Family

(Cone-bearing
awl-shaped
flowers

Taxineae,

family.)

in

catkins,
or

or

Trees

needle-shaped

or

Abietineae,

Old

PiNACEiE."

i.

proper
yew

family.

shrubs,

or

of

family;
All

are

Coniferae.

name

leaves,

destitute

pine

93

calyx

resinous

monoecious

and

or

evergreen

Three
or

dioecious

sub-families,

cypress

excepting

family.

juice, mostly
rarely

or

carolla.

Cupressineae,

pine

The

with

the

family;
Larches.

and

BIBLIOGRAPHY
and

Le Maout

Descriptiveand AnalyticalBotany."
Botanik," by Strasburger,
Noll, Schenck and
CollegeBotany."
der

"Lehrbuch
Bastin's

"

Decaisne's

"

Macfarlane*s

"Lectures

on

the

Comparative Morphology

and

Schimper.
Taxonomy

Angiospermia".
"

Botany and Pharmacognosy."

Steven's "Plant Anatomy."
"Outlines of Biology."
Hamaker's
of Botany," vol. I, by Coulter,Barnes, " Cowles.
"A Text Book
"
of Botany and Pharmacognosy," by Mary L. Creighton.
Elements
Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien von
A. Engler imd K. Prantl.
"
translated
Warming's
Systematic Botany,"
by Potter.
Kramer's

94

of the

NOTES

"f

NOTES

INDEX
64
Antherozoids,
Anthoceros,65

Abies balsamea,92, 93
Absinthium,91
Acacia Senegal,
78
Aconitum
78
napellus,
AcQrus Calamus, 70
Achillea millefolium,
91
Adonis vernalis,
78
Agathisloranthifolia,
93
Agrop)n:onrepens, 70
Agaricaceae,
63
Agaricales,
63
63
Agaricuscampestris,
Alga-like
Fungi,59
classification
of,56
Algae,
Alternation of generations,
64,66

Anthocerotales,65

Anthotaxy,37-40
determinate,
37-40
indeterminate,
37-40

mixed,37-40
Anemone

pidsatilla,
78
78
pratensis,
Angelicaarchangelica,
85
Apetalae,
72
85
Apium graveolens,
85
petroselinum,

Apotheda,64
Apocynaceae,87
Apocynum cannabinum, 87
Araceae,70
Arbor Vitae,
92

Albugo,61
Albumen,54
perispermic,
54
endospermic,54

"

64, 65, 67
Archegonia,

and endospermic,
perispermic
54

Archichlamydeae,
72
Lappa, 90
Uva-Ursi,89
Arctostaphylos
Arctium

Alkaloids,
4
Aleurons,4
Allium sativum,71
Aloe,71
chinensis,
71
ferox,71
Perryi,71

Areca

Catechu,70

nut, 70
Arisaema triphyllum,
70
Arnica Montana, 90
Artemisia absinthium,91

pauciflora,
91

vera, 71
81
Althaea officinalis,

Arum

Ammoniacum, 85
Amygdala Amara,

71
Asagraeaofficinalis,
85
Asafoetida,
Asarum canadensis,
75
Ascomycetes,61
Ascopores,62
Astragalusgummifer,78
61
Aspergillus,

77

JDulcis,
77
Andreaea,65

Andreaeales,
65
Androecium,44

definition,
44

Aurantii Amari Cortex,83

Dulcis Cortex. 83

parts, 44

Anemophilous,48
Anacardiaceae,
77
AnacylusPyrethrum, 90
Anamita
63
phalloides,
Anamirta
82
paniculata,

