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(405)

1-2-2015 (Sunday)
Today Myanmar "Online
Shopping"
Making of Nawarat Rings
Shwe Maw Daw: The Glory
Of Bago City
Tea
Sagaing:Youth Leader
Image of the Monks
Myanmar Social& Charitable
Association(Mingalar Byuha)
A Girl Guide
A Life In The Ring

MRTV - 4
1-2-2015 (we*FaEGaeY)
1/ 6;00 rif;uGef;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\

31

MYANMAR
INTERNATIONAL

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1/31/2015 10:30:11 PM

ausmif;oifcef;pm 17

1-2-2015

2015 ckESpf wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJtaxmuftuljyKodaumif;p&mrsm; "mwkaA'bmom&yf

r*FvmygwynfhwkdY/ 'DuaeY aqG;aEG;rSmuawmh 2015 ckESpf rwfvrSm usif;yr,fh wuokdvf0ifpmar;yGJrSm "mwkaA'
bmom&yfudk ajzqkMd ur,fh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapzkYd jy|mef;pmtkyyf g taMumif;t&m
eJY owdjyK&r,fh tcsuftvufawGyJjzpfygw,f/
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eJY Section-B qkdNyD; tykdif;(2)ykdif; yg0ifygw,f/ Section-A rSm Objective type awGjzpfwJh TRUE/FALSE ,Fill in the
blanks, Multiple choice eJY Matching awGukd eHygwf(1)rS eHygwf(4)txd 1 rSwfwef ar;cGef; (7)yk'fpD ar;xm;ygw,f/
eHygwf(5)rSm 1 rSwfwef Definition (8)yk'f ar;xm;wJhtwGuf pkpkaygif; (36)rSwfzkd; ajzqkd&ygr,f/
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(2)rSwfwef ar;cGef; (6)yk'fukd eHygwf(6)rSm ar;xm;ygw,f/ tm;vHk;ajzqkd

&rSmjzpfNyD; a&G;cs,fcGifhr&Sdygbl;/ eHygwf(7)rSmawmh Medium question jzpfwJh (4)rSwfwef ar;cGef; (8)yk'far;NyD; (5)yk'f?
eHygwf(8)rSmawmh (8)rSwfwef (8)yk'far;NyD; (4)yk'fajzqkd&ygr,f/ 'gaMumifh Section-B rSm pkpkaygif; (108)rSwfxJu
(64)rSwfzkd; pkpkaygif; trSwf(100)zkd; ajzqkd&rSmjzpfygw,f/
ar;cGef;(1)rS (5)txd[m tcef;wkdif;eJY oufqkdifwJhtwGuf 'Dar;cGef;awGajzqkdwJhtcgrSm owdjyK&r,fh tcsufawGukd
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ar;cGef;(1)trSm;? trSefa&G;cs,fapwJhar;cGef;rSm tajzukd T (okdY) F vkdYra&;bJ TRUE (okdY) FALSE vkdY tjynfhtpHk
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h jyif jynfph &kH ygr,f/ Oyrm-(1)... is the purest form
qkdwJh ar;cGef;&JUtajz[m Wrought iron jzpf&r,fhtpm; Rought iron (okdY) Wrought ion (okdY)
wrought iron vkdY ajz&ifrSm;ygw,f/ pmaMumif;&JU tpjzpfvkdY capital letter eJYvnf; ajz&ygr,f/
of industrial iron.

ar;cGef;(3) a&G;cs,fwJhar;cGef;ukd ajzqkdwJhtcg wduszkdYvkdygw,f/ tajzrSefwpfckxuf ykdajzrd&ifvnf;aumif;? tajz

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k nf;ajz&ifvnf;aumif; trSwrf &Ekid yf gbl;/ Oyrm-(2) Effect of pressure on [Solids; liquids; gases]
is negligible qkdwJhar;cGef;twGuf solids eJY liquids vkdYajzrS trSwfjynfh&Ekdifygr,f/
ar;cGef;(4) List A eJYList B ygtaMumif;t&mukd ,SOfwGJjcif; ar;cGef;twGuf yk'fcGJeHygwftjyif pmom;rsm;tm;vHk;
tjynfhtpHkazmfjyajzqkd&ygr,f/ yk'fcGJeHygwf tu&m (a),(b),(c)...eJY yk'fcGJeHygwf (i).(ii),(iii)...wkdYjzifhom ,SOfwGJazmfjyr,f
qk&d if trSwrf &Ekid yf gbl;/ wpfprkH mS ;wG&J if aemufwpfp[
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&SdaevkdYygyJ/ 'gaMumifh Be eJY N u wnfNrJw,f/ e ukdxkwfzkdY rvG,fbl;/ pGrf;tiftrsm;BuD;vkdw,f/ 'gaMumifh Ionization
awGxrJ mS 9F &JU electron affinity u 17C1 xufi,faewJt
h aMumif;uawmh
F atom [m tvGea
f o;i,fwt
hJ wGuf 0ifvmwJh e ukd F atom rSm&SNd y;D om; e (9) vH;k u jyif;xefpmG wGe;f uefMuwJh F atom
&JU anomalous behaviour aMumifhjzpfw,f/
energy Bu;D wmaygh/ Group VIIB, halogens

