Proper and Common Nouns

Kata nama am dan kata nama khas.

i. Proper nouns Kata nama khas yang spesifik untuk orang,haiwan, benda dan
tempat dan mesti digunakan dengan huruf besar.
iii. Common nouns Kata nama am yang menamakan orang,haiwan, benda dan
tempat dan benda secara am dan dieja dengan huruf kecil.

Gender in nouns

Jantina dalam nouns.

i. Nama-nama yang khas untuk lelaki/jantan

Orang boy, man, father

Haiwan tomcat, bull, peacock

ii. Nama-nama yang khas untuk perempuan/betina.

Orang girl, woman, mother

Haiwan queen, cow, peahen

iii. Nama-nama yang boleh digunakan untuk kedua-dua jantina.

Orang child, parent

Haiwan cat, cattle, peafowl

iv. Nama-nama untuk benda-benda yang tidak ada jantina.

table, chair, cow

Count in nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns.

i. Nouns yang boleh dikira

car, house, book
ii. Nouns yang tidak boleh dikira.
water, flour, English, smoke.

Possessive nouns Kata Nama pemilikan

i. Penggunaan apostrophe s Alis car
ii. Penggunaan apostrophe sahaja The boys mother

Collective nouns

Penjodoh bilangan berkelumpuk untuk:-

i. Sekumpulan orang A class of students, a faculty of lecturers

ii. Sekumpulan haiwan A herd of cattle, a flock of chickens
iii. Sekumpulan benda A loaf of bread

Matching with other words

i. Singular with singular and plural with plural
e.g. The man is a teacher.
The men are teachers.
ii. Usage with articles
Ali is a teacher.
Ali and Abu are teachers.
iii. Usage with demonstrative pronouns
That man is a teacher.
This man is a teacher.
These men are teachers.
Those men are teachers.
iv. Replacing them with pronouns
Singular noun must be replaced with a Singular pronoun
I met Ali yesterday. He gave me a book.
I met Ali and Abu yesterday. They gave me a book.

IN THE MIDST OF HARDSHIP

Latiff Othman

At dawn they returned home

their soaky clothes torn
and approached the stove
their limbs marked by scratches
their legs full of wounds
but on their brows
there was not a sign of despair
The whole day and night just passed
they had to brave the horrendous flood
in the water all the time
between bloated carcasses
and tiny chips of tree barks
desperately looking for their sons
albino buffalo that was never found
They were born amidst hardship
and grew up without a sigh or a complaint
now they are in the kitchen, making
jokes while rolling their ciggarete leaves

SYNOPSIS (OVERALL)
In this poem, the poet tells of the situation of a farmer and his family. They come back
at dawn after being out in the floodwater for a day and night. They are looking for
their albino buffalo. They come back wet and hurt but they do not show any despair.
They have been born into a life of hardship and have never complained. Now, they
are in the kitchen and they joke and talk while preparing to relax with a smoke.

SYNOPSIS (ACCORDING TO STANZA)

STANZA 1
They returned home at dawn and headed for the stove. Their clothes were soaking
wet and tattered. Their bodies were covered with scratches and wounds. Yet, they did
not display any signs of being worried.
STANZA 2
They were out in the flood the whole day and night. They were surrounded by dead
animals and parts of trees that had been destroyed by the flood. They searched
desperately for their sons albino buffalo but were unable to find it.

STANZA 3

They were born into poverty and difficulty, but they do not complain about their suffer.
Instead, they sit in the kitchen, cracking jokes while smoking cigarettes.

SETTING
The setting of the poem is in the house.

THEMES
Stoicism in life
Family love
Acceptance of way of life

MORAL VALUES
We should learn to accept problems in life with a positive outlook.
We must attempt to face and solve problems.
Failure is part of growing up.
Do not despair in the face of failure.

TONE, MOOD, ATMOSPHERE

Understanding and sympathetic
Dismal
Acceptance of situation

POINT OF VIEW
Third person pint of view.

LANGUAGE & STYLE

Language is simple and easy to understand.
The style is simple with no rhyming scheme.

POETIC DEVICES
Imagery Gives picture of poets thoughts e.g soaky clothes torn and legs full of
wounds
Alliteration e.g. but on their brows
Symbols e.g. horrendous flood and bloating carcasses
Diction e.g. stove and brows