63
Autobasidiomycetes,
Azolla,69
Aristolochiaceae,
75
Aristolochia reticidata,
75
serpentaria,
75

69
Angiospermia,
21
Angiosperms,

Anisum, 85
Annular tracheae,
9
Annulus,66, 67
Anthemis

Family,70

56-58
Bacteria,
forms,56-58
56-58
appearance of colonies,
56-58
reproduction,
growth of,56-58
chemical composition,
56-58
Balsam of Fir,92

nobilis,
90

Anther,45
attachment,45

Antheridia,
64, 65, 67
95

96

INDEX

Balsaraum

Peruvianum,
Tolutanum, 78
Balsams, 92

Bark,

outer, 28

middle, 28

inner,28
Barosma
betulina,83
Basidia Fungi, 62
Basidiomycetes,62
Basidium, 62
Bast fibers,
8
Bayberry Family, 74
Bean
Family, 78

Folia,88

Radix, 88
Benzoinum, 90
Berberidaceae,
79
Berberis Aquifolium, 79
Berch

Family, 73
Berry,53
Beta

Cactus, 79
84,
Caflfeina,

Calamus,

86

70

root, cross-section,
9,
Calcium oxalate, 4

28

Belladonnae

78

Vulgaris,75

Betula lenta,73

Betulaceae,73
Biennial plant,17
Bindweed
Family, 86
Birch Family, 73
Birthwort Family, 75
Black Nightshade, 88
Blue Green Algae,56
Bog Mosses, 65
Boswellia carterii,
79
Buckwheat
Family, 74
Buckthorn
Family, 83
Buchu, 83
Bud, 20

Calendula
Callitris

officinalis,
90
quadrivalvis,92,
Calumba, 82
Calyx, 41, 42
definition,
41,

42

parts, 4), 42

shapes,41, 42
chlorisepalous,
41,
gamosepalous, 41,

42
42

Cambogia, 81
Cambium,

26

Camellia

Family, 84
Campanulaceae, 88
C amphora, 74
80
Canellaceae,
Canella alba, 80
Canellae Cortex, 80
Cannabis
Indica,76

sativa,76
Capitulum,39
Capsicum fastigiatum,88
Carica

papaya,

82

CarpeJ,46, 47
definition,
46, 47
parts, 46, 47

adventitious,20
20
axillary,
20
flower,

leaf,20

Cassia

mixed, 20
naked, 20
scaly,20

Castanea

20

Bulb, 22
scaly,23
tunicated,22
Bundle,

10

collateral

closed,10
concentric,10
Burseraceae,79
Burgundy Pitch,92
Brassica nigra,79
Brown
Algae,58
Bryales,65

Bryophyta, 64
Cactaceae,
79

93

Calyptra,66

dehiscence,46, 47
compound, 46, 47
Carpophore, 52
Carnauba
Wax, 70
Carum
Carvi, 85
Caryophyllus,82
Carthamus
tinctorius,
91
Cascarilla,
76
Cashew
Family, 77

accessory,

1 1

78
acutifolia,
78
angustifolia,
78
fistula,

dentata,73

Catkin, 39, 73
Caulicle,15
Cedars, q2
Celastraceae,
79
Celery,85
Cell sap

colors,4

CephaelisIpecacuanha, 86
acuminata, 86
Centrosome, 4
Cereus grandiflorus,
79
Chenopodiaceae,75
Chenopodium anthelminticum,
Chimaphila umbellata, 89

Chirata,87

75

INDEX

Convolvulus

Chloripetalae,
72, 76
Chlorophyceae,58
Chlorophyll,56, 4
Chromoplast, 4
Chromoplast, 4
Chondodendron

tomentosum,

Chondrus, 59
Chromatophores, 3
Chrysanthemum roseura,
carneum,

qi

Chrysarobinum, 78
60
Chytridiales,
Cichorium
intybus,91

Cimicifugaracemosa,

82

Scammonia,

78

44

parts, 43, 44

shapes,43, 44
chloripetalous,
43,
gamopetalous, 43,

Corymb,

39

Crocus

sativus, 71

Croton

eluteria,76

tiglium,76
Crowfoot

63
Clavariales,
60,-62
Clavicepspurpurea,
life history,60, 62
Closed collateral bundle, 10
Club

Family,77

Cruciferae,
79
Cryptogams,

Cubeba^72
Cucurbita

Pepo, 91
Cuciurbitaceae,
91

Cupuliferae,
73

Mosses, 66
Coca, 85
Cocos

nucifera,70
Cocoanut
Oil,70
Cocos
nucifera,70
Cocculus,82
Coffea arabica,86
Cola acuminata, 84
Colchicum
autumnale,
Colchici Cormus, 71