Periodic table xJrSm Ionization energy tenf;qHk;tkyfpkeJY trsm;qHk;tkyfpk&Sdovkd electron affinity tenf;qHk;tkyfpk
eJY trsm;qHk;tkyfpkvnf;&Sdygw,f/ Group IA (alkali metals) [m Ionization energy a&m electron affinity yg tenf;
qHk;&Sdygw,f/ Group IA metals awG&JU tjyifbufqHk;tcGHrSm electron wpfvHk;wnf;&SdaewmaMumifh pGrf;tiftenf;qHk;
oH;k Ny;D electron vG,u
f pl mG z,fxw
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f t
hJ wGuf Ionization energy enf;ygw,f/ electron affinity twGuq
f &dk ifvnf;
tJ'D electron wpfvHk;ukd aumif;pGmxdef;csKyfrxm;EkdifwJhtwGuf aemufxyf electron wpfvHk;xyfxnfhzkdY cufcJwJhtwGuf
xGuaf y:vmwJh energy u enf;oGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ Group 0 (noble gases) rS element awG[m wnfNrw
J hJ electron wnf
aqmufykH ykid q
f idk x
f m;wJt
h wGuf tjyifq;kH tcGrH S e wpfv;kH z,fzcYdk ufNy;D pGr;f tifrsm;rsm;oH;k &vkYd Ionization energy rsm;&jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ group VII B (halogens) rS element rsm;rSmawmh tjyifbufqHk;tcGHrSm e (7)vHk;&SdMuygw,f/ aemufxyf
e wpfvHk;xyfxnfhvkduf&if noble gases awG&JU e wnfaqmufyHkjzpfoGm;MuvkdY e xnfhzkdY vG,fulNyD; electron affinity rsm;
&jcif;jzpfw,fqkdwm em;vnfzkdYvkdtyfygw,f/

tcef;(2)rSmawmh "mwfaiGUeJY oufqkdifwJh ed,mrawGukd t"dym,fzGifhqkdcsufrsm;tjyif mathematical expression,

mathematical formula/equation, constant terms, measurable quantities eJY units awGyg odxm;zkdYvkdtyfygw,f/ law

eJY ywfoufwJhykpmawG wGufwJhtcgrSmvnf; toHk;jyK&r,fh gas law equation eJY units rsm;ukd rSefuefpGma&G;wwfzkdYvkdyg
w,f/ units rsm;rvkdygurxnfhzkdY owdxm;&ygr,f/ law awG&JU t"dym,fzGifhqkdcsuf (okdY) mathematical expression/
formula ay;NyD; law trnfukd jyefa&;wJhtcgtjynfhtpHkazmfjy&ygr,f/ Mathematical expression eJY mathematical
equation rwlwm aocsmodxm;zkdYvkdygw,f/
'Dtcef;rSmygwJh gas laws awGukd Table 1 rSm pkpnf;azmfjyxm;ygw,f/

ar;cGef;(5) rSm (1)rSwfwef Definition awG (8)yk'f ygygw,f/ Definition ukd pmom;eJYyJ ajzqkd&ygr,f/ taMumif;
t&mcsif;wlaevQifjzpfap? t"dym,fajymif;vJrIr&SdvQifjzpfap rnfonfh Definition ukdrqkd ajzqkdvkdY&ygw,f/
Oyrm-(4) Avogadro's number ukd t"dym ,fziG q
hf &dk mrSm "The number of carbon atoms present in 12 g of 12C.(OR)
The number of particles present in 12 g of 12C.(OR) The number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass is
the same for all elements. The numerical value of this number is known as Avogadro's number." vkdYajzqkdEkdifyg

w,f/
tckqufvufNyD; Section-B ar;cGef;(6)rS (8)txd ajzqkdwJhtcgrSm Chapter tvkduf owdjyK&r,fh tcsufawGukd
ajymjyygr,f/ 'D Section-B rSm definition, law, explanation ar;&if (2)rSwaf y;wmaMumifh example awG? Mathematical
expression awGyg xnfhajz&ygr,f/
Oyrm-(5) State the Boyle's law twGuf t"dym ,fziG q
hf cdk sut
f wGuf Mathematical expression ukyd g ajzqk&d ygr,f/
Chapter (1) The Electronic Structures of Atoms, Periodic Table and Chemical Bonds tcef;rSm j'yfpifwpfck&JU
tufwrfwpfckrSmygwJh p,e,n ta&twGufukd wGufwwf&r,f/ yg0ifwJh e awG&JU wnfaqmufyHktrsKd;rsKd;? Electronic
structures, Complete electronic structures eJY Essential electronic structures? 'Dj'yfpif&UJ Periodic Table &Sw
d nfae&m?
'Dj'yfpif&JU valency, type of element awGukd &Smwwf&r,f/ j'yfpiftcsif;csif;aygif;pyfwJhtcg jzpfvmr,fh "mwfpnf;
trsKd;tpm;? 'DjzpfvmwJh j'yfaygif;&JU electron dot-cross structure awGukd a&;wwfzkdYvkdygw,f/ Octet rule ukd vkdufem
wJh j'yfaygif;&Sdovkd aoGznfwJh j'yfaygif;awGvnf;&Sdw,fqkdwm odxm;&r,f/

