HVAC Course

HVAC Course
Dr. Eng. Ahmed Rezk

Assistant professor
Alexandria University
Introduction
Definition: it is the process of altering the air
properties (temperature, humidity, quality and
distribution) to more favorable conditions. Air
conditioning can refer to cooling, heating,
ventilation or disinfection, that modifies the
condition of air.
Atmospheric air always contains water vapor. The
content of water vapor in air also plays an
important role in comfort air-conditioning.
2
Air conditioning systems (HVAC

(HVAC)
AC)
Open discussion
Air
conditioners
Room AC
Evaporative
coolers
Central AC
DX systems
Hydronic
system
Package units
Split units
Using high
wall FCU
Using - AHU
Using - VAV
Using - AHU
Using C - C
FCU
Air properties
Psychrometry: The science which deals
with the study of the behavior of air and
water vapor mixture is known as
psychrometry. The properties of water
vapor and air mixture are known as
psychometric properties.
Dry air: The mixture of nitrogen and
oxygen neglecting the water vapor and
other gases is known as dry air.
4
Air properties
Moist air: It is a mixture of dry air and water vapor. The quantity of
water vapor present in air depends upon the temperature of the air.
Moisture: The water vapor present in the
air is known as moisture and its quantity in
air is an important factor in all airconditioning system.
Air properties
Dry bulb temperature: The temperature of air measured by
ordinary temperature thermometer is known as dry-bulb
temperature.
Wet bulb temperature: The temperature recorded by a
thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth and is
exposed to a current of moving air is known as wet bulb
temperature.
Dew point temperature: it is the temperature at which the air
can no longer "hold" all of the water vapor which is mixed with it,
and some of the water vapor must condense into liquid water.
6
Air properties
Specific humidity (humidity ratio): It is the weight of water vapor present per kg
of dry air.
Relative humidity: It is defined as the ratio of actual weight of water vapor in a
given volume to the weight or water vapor contained in the same volume at the
same temperature when the air is saturated.
Sensible heat of air: The quantity of heat that can be measured by measuring the
dry bulb temperature of the air.
Total heat: The total heat of the humid air is the sum of the sensible heat of the
dry air and latent heat of water vapor associated with dry air.
7
Air properties
Comfort
Zone
Psychrometric processes
Humidification
Heating and humidification
Adiabatic humidification
Sensible heating
Sensible cooling
Adiabatic dehumidification
Cooling and dehumidification
Dehumidification
9
Cooling and dehumidification: It can be achieved by using cooling coil
of surface temperature below dew point temperature. That to allow
water vapor in the air to be condensed.
Room Air
Supply Air
10
Conditioned air production
The supply air can be reconditioned after
removing the space load (all return), it can be
mixed with fresh air to reduce the space air
contamination (mixed), or we can use totally fresh
air in special requirements (all fresh).
11
Outside Air
Room Air
Supply Air
Outside Air
Mixed Air
Room Air
Supply Air
12
Psychrometric processes (humid summer)

1
Cooling coil capacity [ CCC ]

S
Amount of condensate [ mw ]
Sensible heat factor [ SHF ]

Bypass factor [ BPF ]
13
Sensible heating: the heating can be achieved by electrical heaters,
steam, hot water coil or heat pumps.
Sensible cooling: It can be achieved by cooling coil of surface
temperature higher than the dew point temperature (where no water
vapor condensation). The cooling coil could be DX coil or chilled water
coil.
14
Humidification: it can be produced by supplying saturated steam at a
temperature equal to dry bulb temperature of the air.
Adiabatic dehumidification: It is a special process that can be done
DESCICANTS (ex, Silica gel).
Adiabatic cooling: It can be done by direct contact between water
(droplet in air washer or mist in ultrasonic mist maker) and air.
15
16
Comfort requirements not only temperature and

humidity control.
control.
Minimum fresh air requirements.
Lighting density.
Air distribution and velocity.
Noise level (30-55 db).
Furniture and work space layout.
17
Cooling load calculation

The cooling load calculations have to be done very accurate, not to overestimate
or underestimate the required systems capacities. The following parameters are
required for cooling load calculations:
Building drawings including the geographical directions.