71

Culm, 21
Cupules, 52, 64
Cup Fungi, 59, 61
Cusso, 77
Cyanophyceae, 56
Cycads, 91
Cydonia vulgaris,77
Cydonium, 77
Cyme, 39
Cypress, 93

Collenchyme,5

Cypripedium,71

Colocynthis,91

pubescens, 71
parviflorum,71
Cytisus scoparius,78
Cytoplasm, 3

Calyptrogen,15
Commiphora Myrrha,
Compositae,90
bundle,

79

10

Damiana, 83

Condurango, 87
Cone, 53
Conidia, 62
Coniferae,
91, 93
Conium

maculatum,

Convallaria,7 1
majalis,71
86
Convolvulaceae,

44
44

Coto, 74
Cotyledons, 15
Cremocarp, 52
Creosotum, 73
Cribiform,7
tissue,
5

63
Clavaria,

Concentric

86

Copaiba, 78
Copernica cerifera,
70
Coptis trifolia,
7"8
Coriandrum
sativum, 85
Cork, 5, 7
Corm, 22
Cornaceae,80
Cornus
80
florida,
Corn Smut, 62
Cornstalk,22

Corolla,
43, 44
definition,
43,

Cinnamodendron, 80
Cinnamomum
Cassia,74
Camphora, 74
Saigonicum, 74
Zeylanicum, 74
Cinchona Calisaya,86
Ledgeriana,86
86
officinalis,
succirubra,86
Rubra, 86
Citrullus Colocynthis,91
Citrus Aurantium, 83
Limonum, 83
vulgaris,83

Semen,

97

Dammar,

85

93

Daphne Mezereum, 80
Datura
Stramonium, 88
Delphinium Staphisagria,78
Dermatogen, 15, 20
Determinate
Inflorescence,
37-40

definition,
37-40

98

INDEX

Inflorescence,kinds,37-40

Determinate

Dextrose, 4
Diagram of a cell,
3
Diatoms, 58

Dicotyledons,
2,

23

characteristics of,7

Dicotyl stem, 25, 26

characteristics,
72
cross-section of,11
Differences

between

roots

and

stems.

Digitalispurpurea, 89
Dioecious,42, 65
Dipteryx odorata, 78
Dodder, 16
Dogbane Family, 87
Dogwood Family, 80
Dorema
ammoniacum, 85
Drimys winteri,74
Drupe, 52
68, 69
Dryopterisfilix-mas,
marginaUs, 69
Duboisia

myoporoides,88

Ducts, 8
Dulcamara,

16

Eugenol, 82
Euonymus atropurpiureus, 79
Eupatorium perfoliatum,91
Euphorbiaceae,76
Exocortex, 23
Exogonium Purga, 86
Exogenous stem, 28
Fagaceae,73
Fagara Clava-Herculis,83
Fagus ferruginea,73
sylvatica,73

Family, 2
Fern, structure, 67
annulus, 67

antheridia,67
archegonia,67
67
frondj

indusium, 67

lamina,67
pinna, 67
pinnule,67
67
prothallus,

88

protonema,

67

sporangia,67
true, 69
water, 69

Elaterium, 91
Egg plant,88
Elastica,76
Elaterium, 91
Elder, 88
EcbaUium

EUetaria
Elm

repens,

Family,

Embryo,

Fertilization,
49
85
fcetida,
Fibrovascular,5
Ferula

bundle, 13, 69
bicollateral,
13
closed collateral,
13

72

75

concentric,13,

15

Endodermis, 5, 7, 48
Endocortex, 23
Endogenous stem,
Endosperm, 50
Entomophilous, 48
Enzymes, 4
Epidermal, 5

open

14

collateral,
13

radial,14
Ficus carica,76

23

Epidermis,5, 6
of oak leaf,
7
of Iris leaf,7
of violet petal,7
of epidermal outgrowths,7