Oyrm-(6) 9F twGufqkd&if Electronic structure [m 2.7 yJa&;a&;? 1s2 2s2 2p5vkdYyJa&;a&;? Complete electronic
structure qkd&ifawmh 1s2 2s2 2p5vkdY sub-shell awGeJY tjynfhtpHka&;&r,f/ Essential electronic structure qkd&if
outermost shell 2s2 2p5 ukdyJ a&;&r,f/ Position uawmh Period 2, Group VIIB jzpfNyD;Valency 1 jzpfw,f/ type of
element qkd&if boken line &JUnmbuf P-block element jzpfvkdY non-metal jzpfNyD; Halogen vnf;jzpfw,f/ 'Dj'yfpif
F [m Na Metal eJY aygif;pyfwJhtcg ionic bond yJjzpfr,f/ e dot-cross structure ukdvnf; a&;wwf&r,f/
>cif;csuftaeeJY A1 [m dark line &JU b,fbufrSm&SdNyD; P-block element jzpfayr,fh metal jzpfw,f/ metal eJY Non
'ghtjyif
alkaline earth metal jzpfwJh Be eJY non-metal CI aygif;&ifvnf; covalent bond jzpfw,fqkdwmawGukd owdxm;&
vdrfhr,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh ionic bond, covalent bond jzpfEkdifrI[m aygif;pyfwJh atom ESpfck&JU vQyfppf"mwfrqGJtm;
jcm;em;rI (electronegativity difference) tay:rSm rlwnfvkdYyJ/ Oyrm- A1F3 rSm A1 eJY F [m ionic bond jzpfNyD;
A1C13 rSm A1 eJY C1 [m covalent bond jzpfw,f/ A1 eJY F &JU vQyfppf"mwfrqGJtm; jcm;em;rI[m 1.5 xufBuD;NyD;
A1 eJY C1&JU vQyfppf"mwfrqGJtm;jcm;em;rI[m 1.5 jzpfwJhtwGufaMumifhjzpfw,f/
metal aygif;&if ionic bond jzpfw,fqkdayr,fh A1 metal eJY C1 non metal aygif;&if covalent bond jzpfw,f/

aemufwpfcu
k awmh molecule wpfcx
k &J dS atom ay:rSm lone pair e &SNd y;D 'Dypn;f u e deficient molecule eJaY ygif;pyf&if
odxm;&r,f/ Oyrm(7) NH3 &JU nitrogen atom rSm lone pair e &SdNyD; BF3 &JU B atom rSm
e &SpfvHk;jynfhzkdY (2)vHk; vkdaewmaMumifh ,if;j'yfaygif; (2)ckaygif;pyf&if nitrogen u lone pair e pHkukday;NyD; tJ'D e pHk
ukd N eJY B wkdY[m zufpyfoHk;Muw,f/ 'gaMumifh co-ordinate bond ukd Special type of covalent bond vkdYac:
w,f/
co-ordinate bond jzpfaMumif;

Periodic table &JU group eJY period tvku

d f Periodic properties awGjzpfwhJ atomic size, ionization energy, electron
affinity, electronegativity eJY electropositivity awG

ajymif;vJrIukd avhvmwJhtcg Atom awG&JU size [m tkyfpkwpfck

xJrSm tay:rS atmufokdYoGm;&if t&G,fBuD;vmNyD; tykdif;wpfckxJrSm b,fbufrS nmbufokdYoGm;&if t&G,fi,foGm;
wmukd awGU&ygr,f/ Ionization energy eJY electron affinity uawmh atomic size eJY ajymif;jyefajymif;vJjcif;jzpfwm
ukd awGU&ygr,f/ period wpfcw
k nf;rSm b,fbufrS nmbufoo
Ydk mG ;&if electropositivity enf;oGm;Ny;D electronegativity
wkd;vmwmukd awGUEkdifygw,f/
'gayr,fh>cif;csufawmh&Sdygw,f/ Period 2 xJrSm 4Be &JU ionization energy u 5B xuf rsm;aeNyD; 7N &JU ionization
energy [m 8O xufrsm;aewJt
h aMumif;awGu Be rSm fully filled 2s sub-shell &SNd y;D N rSmawmh half filled 2p sub-shell

rSmawmh "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckrSmygwJh "mwfjyKypnf;^"mwfjzpfypnf;wkdY&JU yrmPawGukd

"mwked,mr? pnf;rsOf;awG
tay: tajccHNy;D wGucf su&f wmawGygygw,f/ "mwfjyKypn;f (ok)Yd "mwfjzpfypn;f awG&UJ formula mass/formula weight,
% composition awGukd wGufwwfatmif avhusifhxm;&ygr,f/ "mwfypnf;rsm;&JU molecular mass (formula mass),
relative molecular mass eJY molar mass awGukd wGufcsufjcif;? "mwfypnf;awG&JU yrmPukd mole (okdY) millimole eJY
wGucf sujf cif;wku
Yd dk od&edS m;vnf&ygr,f/ "mwfjyKjcif;wpfcrk mS yg0ifwhJ "mwfjyKypn;f rsm;teuf "mwfjyKnrD Qjcif;t& vkt
d yf
wmxuf enf;yg;pGm yg0ifaewJyh pn;f ukd limiting substance vkYd ac:ygw,f/ tJ'"D mwfjyKjcif;u jzpfay:vmwJh "mwfjzpf
ypnf;yrmP[m limiting substance ay:rlwnfaeaMumif; em;vnfzkdYvkdygw,f/
Chapter(3) Stoichiometry

law of conservation of mass, relative masses of atoms, the concept of the mole tp&Sd

Volumetric analysis (xkxnfwkdif;"mwfcGJjcif;)rSm Burette, Pipette, Conical flask awGoHk;NyD; aysmf&nftcsif;csif;

"mwfjyKjcif;ukd avhvmwmjzpfygw,f/ Titration, standardization, molarity, molar solution wkdYukd em;vnf&r,fhtjyif
equivalence point eJY end point jcm;em;csufwkdYukdvnf; od&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aysmf&nfrsm;jzpfwJhtwGuf ,if;aysmf&nf
rsm;&JUjyif;tm; molarity wGucf sujf cif;? pHaysm&f nf(jyif;tm;odaysm&f nf)azsm,
f jl cif;? pHaysm&f nfrsm; toH;k jyKNy;D acid-base
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&r,f/ amount of solute ukd mole eJYjy&if xkxnfukd dm3 eJYxm;&NyD; millimore eJYjy&ifawmh Volume ukd cm3 eJY a&;&
rSmjzpfygw,f/

(aysmf&nfa&a&mjcif;) ykpmrsKd;ukd wGufr,fqkd&if ,if;aysmf&nfxJrSm&SdwJh total amount of