Rooms dimensions and applications.
Structure materials.
Windows and doors areas.
Rooms occupancy.
Lighting type and distribution.
Appliances available in the space
Infiltration sources.
18
Cooling load calculation

Methods of cooling load calculations
Using estimated load per surface area based on applications.
Accurate manual calculations.
Using Hourly Analysis Program (HAP).
Ton of refrigeration: A ton of refrigeration (commonly abbreviated as TR) is a

unit of power used to describe the heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and
air conditioning equipment.
1 TR = 3.517 kW = 12,000 BTU/h
19
Cooling load calculation (Manually)

Load components
Transmission load through walls, celling and roof.
Solar heat gain.
Heat gain through windows, and doors.
Occupants heat gain (sensible, latent).
Appliances heat gain (sensible and latent).
Light heat gain.
Ventilation load (sensible and latent).
Infiltration load (sensible and latent).
20

Outside design conditions
You can get the information from the ASHRAE or using Weather Underground
website. (http://www.wunderground.com/q/zmw:00000.1.62318?)
Inside design conditions.

Inside dry bulb temperature and relative humidity are depend on the
application.
residential (24C / 50%)

Textile (24C / 65%)
Printing (27C / 45%)
Sweets (25C / 33%)
Leather (32C / 75%)
21
)Cooling load calculation (Manually

Transmission load through walls, celling, roof and doors.
=
1
1

1
=
+ +

10
22
6.7/
34
3.4/
23

K
0.72
Transmission load through walls,

celling and roof.
U= overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2k)
K= thermal conductivity (W/mk)
h= convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
Material
(Common brick)
1.30
(Face brick)
1.72
(concrete)
1.10
(Tiles)
1.80
(Stone)
0.72
(Cement plaster)
0.80
(Gypsum plaster)
0.16
(Hard wood)
0.12
(Soft wood)
1.72
(Sand)
0.036
(Cork)
0.036
(Glass wool)
0.040
(Polystyrene)
0.023
(Polyurethane)
0.79
(Glass)
23

Solar heat gain
Solar heat gain is due to solar radiation.
Part of the solar radiation will be absorbed and the other will be reflected.
=

=

0.7 0.55
0.5 0.4
0.5 0.3
0.65
0.9
0.9 0.8
I= max solar radiation intensity based on wall direction (tabulated)

= surface solar radiation absorptivity.
24

Heat transmission through glasses
Glass Load Factor (GLF) method.
= !" #$%#
GLF based on window type and direction (ASHRAE)
25

Heat transmission through glasses
Normal method.
= &'
For shade coefficient (SC) and Ug (ASHRAE)
26
Occupants heat gain: Heat gain due to people activities.
(, = *+ /+
W
W
W
66
31
97
72
45
117
73
59
132
73
59
132
73
73
146
81
81
162
81
139
229
110
183
293
88
204
292
170
255
425
170
255
425
27
(,- = *+ -/+

) Lighting load (sensible only
. = /0 0% 102 3""$ $%#

28

60
45
40
20
17
15

) Appliances heat gain (sensible and latent

150
515
220
930
525
290
1050
700
350
2190
2190
875

200
0.60
375 750
0.70
1 4
0.80
15
0.85
15
0.88
29
For equipment with electric motor.