Equisetum, 67
66
Equisetales,

Ericaceae,88
Erigeroncanadense,

Figwort Family, 89
FiUcales,67
Filicineae,
69
Firs,92
Flax Family, 80
Flower, 41, 42
complete, 41, 42
definition,
41, 42
diagrams of,41,
double,41, 42
imperfect,41, 42

42

parts, 41, 42
91

Eriodictyon califomicum,
Erythroxylaceae,
85
Erythroxylon Coca, 85
truxillense,
85
Etaerio,
52
Eucalyptol,82
Eucalyptus, 82
Eugenia aromatica,82

91

perfect,41, 42
pistillate,
41, 42
regular,41, 42
stamina te, 41, 42
structure, 41, 42

symmetrical,41,
Foenum

42

Graecum, 78

Foeniculum

Foot, 66, 68

Vulgare, 85

INDEX

Frond, 67
Fruit,so-^53

99
Guarana, 84
officinale,
84

Guiacum

classification,
50-53
definition,
50-53
dehiscence,50-53

distribution,
50-53
structure,50-53

Fruticose,21
Fucus, 59

sanctum,

46
definition,

Funaria,65
Fundamental

84

Gutta-percha,86
81
Guttiferae,
Gymnosperms, 2, 23, 91
Gynoecium, 46
Angiospermous, 46
Gymnospermous,
Structure,46

tissue,5

46

Fungi, 59
Hagenia abyssinica,
77
Hairs,plant, 14

Galla, 73
Gambir, 86

root, 15

Gameotophytes, 64
Gametophyte, 49, 65
male,

49

Hamamelidaceae, 80
Hamamelis
virginiana,80
Hamamelidis
Cortex, 80

female,49

Folia,80

Gamopetalas,85

Hard

Garcinia Hanburii, 81

Garlic,71
Gasteromycetes, 63
Gaultheria procumbens, 89
Geaster,63

Geradia,16
Geraniaceae,80
Geranium
Family, 80
maculatum, 80
Germination, 50
Gelsemium
sempervirens,87
Gentianaceas,4, 87
Gentiana lutea,87
Gentianose, 4
Genus, 2
GeologicalBotany,
Ginger Family, 72
Ginkgos, 91

91

Gonolobus

condurango, 87
Goosefoot
Family, 75
Gossypii Cortex, 81
Gossypium Purificatum,81
herbaceum, 81

Family,91

Grain, 52
Graminaceae, 70
Granatum, 85
Grass Family, 70
Grindelia robusta,91]
6
cells,

91

23

monocotyl stem,

29

root, 17

78
glandulifera,

squarrosa,

53

Hevea, 76
of

Glomerule, 39
Glucosides,4
Glycyrrhizaglabra,78

Guard

21

root, 18

Gloeocapsa,56

Gourd

Herb,

Hesperidium,

Histology of dicotylstem,

Gemma, 64

Gnetums,

bast, 5, 8
Hybrid, 2
Haustoria, 16, 59
Haematoxylon campechianum, 78
Heath
Family, 88
Hedeoma
pulegioides,
90
Helleborus niger,78
Hemlocks, 92
Hepaticae,64

Honey Locust, 21
Honeysuckle Family, 87
Hordeum
distichum, 70
Horse

Nettle, 88

Horsetails,66
Hydrastis, 78
Hydrophyllaceae,91
Hydrophilous, 49
69
Hydropteridineae,

Hyoscyamus niger,88
Hydnaceae, 63
Hydnum, 63
Hymenium, 63
Hymenomycetes, 63
Hypha, 59
Hypnum, 65
Humulus
lupulus,76