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wGu&f if balanced equation ukd rSeu
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(okdY) formula rSefaeayr,fh equation ndwm rnDcJh&if mole ratio rSm;EkdifwmaMumifh ykpmwpfyk'fvHk; rSm;Ekdifw,fqkdwm
txl;*kpkduf&ygr,f/
Dilution of solution

substance (mole or millimore) rajymif;rS M1V1= M2V2 eJY

Chapter(4) Electrolysis tcef;uawmh aysmf&nftajctaetrsKd;rsKd;wkdYukd vQyfacgif;wkdiftrsKd;rsKd;ajymif;NyD; vQyfppf

"mwfNzdKcGJjcif;awGukd avhvmwJhtaMumif;t&mjzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcef;rSm conductor eJY insulator jcm;em;csuf? electrolytes
eJY non-electrolytes jcm;em;csuaf wGudk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef vkt
d yfygw,f/ Conductor [m tcJtajctaejzpfap?
t&nftajctaejzpfap vQyful;Ekdifw,f/ metallic lattice xJrSm valence e awG&SdvkdYjzpfw,f/ Cu,Ag wkdY[m solid
conductor jzpfNyD; mercury uawmh liquid conductor jzpfw,f/ Insulator uawmh metallic lattice r&SdwJhtwGuf
pmrsufESm 18 okdY
vQyfrul;Ekdifygbl;/ Oyrm-opfom;? a&mfbm? yvwfpwpfawGaygh/

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awGuawmh electrovalent compound jzpfNyD;olwdkY&JUtcJ&nfaysmf odkYr[kwf a&rSmazsmfxm;aom
aysmf & nf r S m ion awG a &G U vsm;vd k Y v Qyf u l ; Ek d i f w ,f / Oyrm- NaCL tcJ a ysmf & nf e J Y NaCL a&aysmf & nf a wG
jzpfw,f/ non-electrolyte awGu covalent compound jzpfNyD; molecule awGjzpfw,f/ ion awGrygvdkYvQyf
rul;Ekdifygbl;/ Oyrm- oMum;aysmf&nf? ,l&D;,m;aysmf&nfawGaygh/
Electrolysis vkyf&mrSm molten salt (tcJaysmf&nf)eJY aqueous salt solution (qm;aysmf&nf)b,fvkduGmjcm;ovJ
qkw
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f mwJh cation wpfrsK;d eJY anion wpfrsK;d pDomygNy;D aqueous salt solution
rSmawmh tJ'D ion rsm;tjyif a&rSxGufvmwJh H+eJY OH- ions awGygvmr,fqdkwm od&Sdxm;&ygr,f/ electrode reaction
a&;&ifxnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&ygr,f/ aysmf&nftrsKd;rsKd;udk vQyfppf"mwfNzdKcGJjcif;rS&vmwJh"mwfjzpfypnf;rsm;[m electrochemical series rSm&SdwJhowKrsm;eJYtkyfpkrsm;&JUwnfae&m? vQyfvdkufypnf;rsm;&JUyg0ifudef;? vQyfacgif;wdkifrsm;&JUobm0
pwJhtcsufrsm;u vTrf;rdk;aeaMumif;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odxm;zdkYvkdygw,f/
'grS cathode eJY anode reactions rsm;a&;EkdifNyD; b,f"mwfjzpfypnf;u cathode rSmxGufNyD; b,f"mwfjzpfypnf;u
anode rS m xG u f r ,f q k d w m rS e f u ef p G m qH k ; jzwf E k d i f y gw,f / Oyrm- fused (ok d Y ) molten NaCL qk d & if a&rygbl ; /
Na+eJY CL-ion awGyJ&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh cathode rSm Na+ uyfwifNyD; anode rSm CL2 gas xGufr,f/ Dilute NaCL qm;
aysmf&nfjzpf&ifawmh Na+,CL- tjyif H+,OH- wkdYukdyg pOf;pm;&r,f/ electrochemical series (E.C.S) &JU position
atmufbufa&mufav discharge jzpfvG,fvkdY H2 eJY O2 gas awG xGufr,f/ Moderately concentrated NaCL solution
qkd&ifawmh concentration effect aMumifh anode rSm O2 rxGufbJ CL2 xGufr,f/ Brine (saturated NaCL solution)ukd
pt or graphite electrodes ok;H Ny;D electrolysis vkyr
f ,fq&dk ifvnf; NaCL &JU jyif;tm;rsm;wmaMumifh concentration effect
&Sdw,f/ Anode rSm CL2 yJxGufr,f/ 'gayrJh brine ukd graphite anode eJY mercury cathode okH;NyD; electrolysis vkyf
&ifawmh nature of electrode eJY concentration effect awGay:rSmrlwnfNy;D product awGxu
G rf ,f/ Electrolysis products
tay:rSm oufa&mufwJhtcsufawGukd Table(4)rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
Electrolyte

Faraday's laws awGukd tokH;jyKNyD; owKj'yfpifawG&JU relative molecular mass? cathode ay:rSm uyfwifwJh owK
yrmP? electrolysis vkyfaepOf jzwfoef;wJhvQyfppfyrmPeJY anode rSm xGufvmwJh "mwfaiGUxkxnfawGudk wGuf,lEkdif
ygw,f/ Electroplating vkyfief;rsm;jzpfwJh aMu;&nfpdrfjcif;? aiG&nfpdrfjcif;ESifh ckdrD,rfpdrfjcif;awGrSmvnf; Faraday's
first law okH;NyD; owK&nfpdrfr,fhypnf;ay:rSm uyfwifapr,fh owKyrmP? vQyfppfjzwfoef;ap&r,fhtcsdef? jzwfoef;
&r,fh vQyfppfyrmPwkdYudk BudKwifwGuf,lEkdifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif electroplating (3)rsKd;rSm tokH;jyKxm;wJh electrolytes
awG? anode rSm okH;wJh metal awG? electrode reactions awGukd Table(5)rSm avhvmEkdifygw,f/ object udkawmh cathode
rSmyJ xm;&r,fqkdwm aocsmpGm rSwfom;xm;apvkdygw,f/