4 54 = 67 8"0"$ 9"%$

)(m2
) Ventilation load (sensible and latent

.
; :4, = 8

.
; :4,4 54 = 8

.
; :4,4 = 8

)(L/S/m2

)(
1.4
1.5
1.8
2.8
3.7
4.6
6.7
5
7
8.3
10
11

30
Air flow rate

Air change method
Floor area method
Person requirements method

Ventilation rate L/s/person
31
9.5
7.5
12
15
2.5
3.5
3.5
12
14
12
14
14
24
12
7.5
12.5
7.5
10
3.5
2.5

Infiltration load
.
; =, = 8

.
; =,4 54 = 8

.
; =,4 = 8

) Infiltration rate through cracks (L/s/m
)(m/s
5
2
0.19
10
0.70
2.87
0.16
0.82
15

:
32
1.4
2.8
1.4
5.7

) Infiltration rate based on application (ACH
)(

1.8 1.2
0.9 0.6
1.2
0.6
1.2
0.6
0.75
0.5
1.5
0.75
33

(HVAC)
AC)
Air conditioning systems
Package
units
Roof top
ducted
Vertical
ducted
Split
units
Decorative Ducted
ductless Terminals
AHU
VRV
Decorative Ducted
FCU
ductless
Hydronic
AHU
Decorative
Ductless
Air control = VAV or CAV

34

(HVAC)
AC)
Package unit, Roof top ducted
Cooling capacity (420 TR)
Applications
Banks
Small administrative buildings
35

(HVAC)
AC)
Package unit, Vertical ducted
Cooling capacity (420 TR)
Applications
Banks
Small administrative buildings
36

(HVAC)
AC)
Package unit, decorative ductless
Cooling capacity (Up to 2 TR)
Residential applications
Easy to install
Easy maintenance
Noisy
37

(HVAC)
AC)
Split unit, Decorative ductless
Cooling capacity (Up to 2 TR)
Residential applications
Easy to install
Easy maintenance
38

(HVAC)
AC)
Decorative ductless split and package units
Less expensive to operate than central units.
Their efficiency is generally lower than that of central air conditioners.
Does not need special electrical current specifications.
Its maintenance cost is very low compared by central or mini central.
Split units is more preferable than window units in term of noise and
shape.
Capacities up to 2TR.
39

(HVAC)
AC)
Split unit, Ducted terminal (small capacity, mini central)
The outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser and compressor,
and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator
Capacity of (1.5-5 TR)
Its common name is (ceiling concealed ducted CCD)
Applications
Banks
Residential (villas)
Small administrative building
Retails
40

(HVAC)
AC)
Return air could be free
return or ducted return
41

(HVAC)
AC)
42

(HVAC)
AC)
Split unit, AHU
Used in special air requirement.
Clean rooms.
Special industrial applications.
Comfort applications of special requirement.
Cooling capacity depends on the manufacturer.
43

(HVAC)
AC)
VRF system
Multi-split system turn on / off based on master controller.
VRF continually adjust the refrigerant flow to each indoor evaporator.
44

(HVAC)
AC)
VRF system
The modern VRF technology uses an inverter-driven scroll compressor
and permits as many as 48 or more indoor units to operate from one
outdoor unit.
The inverter scroll compressors are capable of changing the speed to
follow the variations in the total cooling load as determined by the
suction gas pressure measured on the condensing unit.
45

(HVAC)
AC)
46

(HVAC)
AC)
47

(HVAC)
AC)
Chilled water system
48

(HVAC)
AC)
Chilled water system, Ducted FCU
Chilled water system, AHU
Chilled water system, Decorative ductless.
Air cooled chiller
Water cooled chiller
49

(HVAC)
AC)
50
Variable air volume (VAV) system
51
52

A traditional VAV system consists of
a VAV box with a damper to control
the volume of air delivered to a
space. When the space approaches
design conditions, the damper may
close to provide only 15% of the
design cfm.
53