Ignatia,87
lUicium

verum,

Indeterminate

76

Inflorescence,
37-39
definition,
37-39
kinds, 37-39

lOO

INDEX

Indian

Turnip, 70
Indigo,78
Indigoferatinctoria,
78

Leaves, exstipulate,
31

imparipinnate,
34
lyrate,
34

Indusium, 67

paripinnate,34
petiolate,
31
sessile,
31
simple,32

Infloresences,
37-40
ascending,37-40
centrifugal,
37-40
centripetal,
37-40
cymose,

stipulate,
31
Leaf arrangement,

37-40

determinate,37-40
indeterminate,37-40
mixed, 37-40

Interfaciciiar
cambium,

19, 26

Inula Helenium, 91

36

alternate,
36
fascicled,
36
opposite,36
36
verticillate,
apex,

33

Involucre,38

acute, ss

Inulin,4

acuminate, 33
aristate,
33
cuspidate,$s
emarginate, 33

Ipecacuanha, 86
Iridaceae,
71
Iris Family, 71
florentina,
71
germanica,

mucronate,

33

obcordate,33
obtuse,33

71

pallida,
71
66
Isoetaceae,

retuse, 33

truncate, 33

Jalapa,86
Jateorhizapalmata, 82
Jungermaniales,65
Juglandaceae,73
Juglans cinerea,
73
Juniper Berries,92
Junipers,92
Juniperus Oxycedrus, 92,
Sabina, 92
communis, 93

base,33
auriculate,
33
cordate,33
hastate,33
reniform,33
sagittate,
33
margin, 33
93

Kamala, 76

Kino, 78
Labellum, 43, 71
Labiatse,89
Lactuca
virosa,91
Lactucarium, 91
Lamina, 30
Lappa, 90
Larches, 91
Larix decidua, 92
(Europea), 93
Lacticiferous

tissue,5

vessels,7,
Lauraceae,

crenate, 33

cleft,33

dentate,33
divided,34
entire,33
incised,33
lobed,33
parted,33
repand, 33
runcinate,33
serrate, 33

outline,33
acerose,

33

acicular,
33
cuneate, 32

deltoid,33

elliptical,
32
filiform,
32
oblong, 32

74

officinalis,
90
nobilis,
74
Leaves, modified forms, 38
bracts,38
Lavendula

ovate, 32

Laurus

oblique,32
orbicular,
33
oblanceolate,32

bracteolar,38

pectate, 32

complete, 30
compound, 32
decompound,

spatulate,32
duration,35
34

caducous, 35

INDEX

103

Myrrha, 79

Oscillatoria,
56

Myrtacete,8a
Myrtle Family,8 a
Myxomycetes, 56

Ourouparia Gambir,
Ovule, definition,
47
position,47
shape, 47

Natural

system,

structure,47

Nectar,49
Nest Fungi,6j

Palaquium gutta, 86
Palmes, 70

Neutral Principles,
4
Nicotiana Tabacum, 88

Palm

Nidulariales,
63
Nightshade Family,88
Non-protoplasmiccell contents, 4
Nostoc,56
Nucleus, 3

endosperm,49
generative,
49
polar,49
tube. 49

Nuclcftrplttsm,
3
Nut, sa
Nutmeg Family, 74
Nux Vomica, 87
Oleaceae,89
Oleum

Anisi,76
Cadinit 93

Chenopodii,75
Cinnamomi,

74

Erigerontis,
91
Gaultheria,8^
Scmmis,
Goss.N-pii

Si

Tuni|'"en.
93
LAvcndulae
Oliva?,80

Florum.

Rkinij 76
Ro^",

77

90

Family, 70

Panicle,39

Papain,82
Papaveraceae,81
Papaver somniferum, 81
Paraphysis,65
Parasite,59
Pareira,82
Parenchyma, 5
28
cortical,
ParsleyFamily, 24
81
Passifloraceae,
Passion-flower Family, 81
Passiflora incarnata,82
PauUinia Cupana, 84
Peat Mosses, 65
Pedicel,38
Pedunde, 38
Pemcillium, 61
Pepper Family, 72
Pepo, S3* 91
Perennial,17
Perianth,42
Periblem, 15, 21
Pcricambium, tS
Periderm, 29
Perigone,42
Peronosporales,61

Tlieol"romaiis,
S4

Petiole,30

TK\mi.