Chapter(5) Oxidation and Reduction tcef;rSmawmh oxidation eJY reduction awG&JU t"dym,fukd IaxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;
rS zGifhqkdowfrSwfEkdifygw,f/ j'yfpifawG? j'yfaygif;awGeJY ions awGrSm&SdwJh element awG&JU Oxidation number wGufykH
wGufenf;ukd avhusihfxm;&ygr,f/ Oxidation no. a&;&if ocFsm*Pef;&JUa&SUrSm (+)(-)vuPmxnfhNyD; azmfjy&ygr,f/
Ion awG&JU charge udka&;&if ocFsm*Pef;&JU aemufrSm vuPmxnfh&r,f/
Oxidizing agent ("mwfwdk;apaomypnf;)eJY reducing agent ("mwfavQmhapaomypnf;)jcm;em;csufawGuawmh e
awGudk vufcHwJhypnf;[m Oxidizing agent jzpfNyD; e xkwfay;wJhypnf;u reducing agent jzpfw,f/ wjcm;ypnf;rsm;
udk "mwfwkd;apNyD; udk,fwkdif"mwfavQmh&if Oxidizing agent jzpfw,f/ wjcm;ypnf;rsm;udk "mwfavQmhapNyD; udk,fwkdif
"mwfwkd;&if reducing agent qkdwm odxm;oifhw,f/ Oxidizing agent eJY reducing agent awG ay;xm;&ifvnf; a&G;
wwf&r,f/
Redox reaction awGrmS reducing agent &Sd e awGu oxidizing agent qD ul;ajymif;oGm;wmukd oabmaygufem;vnf
&r,f/
Chapter(4) Electrolysis tcef;rSm awGUcJh&wJh Electrolytic process awGrSm Redox reaction awG yg0ifaew,f/
"mwfzkd ion (cation)awGu cathode ("mwfrwkdif)rSm "mwfavQmhjcif;jzpfay:MuNyD;awmh "mwfr ion(anion)awGu anode
("mwfzkdwkdif)rSm "mwfwkd;jcif;jzpfw,fqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odxm;rS electrode awGay:rSmjzpfay:wJh half-reaction
awGukd rSefrSefuefuefa&;Ekdifygr,f/
"mwfw;dk "mwfavQmn
h rD Qjcif;nd& mrSm ndy (Hk 2)rsK;d oxidation number method eJY half-reaction method &Syd gw,f/ ar;cGe;f
rSm b,fenf;eJaY r;ar;? tqifq
h ifah jzqkEd idk af tmif avhusix
hf m;zkv
Yd ydk gw,f/ oxidation number method eJY ajzr,fq&dk if
ay;xm;wJh nDrQjcif;rSmygwJh "mwfwkd; "mwfavQmhjzpfwJh element (okdY) ion rsm;tay:rSm element/atom wpfvkH;&JU

1-2-2015
oxidation number udk

azmfjyjcif;? oxidize(-e)/ reduce(+e)a&;ay;&jcif;? e transfer ta&twGuf (oxidation jzpfwJh