Fan Powered VAV: The addition of a fan to a VAV box improves air
movement at times when a space is near its design temperature and
supply air volumes are low
Advantages:
High efficient and not very high initial cost.
Independent thermostat base space control.
High grade of flexibility.
Disadvantages
VAV box needs space.
Inefficient in different space applications.
54
Notes
Air has to be conditioned in most cases for us to be comfortable.
Equipment includes cooling coil, heating device, device to add
humidity, and device to clean air.
Air systems use the same room air over and over again.
Fresh air enters the structure by infiltration or by mechanical means.
Different spaces require different air quantities.
Same structure may have several different cooling requirements.
55
Air distribution
56
Air outlets
Perforated diffuser
Jet diffuser
Round diffuser
2 way square diffuser
Round twist diffuser 3 way square diffuser
57
Air outlet selection
58
Air outlet distribution and distances
100
cfm
200
cfm
50
cfm
100 cfm
100 cfm
50 cfm
Living Room
100
cfm
200 cfm
300 cfm
59
Supply duct system

Distributes air to the terminal units, diffusers in the conditioned space
Duct systems
Plenum system
Extended plenum system
Reducing plenum system
Perimeter loop
60
Plenum system
Suited for a job where the room outlets are all close to the unit.
Supply plenum
Branch
ducts
Return duct
61
Extended plenum (trunk duct) system

Can be applied to a
50 cfm
100 cfm
200
cfm
100 cfm
100 cfm
long structure.
50 cfm
This system takes the

plenum closer to the
farthest point.
Low
noise
100 cfm
level
Living Room 9,000 btu

(cooling) 18,000 btu (heating)
300 cfm
200 cfm
applications.
62
Reducing plenum system

Reduces the trunk
duct size as branch
ducts are added
Has the advantage
of saving material
and keeping the
same pressure from
one end of the duct
system to the other
200 cfm
50 cfm
100 cfm
100 cfm
100 cfm
50 cfm
Living Room 9,000 btu

(cooling) 18,000 btu (heating)
300 cfm
100 cfm
200 cfm
63
Perimeter loop system
100
cfm
200
cfm
50
cfm
Living Room
9,000 btu (cooling)
18,000 btu (heating)
300 cfm
100 cfm
100 cfm
50 cfm
100
cfm
200 cfm
64
Perimeter loop system

Well suited for installation in a concrete floor in a colder climate
(heating applications).
Warm air is in the whole loop when the fan is running.
Keeps the slab at a more even temperature.
Provides the same pressure to all outlets.
65
Duct materials
Ductwork must meet local HVAC code.
Galvanized sheet metal was used exclusively.
Other ductwork materials.
Fiberglass duct-board
Pre-insulated Aluminum duct.

Fiberglass duct-board.
Spiral metal duct.
Flexible duct.
Spiral duct
Pre-insulated Aluminium duct
Flexible duct
66
Galvanized steel duct assembly

Metal duct can be round, square, or rectangular
Slip
Drive cleat
J O I N I N G S E C T I O N S O F G A LV A N I Z E D D U C T
WITH SLIPS AND DRIVES
67
Galvanized steel duct assembly
Ends of drives are

bent over to secure
J O I N I N G S E C T I O N S O F G A LV A N I Z E D D U C T
WITH SLIPS AND DRIVES
Slip
68
Other duct types

Fiberglass duct-board.
Flat sheet or round prefabricated cut
Duct is normally 1 thick with aluminum foil backing
All duct seams should be stapled and taped
Fiberglass duct-board
Spiral metal duct

Used more on large systems.
Comes in rolls of flat narrow metal.
Runs can be made at the job site.
Spiral duct
69
Combination duct system

In HVAC duct work you may find the following combinations
Metal trunk lines with round branch ducts.
Metal trunk lines with flexible branch ducts.
Ductboard trunk lines with round metal branch ducts.
Ductboard trunk lines with flexible branch ducts.
Round metal duct with round metal branch ducts.
Round metal trunk lines with flexible branch ducts.
70
Duct air movement

Branch ducts are fastened to the main trunk by a takeoff-fitting.
The takeoff encourages the air to enter the branch duct.
Main supply duct
Takeoff fitting
71
Balancing (volume) dampers