Ph"ophyce", 58
Phaneix^g^amia,
69
PhanercMrams, 2, 09
Phellogen.01

90

;""
Ti^lii.
Oil of Cade,

("lU"anums

02

79

lMi\^

Phloem,

(Xsmvvvtos,

Phyoocyanin, 56
Phyoomycetes, 50
Phycocrxtlirin,
50

Family, ^
l\S5;|y"re,
4"3
^o

2S, 83

Phx^ioloirical
iWhid

Family,

Botany,

Phxtoiacca

Organ. 14

7S

75

docandra,

75

Phxtopht.hora.m

roi^rodiKti\'o.14

Pirca exreisa. 02
Picra".ina. cxceisa^ 5^
Pijcus. r^

14
X'"^otaliv"',

iVcAr.ism.

14.

iViganr.m

ma.'orana,

71

rhysc^t.icmavcnenosuin,

71

rhxtoUccaceje,

iVns,

86

00

Piiac"rpuf Tibora.T)di, S5
iTiicToy'hyiijs,
S3

INDEX

Pimenta

82
oflficinalis,

PimpinellaAnisum, 85
Pinaceae,93
Pines,92
Pinites succinifer,
93

Pinna,67
Pinnule, 67
Pinus strobus, 92, 93

palustris,
92,
glabra,92, 93

93

echinata,
92,

93

taeda,92, 93
sylvestris,
92,

65
Porella,

93

cubeba, 72
methysticum, 72
nigrum, 72
Piscidia erythrina,78
Pistacia lentiscus,
77
Pistil,
46
Pith, 18
Pitted trachea,
9
Pix Burgundica, 93

Canadensis, 93
Liquida, 93

Placenta,47, 48
definition,
47, 48
47,

48

48
Placentation,

basilar,48
central,48
48
free-central,
48
parietal,
sutural,48
Plant,annual, 16, 17
biennial,17
hairs,29, 30
morphology, i
perennial,17

Plasmodium, 50
Plastid,
3, 4
plasm,

Plerome,

15,

Prefloration,
40,

rays, 9

41

contorted,40, 41
definition,
40, 41
in duplicate,
40, 41
reduplicate,
40, 41
valvate,40, 41
vexillary,
40, 41
Prickle,21
Protoplasm, 3
Protoplasmic cell contents, 3
Pjotoplast,3
Protophloem, 14, 26
Prothallus,67
Protonema, 64, 67
Protoxylem, 19, 26
Prunus
amygdalus, 77

serotina,
77
Virginiana,
77
laurocerasus,77
Pterocarpus santalinus,78
marsupium, 78
66
Pteridophyta,
62
Puccinia graminis,

Puff Balls,59, 63
Pulsatilla,
78
Punica

Granatum,

85

Punicaceae,85
Pyrenomycetales, 62
Pyrethri Flores,91
Pyrethrum, 90

21

Pleurococcus,
58
Plumule, 15
Podophyllum peltatum, 79
Poke weed
Family, 75

Pollen,46
48
Pollination,
agents, 48

class,48
cross,

Polygonaceae,74
76
Poljrpetalae,
Polypodiaceae,69
Polyporaceae,63
Polyporus, 63
life history,65
Polytrichum commune,
Pome, 53
Pomegranate Family, 80
Poppy Family, 81
Populus, 73
Potato, 88
Primary medullary

Piperaceae,
72
Piperangustifolium,72

arrangement,

103

48

48
definition,

self,
48
82
Polygalaceae,
PolygalaSenega, 82
Polygamous, 42, 74

Quassia amara, 83
Quercus infectoria,
73
alba, 73

Quillaja
saponaria,
77
Race, 2
Raceme, 38
Rachis, 38
Radicle, 15
Ranunculaceae, 77
Red Algae,4
Reserve
starch,59
Reticulate tracheae,
64
Rhamnaceae, 83

INDEX

I04
Rhamnus

Purshiana, 83
Frangula, 83
cathartica,83
Rhizoids,64
Rhizome, 22
Rhizopus nigricans,61
Rheum
officinale,
75
palmatum,

75

tanguticum,
Rhodophyceae, 59
var.