awGukd rSefrSefuefuefa&;ay;&ygr,f/ cJwHeJYra&;rdzkdYvnf;
owdjyK&ygr,f/ Oxidation number udk oufqkdif&mtufwrf&JU tay:rSmyJ a&;cGifh&Sdygw,f/ aoaocsmcsmrSwfxm;ay;
zkdYvkdygw,f/
Half-reaction method qk&
d ifawmh oxidation eJY reduction jzpfwhJ half-reaction ESpaf Mumif;cGaJ &;Ny;D tqifq
h ifrh eS u
f ef
pGm ajzqkday;&ygr,f/
Chapter(6) Rates of Reactions and Equilibria tcef;rSmawmh "mwfjyKEIef;eJY "mwfjyKrQajcqkdif&mtaMumif;t&mawG
ygygw,f/ "mwfjyKEIef;qkdwm tcsdefwpf,lepftwGif; "mwfjyKypnf; (okdY) "mwfjzpfypnf;rsm;&JU ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfw,f/
"mwfjyKEIef;aES;&if tcsdefMumNyD; "mwfjyKEIef;jref&if tcsdefwkdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh "mwfjyKEIef;[m tcsdefeJYajymif;jyeftcsKd;us
w,f/ vkHavmufwJhpGrf;tifeJY "mwfjyKjcif;jzpfapr,fh oifhavsmfwJhtaetxm;rSm "mwfjyKypnf;rsm;tcsif;csif; xdwkdufrI
tBudrfrsm;avav "mwfjyKEIef;jrefavavjzpfw,f/
"mwfjyKjcif;wpfc&k UJ jrefjcif;? aES;jcif;tay: oufa&mufwt
hJ csu(f 6)csu&f w
dS ,f/ "mwfjyKypn;f rsm;&JU yg0ifued ;f ? zdtm;?
tylcsdef? "mwfulypnf;rsm;? a&mifjcnfeJY "mwfjyKypnf;rsm;&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,mwkdYjzpfw,f/
Mg ribbon 1 g eJY 0.5 M HCL wkdY&JU "mwfjyKEIef;[m Mg ribbon 1 g eJY 1 M HCL wkdY "mwfjyKEIef;xufaES;wmukd
awGU&w,f/ tJ'h g[m effect of concentration of reactants jzpfw,f/ HCL &JU yg0ifued ;f ukd wlatmifxm;Ny;D Mg ribbon
tpm; powder okH;&if "mwfjyKEIef;jrefwmawGU&ygr,f/ 'gu effect of surface area of reactants jzpfygw,f/
Effect of pressure uawmh "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckxJrSm "mwfaiGUrsm;eJYom oufqkdifw,f/ Solids, liquids eJY aqueous
solutions rsm; yg0ifcJh&if zdtm;oufa&mufrIr&SdEkdifyg/ oHpav;awG[m oxygen 20% om ygwJhavxJrSm jznf;nif;pGm
avmifuRrf;NyD; pure oxygen rSmawmh rD;yGm;rsm;xGufNyD; jyif;xefpGmavmifuRrf;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/ oxygen yg0ifrI
rsm;avav ,if;"mwfaiGU&JU zdtm;vnf;rsm;avjzpfNyD; "mwfjyKEIef;vnf;jrefvmw,f/
Effect of temperature rSmawmh "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;[m edrfhwJhtylcsdefxuf jrifhwJhtylcsdefrSm vsifjrefpGm "mwfjyKEkdifMuyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh a&cJaowmxJrSm odrf;qnf;xm;wJh tpm;tpmawG[m tcef;tylcsdefrSmxm;wJh tpm;tpmawGxuf
ykyfokd;ysufpD;rIaES;wmukd awGUEkdifygw,f/ tylcsdef 10 'D*&Djrihfvm&if "mwfjyKEIef;[m 2 q ykdjrefvmw,fvkdYqkdygw,f/
Effect catalysts rSm positive catalyst eJY negative catalyst ESpfrsKd;&Sdw,f/ H2O2 ukd MnO2 tay: wpfpufcsif;cs
vkdufkHeJY a&eJYatmufqD*sif tjrefqkH;NydKuGJoGm;EkdifvkdY MnO2 [m positive catalyst jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh glycerine u
awmh H2O2 NydKuGJEIef;ukdaES;apvkdY negative catalyst jzpfw,f/
Enzyme (biocatalyst)ukd ouf&r
dS sm;&JU wpfoQL;rsm;rSm awGU&w,f/ tpmajctifZidk ;f rsm;jzpfwhJ wHawG;xJrmS ptyalineJY
tpmtdrft&nfxJrS pepsin enzymes awG[m starch eJY proteins wkdYvkd armfvDusL;BuD;awGukd cEmudk,fqJvfrsm;rS tokH;
jyKEkdifwJh sugar vkd ao;i,fwJh armfvDusL;rsm;tjzpf ajczsuf&mrSm vsifjrefapwJhtwGuf ,if;tifZkdif;rsm;[m positive
catalysts rsm; jzpfMuw,f/
Effects of radiation ukd "mwfjyKjcif;wcsKdUrSm awGUEkdifygw,f/ H2 eJY Cl2 gas wdkY[m awmufywJhaea&mifatmufrSm
jyif;xefpGmaygufuGJNyD; "mwfjyKEkdifw,f/ tvif;a&mif pkyf,lNyD;rSjzpfwJh "mwfjyKjcif;ukd photochemical reaction vkdY
ac:ygw,f/
Chapter(6)&JU aemufykdif;u rQajc (equilibrium)tykdif;jzpfw,f/ "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckrQajca&mufzkdY 'D"mwfjyKjcif;[m
tjyeftvSef"mwfjyKjcif;trsKd;tpm;jzpf&ygr,f/ Reversible reaction rSm a&SUokdY"mwfjyKjcif; (forward reaction) qkdwm
product jzpfwJhbuf? nbufokdY oGm;jcif;jzpfw,f/ a&SUokdY "mwfjyKjcif;eJY qefYusifbufoGm;wJh "mwfjyKjcif;ukd reverse
reaction vkdY ac:w,f/ product awG jyefNydKuGJNyD; reactant jyefjzpfoGm;wmyg/ rQajca&mufNyDqkd&ifawmh "mwfjyKjcif;(2)ck
vkH;&JU "mwfjyKEIef;u wloGm;NyD; yg0ifypnf;rsm;&JU yg0ifudef;awG rajymif;awmhygbl;/ 'gayr,fh reaction u &yfoGm;wm
r[kwb
f J a&SUokeYd YJ aemufjyef"mwfjyKjcif;awGjzpfaeqJy/J 'gukd dynamic equilibrium vkaYd c:w,f/ 'D dynamic equilibrium
ay:ukd oufa&mufrIawGay;vkduf&if rQajcvm;&m ajymif;vJykHukd Le Chatelier's principle u azmfjyxm;w,f/
'DrQajcukd ysufpD;apwJh oufa&mufrI(3)ck &Sdygw,f/ temperature, pressure eJY concentration wkdYyJjzpfygw,f/ rQajc
udk a&mufaewJh "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckrSm tylcsdefjrifhvkduf&if tylpkyfwJh "mwfjyKjcif;ukd OD;pm;ay;jzpfNyD; rQajc,m,DysufoGm;
ygw,f/
xkdenf;wlyJ zdtm;jrifhay;cJh&if "mwfaiGUygwJh"mwfjyKjcif;awGrSm Boyle's law t& xkxnf usKHUwJhbufukd OD;wnfNyD;
"mwfjyKjcif;jzpfum rQajc,m,DysufoGm;ygw,f/ "mwfaiGU reactant eJY product awG&JU mole (okdY) volume wl&if zdtm;
oufa&mufrIr&Sdygbl;/ Le Chatelier's principle eJYywfoufwJhykpmawGudkvnf; avhusifhxm;zkdYvkdygw,f/
yg0ifypnf;rsm;jzpfwJh reactant eJY product awG&JU yg0ifudef;awGudk ajymif;ay;&if yg0ifudef;rsm;wJhbufrS enf;wJhbuf
udk OD;wnfNy;D rQajc,m,Dysuo
f mG ;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh wpfcsed cf sed rf mS rQajcukd jyefNy;D a&mufomG ;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh reversible
reaction awG[m tcsdefb,favmufMumMum "mwfjyKypnf;ukefqkH;oGm;wmrsKd; r&Sdygbl;/
Chapter(7) rSmawmh Energy changes in chemical reactions ("mwfjyKjcif;rsm;eJY oufqkdifwJhpGrf;tifajymif;vJjcif;)
awGudk azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ Energy trsK;d tpm;rsm;eJY "mwfjyKjcif;wpfcjk zpfay:&if tylxu
G jf cif;(ok)Yd tylpyk jf cif;taMumif;
awGukd awGU&ygr,f/ "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfvkdY ywf0ef;usifudk tylawG xGufvm&if exothermic reactions vkdYac:NyD;