Used to balance the air in various parts of the system.
Dampers should be located as close as practical to the trunk line.
Handles allow the dampers to be turned at an angle to the airstream
to slow the air down.
Branch duct
Damper in the open position
Balancing damper in the

closed position
72
Duct insulation
About 10C temperature difference from the inside of the duct to the
outside of the duct is considered the maximum difference allowed.
Metal duct can be insulated on the outside and on the inside.
The insulation is joined by lapping it, stapling it, and taping it.
Internal insulated duct
External insulated duct
73
Central Return duct
Supply plenum
Return plenum
One central return grill in the common area

74
Individual return duct
S
R
75
Air duct design (consideration)

The following parameters are considered
Heat loss or gain through air duct.

Maximum allowable aspect ratio.
Air friction loss.
Used fittings.
Low velocity air duct system

Vair = 6 - 12 m/s
P = 0.8 1.5 Pa/m
High velocity air duct system

Vair = 12 - 30 m/s
P = 3 5 Pa/m
76
Air duct design (steps)

Building drawings.
Select air duct system (plenum, extended plenum, reduced plenum,
perimeter).
Select air outlet positions (supply and return).
Select air outlets types based on air volume and distribution.
Duct routing (the simplest and shortest).
Find duct dimensions.
Find the total pressure drop to select the proper fan section.
77
Friction chart for round duct
78
Convert from round duct to rectangular duct
79
Using ductduct-sizer software
Modify your
dimensions
Step-1
Step-2
Step-3
Step-4
80
Air fans
Provides the pressure difference to moves the air through the duct
system, dampers and outlets with a proper velocity.
Typically 400 CFMair/TR for DX coils and 350 CFMair/TR for chilled
water coils.
Duct system pressures.
Static pressure.
Velocity pressure.
Total pressure = static pressure + Velocity pressure.
81
Air fans
Air fans
Propeller
Centrifugal
fans
fans
82
Air fans
Air fans
Propeller
Centrifugal
fans
fans
Used in exhaust air system.

Will handle large volumes of air at
low pressure differentials.
Makes noise and is used where noise
is not a factor.
Desirable for ductwork.

Builds more pressure from the inlet
to the outlet.
Very quiet when properly applied.
Can be used in very large highpressure systems.
83
Air fans
DIRECT DRIVE MOTOR ASSEMBLY
84
Air fans
BLOWER
MOTOR
BOTH THE DRIVE AND

DRIVEN PULLEYS MUST
BE PERFECTLY ALIGNED
BeltBelt-driven Assembly
85
86

HVAC Course

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HVAC Course

Dr. Eng. Ahmed Rezk

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Psychrometric processes (humid summer)

Cooling coil capacity [ CCC ]

Sensible heat factor [ SHF ]

Comfort requirements not only temperature and

Cooling load calculation

Building drawings including the geographical directions.

Cooling load calculation

Ton of refrigeration: A ton of refrigeration (commonly abbreviated as TR) is a

Cooling load calculation (Manually)

Cooling load calculation (Manually)

Inside design conditions.

residential (24C / 50%)

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

Cooling load calculation (Manually)

Transmission load through walls,

Cooling load calculation (Manually)

I= max solar radiation intensity based on wall direction (tabulated)

Cooling load calculation (Manually)

Cooling load calculation (Manually)

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

Occupants heat gain: Heat gain due to people activities.

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

For equipment with electric motor.

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

) Ventilation load (sensible and latent

Air flow rate

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

)Cooling load calculation (Manually

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air control = VAV or CAV

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Air cooled chiller

Water cooled chiller

Air conditioning systems (HVAC

Variable air volume (VAV) system

Variable air volume (VAV) system

Variable air volume (VAV) system

Variable air volume (VAV) system

2 way square diffuser

Round twist diffuser 3 way square diffuser

Air outlet selection

Air outlet distribution and distances

Supply duct system

Extended plenum (trunk duct) system