Rhus

venenata,

75

77

glabra,77

toxicodendron,
77
tica,77

aroma

Ricinus

communis,

76

Rosa

damascena, 77
gallica,
77
Rosaceae,77
Rosmarinus
officinalis,
90
Rosin, 92
Root, 16
adventitious,16
anomalous,

16

conical,16
duration of, 16
epiphytic,t6
fusiform,16
napiform, 16
primary, 16
secondary, 16
tap, 16

Root,

15, 16
15

cap,

hairs, 15

Sandarac, 92
Sandaraca, 93
Sanguinaria canadensis, 81
Santalum
Rubrum, 78
Santonica,91
Sapindaceae,84
Sapotaceae,86
60
Saprolegniales,
Saprophyte, 59
Sarsaparilla,
17, 71
Sassafras,74
medulla, 74
variifolium,
74
Scammonium, 86
Scape, 38
Scilla,
71
Schizomycetes, 56
Schizophyta, 56
Schlerenchyme, 5
89
Scrophulariaceae,
88
Scopola carniolica,
Scoparius,78
Scorpoid cyme, 39
Scouring rushes,66
Scutellaria lateriflora,
90
Secondary cortex, 26
medullary rays, 9
Seed, 53-55
albuminous, 53-55
albumen, 53-55

appendages,

exalbuminous, 53-55
structure, 53-55
66
Selaginellaceae,
66
Selaginella,
Senega, 82
Senna, 78
Serenoa
serrulata,70

histology,17
Rubiaceae,85
Rub us cuneifolius,
77
nigrobaccus,77
villosus,
77
Rue
Family, 82

Series,2

Rutaceae, 82

Sieve,7

Rumex

Rusts,

crispus,75

tubes,^5,
13
Simarubaceae, 83

62

Sabal, 70
Sabina, 93
Saccharose, 4
Saccharum, 70, 75
officinarum, 70
Saccharomycetes, 61

Fungi, 61
Saffron,71
Salicaceae,
73
Salix,73
Salvia officinalis,
90
Salvinia,69
69
Salviniaceae,
Sac

Sambucus

53-55

coats, 53-55

canadensis, 88

Sinapis,79
alba, 79
nigra,79
Skunk
cabbage, 70
Slime moulds, 56
Smilax medica, 71
ornata, 71

officinalis,
71
papyraceae,
62

71

Smuts,

Soapberry Family, 84
Solitarydeterminate inflorescence, 39
indeterminate

inflorescence,38

Solanaceae, 88
Solanum

Carolinense,88

1
INDEX

Solanum

dulcamara, 88
Melongena, 88
nigrum, 88
tuberosum, 88
Sorghum, 70
Sorosis,
53
Spadix,39
Spathe,38
Species,2
Spermatophyta, 69
Spermogonia, 64
Sphagnales,65
Spigeliamarilandica,87
Spike,39
Spiraltracheae,
9
Spirogyra,2, 58
Sporangia,67
Sporangium, 64
Sporogonium, 64, 65
Sporophyte,64, 65
Spurge Family, 76
Laurel Family, 80
Spruce,92
Stamens,

Stem, underground,bulb, 22
22

corm,

rhizome, 22
tuber,22
size,20
Sterculiaceae,
84

Sterigmata,62
Stillingia
sylvatica,
76
Stipe,63
Stipules,
30
Stolon,21
Stoma, 6
Stomata, 6
from coffee,6
Stone-cells,
from
from
from

clove stem, 6
tea, 6

star anise,6
Stramonium, 88
Strobile,
39
Strophanthushispidus,87
Structural Botany, i
87
Strychnos,Ignatii,
Nux Vomica, 87
87
toxifera,
Styraceae,
90
Styrax,80
Benzoin,90
Family, 90
Succinum, 93
21
Suffruticose,
Sugars,4
Sumbul, 85
Syconium, 53