tylajymif;vJjcif; H wefzkd;udk tEkwfvuPmeJY azmfjy&w,f/ tu,f "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfzkdY ywf0ef;usifrS tyl

udk pkyf,l&&if Endothermic reaction vkdYac:NyD;H wefzkd;udk taygif;vuPmeJY jy&ygr,f/

"mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfay:wJhtcg heat absorbed (okdY) heat released jzpfjcif;ukd constant pressure rSm avhvmcJh&if
Enthalpy change (H)vkYd owfrw
S w
f ,f/ tu,f standard temperature (250C/298K) eJY standard pressure (1 atm/

760 mmHg) rSm avhvmr,fq&

dk if Standard enthalpy change ( H)jzpfw,fqw
dk m owdjyK&ygr,f/ Thermochemical
equations awGukd a&;om;wJhtcgrSm "mwfypnf;awG&JUtylajymif;vJjcif;(taygif;(okdY)tEkwfvuPm)rsm;? physical
states udk xnfhay;&r,f/
"mwfjyKjcif;trsK;d rsK;d rS &vmwJh heat change awGrmS heat of combustion, heat of formation of a compound eJY heat of

neutralization qkdNyD; (3)rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ ,if;wkdY&JU symbol awG? H wefzkd;ukd (+)(okdY)(-)vuPmazmfjyjcif;awG? unit

awGukd cGJjcm;NyD; rSwfom;xm;&ygr,f/
Hess's law ykpmawGeJYywfoufNyD; owdxm;&r,fhtcsufawGuawmh ay;xm;csufeJY aemufqkH;tajz[m heat of
formation (okdY) heat of combustion vm;qkdwmukd ar;cGef;rSm aoaocsmcsmzwfNyD;rS "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;a&;jcif;? ndjcif;?

( H)wefzkd;rsm;a&;jcif;wkdY vkyf&ygr,f/ physical state,heat change (H) &JU vuPmawGeJY unit rsm;ukd jynfhjynfh
pkHpkHxnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygr,f/ Heat of combustion jzpfwJh element (or) compound u 1 mole om jzpf&r,f/ heat of
formation jzpfwJh compound u 1 mole jzpfwJhtjyif ,if; compound rSmygwJh elements awGom aygif;NyD; "mwfjyK&
r,fqkdwmawGukd owdjyK&ygr,f/

Heat of combustion eJY heat of formation awGtwGuf unit u kJmol-1jzpfNyD; heat of formation ukd oauFw Hf
eJYazmfjy&r,f/ "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;rsm;ukd
pmrsufESm 19 okdY
atom twGuf e qkH;IH;rIeJY reduction jzpfwJh atom u e &&SdrI)

