Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
meaning to appl e
7,000 BCE: Evidence of the earliest use of lead in the Near East.
APPENDIX A
technologies.
c. 4,200 BCE: Egyptians began mining malachite copper ore by
exploiting Midianite and Amalekite labor at Timna in the Sinai. Near
the high place of offering at Timna, the earliest furnaces for reducing
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degree of sophistication.
1,450 to 1,200 BCE: Canaanite literature from Ugarit, modern Syria,
preserved a poem that provides insight into ritualized gold and silver
making with references to the Canaanite (Kenite) god of metallurgists
Iranian plateau and the Levant was already over 2,000 years old.
5th century BCE: Herodotus wrote Histories in which he recorded an
account of the Libyan salt trade in connection with the established
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APPENDIX A
400 BCE: Wenamun recorded his travels, populated the Siwa Oasis
c. 460 to c. 370 BCE: Democritus, Greek polymath and philosopher,
traveled to Egypt and extensively throughout ancient Near East and
Persia, and according to Cicero and Strabo as far as India to the east
and Ethiopia to the south. He is typically portrayed as having studied
Chaldean Magic in the tradition of Ostanes. He is credited as
formulating the first atomic theory of the universe and according to
traditions.
332 BCE: Alexander the Great liberates Egypt, consulted the oracle at
the Temple of Amun at Siwa and established Alexandria and the
Ptolemaic dynasty.
3rd century BCE: Bolus of Mendes worked in Ptolemaic Egypt and
wrote of magic, natural medical remedies and astronomical
phenomena. He is typically portrayed as having studied with
Democritus.
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Alexandria.
le a d ia at He od s o
1 to 3
rd
a d a d shipped to Je usale .
Corinthian Bronze.
2nd century CE: Pseudo-De o itus Pe sia -Egyptian style gilding
school flourished. He authored Physical and Mystical Matters that
preserved recipes for the manufacture of imitation gold and silver by
es / Philosophe s
movement.
269 CE: Zenobia proclaimed herself Queen of Egypt. She was
defeated and taken hostage by Emperor Aurelian five years later in
274 CE.
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APPENDIX A
the Art.
c. 300 CE: The Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, also known as the
Stockholm Papyrus, preserved craft recipes for dying, coloring
gemstones, cleaning (purifying) pearls, and the manufacture of
imitation gold and silver. Democritus was mentioned by name in this
text, suggesting a style typified by the Persian-Egyptian gilding
tradition of Pseudo-Democritus. The Leyden Papyrus X likely written
by the same scribe as the Graceus Holmiensis, preserved recipes for
precious metal extraction, counterfeit precious metals, gems, and
the manufacture of artificial Tyrian purple dye. In addition, it detailed
the manufacture of textiles, and gold and silver inks. The end of the
text included short extracts from the Materia Medica of Dioscorides.
The notion of Greek medicine having anything to do with early
Alexandrian alchemy derives from this movement typified by the
hat e ai s of )osi us
578
e u
He
es . He
as
u de
a ks the s
expression.
491 CE: Anastasius was forced to sign a written declaration of
orthodoxy prior to his crowning, Christianization of the Roman
Empire completed.
564 CE: Olympiodorus, the last Neoplatonic teacher of the
Alexandrian School, delivered a series of lectures during May-June in
Alexandria on astrology. An alchemical text is attributed to him and
his teachings and approach to unified philosophy and mysticism
ea s of i itiatio
i to tepha os u ified
isdo
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APPENDIX A
632 CE: Death of Muhammad (salla Allahu 'alayhi wa sallam) and the
c. 683 to 704 CE: Morienus al-u i tuto ed Khlid i
Yazd in
a d of al he
Composition of Al-K
alchemical text and was among the first alchemical texts translated
to Latin in Europe. Morienus' methodology highly influenced the
sulfur-mercury theory of confecting the Philosophe s
to e
luep i t
Ha
l al-usa
Ge e , Muha
i
d llh i
li i
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through Spain and Sicily with Islamic immigration into Europe. Early
European alchemy was largely a rediscovery or restoration effort that
matured into highly experimental proto-chemistry. The Philosophe s
Stone became valued during the period of European alchemy
primarily as riddle or test that secured access to a fellowship of
alchemical insiders and served as an object of quest, the pursuit of
which catalysed what might be described as experimental chemistry.
It also became symbolic or representative of renaissance to earlymodern humanist movements and occult sciences.
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