44, 45

definite,
45
indefinite,
45

insertion,
45
number,

105

45

position,
45
structure, 45

Staphisagria,
78
Starch,4
Stems, direction of growth, 20

above-ground,21
culm, 21

85
Sympetalae,

21
climbing,

Symplocarpus foetidus,
70
SystematicBotany, i

fruticose,
21

Swertia

scape,

87
Chirayita,

21

suffruticose,
21
21
tendril,

Tabacum,

88

Tamarindus
Tanacetum

21
stolon,

duration of,20

Tapioca, 76

underground, 22

Tar,

stem

and

Taraxacum

20
Stem, acaulescent,
annual dicotyl,
23
caulescent,
20
direction of growth, 20
duration,21

veneta, 93

20
elongation,

endogenous, 23
23

functions of,20
of
histology

annual dicotyl,
23,
monocotyl, 29
perennial,25, 26
perennial dicotyl,25, 26

underground,22

92

officinale,
90
Taxonomy, i
Tendril,21
Terebinthina,93
Canadensis,93

root, 16

exogenous,

indica,78
vulgare,91

24

Ternstroemiaceae,84
56
Thallophyta,
Thallus,56
Thea chinensis,
84
Thelephorales,
63
Theobroma
cacao, 84

Thorn, 21
Thymeleaceae,80
Thymus vulgaris,
90

io6

INDEX

Vegetablecytology,i,

Thyrsus,39
Tissue,3, 4
arrangement, in dicotylstems, 24

classification,
14
conducting,
14
function of,14

Veratrum, 71
Album, 71
Viride,71
Verbascum
thapsus,89
Vernation,37
condupUcate,37

'

fundamental

14

mechanical,14

protective,
14
generative,
15
produced by cork cambium,

I
histology,
Venice Tiupentine,
92
Veratrina,
71

convolute,37

26

circinate,
37

systems, 5

inflexed,
37

epidermal,
5

involute,
37
plicate,
37
revolute,
37
Venation,31-32
fiurchate,
31-32
-%2
palmatelyveined,31-3
paraDd, 31-32
pinni-vdned,31-32
reticulate,
31-32

fundamental,5
fibro-vascidar,
5

Toadstools,63
Toluifera Perdrae,78

Balsamum, 78
Tracheae,9
annular,9
pitted,9

reticulate,
9

Veronica

spiral,
9
Tracheids,8
Tracheary tissue,9
Tragacantha,78
Tree, 21
Triticiun,
70

89
virginica,

Verticillaster,
39
Viburnum
Lentago, 88
Opulus, 88
prunifoUum, 88
Vinum
Album, 8$
Rubrum, 85
Vitaceae,
85
Vitis vinifera,
85
Volvox,58
Vouacapoua Araroba,78

Trifolium pratense,78

78
Trigonellafc3enum-graecum,
Trichomes, 29
29
^andular,

simple,29
Ferns,69
61
Truffles,
Tsuga occidentalis,
92
Tuber, 22
83
Turneraceae,
Turnera
83
diffusa,
Turpentine,92
Type, 2
True

Ferns,69
Stomata, 76
White Pine Bark, 92
Willow Family,73
Witch Hazd
Family, 80

Woody Fibres,5,

7, 8

Xanthoxylum americanum, 83
Xylem, 12
dements, 12, 14, 26
secondary,19, 26

Ulmaceae,75
Ulmus

Family,73

Walnut
Water

fulva,76

Umbel, 39
84
Umbelliferae,
62
Uredinales,
Urginea maritima,71
62
Ustilaginales,
UstilagoMaydis, 62
Uva Ursi,89

Yeasts, 61

Yew,

93

Zea, 70
Mays, 70
Zingiberaceae,
72
Zingiber,72
officinalis,
72
Zygomycetes, 61
83
Zygophyllaceae,

86
Valerianaceae,
86
Valeriana officinalis,

Vanilla,
7
planifoUa,
71
2
Variety,

MAY

2 1

IMS