ausmif;oifcef;pmESifhjynfwGif;owif; 19

1-2-2015
pmrsufESm(18)rStquf
ajrmufazmfudef;wpfckckeJY ajrmufvdkuf&if unit [m kJ jzpfoGm;NyD; rlvtylwefzdk; ajymif;vJoGm;ygr,f/ "mwfjyKnDrQ
jcif;rsm;udk ajymif;jyefa&;vdkuf&if heat change &JU unit rSm kJ jzpfNyD; vuPmyg ajymif;ay;&ygr,f/
aemufqHk;tajzrSm heat of combustion qdk&if oauFwu H eJY heat of formation qdk&if oauFwm[m Hf jzpf
ygw,f/ unit awGrSm kJmol-1 jzpf&r,fqdkwm aoaocsmcsmodxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/ heat change ygwJh thermochemical
equation ay;NyD; if; equation &Sd substance awG&JU mass udkar;wJh ykpmawGudkvnf; avhvmxm;&ygr,f/
Chapter(8) Some important metals and their compounds eJY Chapter(9) Metal reactivity uawmh metallurgy
(owKaA')eJYywfoufwJh tcef;awGjzpfw,f/ Metal awGudk olwdkY&JU owKdkif; (Ores)awGrS xkwfyHk? metal awG&JU
reactivity ay:rlwnfNyD; b,fowKawGudk electrolysis enf;eJY xkwfr,f? b,fowKawGudk reduction enf;eJYxkwfr,f?
b,fowKawGudk obm0twdkif; awGU&SdEdkifw,fqdkwmudk avhvmxm;&ygr,f/
owKawGeJY tufppf?av(atmufqD*sif)? a&? a&aiGUwdkYeJY "mwfjyKEdkifpGrf;owdawGudk azmfjyxm;wJh reactivity series
udkvnf; aoaocsmcsm odxm;&ygr,f/ ores awGUeJY ores xJrSm trsm;qHk;ygwJh j'yfaygif;awG&JU trnfawG Chemical
formula? owKdkif;rS owKxkwfazmfyHkawG? ,if;owKrsm;ygwJh j'yfaygif;xkwfazmfyHkawG? ,if;wdkY&JU toHk;jyKyHkawGudkvnf;
avhvmxm;&ygr,f/
Steel trsKd;tpm;(5)rsKd;? alloys (owKpyfrsm;)eJY ,if;wdkY&JU composition awG? properties awGeJY toHk;0ifyHkudkvnf;
aoaocsmcsmodzdkYvdkygw,f/ NyD;awmh oHacs;wufjcif;taMumif;eJY oHacs;wufjcif;udk umuG,fjcif;? recycling metals
(AL & Fe)taMumif;awGudk avhvmxm;zdkYvdkygw,f/
Chapter(10) Nitrogen and its compounds, Chapter(11) Sulphur and its compounds eJY Chapter(12) The halogens
tcef;rsm;uawmh nitrogen qdkif&m "mwfcGJcef;? "mwfaiGU (N2,NH3,No, N2O,NO2) xkwfazmfyHk? sulphur eJYoufqdkif
wJh "mwfaiGU (H2S, SO2) xkwaf zmfy?kH halogen rsm;jzpfwhJ CL2, BR2, I2 xkwaf zmfyakH wGtjyif? ammonia,nitric acid, sulphuric
acid, mining sulphur, chlorine tajrmuftjrm; xkwfazmfyHkawGudk od&Sdxm;&r,f/ "mwfcGJcef;rSm "mwfaiGUxkwfazmf
yHkawGrSm tTef;rSefuefjynfhpHkwJhyHk? rSefuefwJhpmom;nDrQjcif;eJY oauFwnDrQjcif;? rSefuefwJh"mwfjyKypnf;rsm;eJY "mwfjyK
tajctae? "mwfaiGUpkaqmif;yHk? "mwfaiGUjynfhrjynfhprf;oyfenf;? vdktyfvQif"mwfaiGUudk ajcmufaoGUatmif jyKvkyf
enf;wdkYeJUwuG avhvmusufrSwfxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
"mwfaiGUpkaqmif;wJh enf;awGudkvnf; oufqdkif&m"mwfaiGUawG&JU kyf*kPfowdawGeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; rSwfxm;&ygr,f/
xkw,
f rl ,f"h mwfaiGU[m tufppf*P
k o
f w&d v
dS m;? aAhp*f P
k o
f w&d v
dS m;? *kPrf v
hJ m;? aysm0f ifowb
d ,fv&kd o
dS vJ? avxuf
av;ovm;? ayghovm;pwJh *kPfowdawGeJY pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfNyD;rS "mwfaiGUpkaqmif;enf;udk rSefuefpGma&;&ygr,f/
"mwfcGJcef;xJwGif bromine xkwfazmfjcif;rSm t&nftjzpfpkaqmif;vdkwmaMumifh &Dawmhaygif;tdk;udk oHk;&jcif;jzpfyg
w,f/ nitrogen, sulphur, halogen awGeJYqdkifwJh j'yfaygif;wdkY&JU kyf*kPfowd? "mwf*kPfowdeJY toHk;0ifyHkawGudkvnf;
odrSwfzdkYvdkygw,f/
Chapter(13) Acids, Bases and Their Neutralization rSmawmh t"dym,fzGifhcsuftrsKd;rsKd;? proton vG,fulpGmxkwf
EdkifrItay: tajccHwJh strong acid eJY weak acid ? pure acid yg0ifrI (odkY) solvent yg0ifrIay:tajccHwJh concentrated
acid eJY dilute acid wdkY&JUjcm;em;rI? conjugate acids eJY comjugate bases wdkYudk Bronsted & Lowry theory t& cGJjcm;
owfrSwfjcif;wdkY yg0ifygw,f/ Ionic product of water (Kw) &JU mathematical expression,numerical value wdkYudk
odxm;&ygr,f/ tylcsdefwpfckrSm Kw wefzdk;udef;aojzpfw,f/ tylcsdefajymif;&if Kw wefzdk;ajymif;w,fqdkwmvnf;
od&r,f/
aysmf&nfwpfck[m tufppfvm;? aAhpfvm;cGJzdkY pH eJY pOH udktoHk;jyKEdkifygw,f/ pH wefzdk; 7 xufi,f&ifawmh
acid aysmf&nf? pH wefzdk; 7 xufBuD;&ifawmh alkali/base aysmf&nfrsm;jzpfw,f/ pH 7 rSmqdk&ifawmh a&oefY(odkY) "mwf
jy,fwJhaysmf&nfjzpfygw,f/ acid awG&JUjyif;tm;udk Ka/pKa eJY jyEdkifovdk Base/alkali aysmf&nfawG&JUjyif;tm;udk Kb/
pKb eJY azmfjyEdkifygw,f/ aysmf&nfwpfckxJrSm [H+] rsm;r,f? Ka wefzdk;BuD;NyD;? pKa wefzdk;i,fcJh&if acid strength
aumif;NyD;awmh [H+] enf;r,f? Ka wefzdk;i,fNyD;? pKa wefzdk;BuD;cJh&if acid strength enf;r,fqdkwm em;vnf
oabmaygufzdkYvdkygw,f/
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20 t*FvdyfpmESifh jynfwGif;owif;
a'gufwmae0if;Edkif

{Victoria University College}

a&;om;jyKpkaom

English for Myanmar

,refaeYrStquf

1-2-2015
ajymif;ay;&rnf/
Oyrm-is teaching

 was teaching
*was teaching
 had been teaching
will teach
 would teach
 had been teaching
has been teaching
Examples
1.
She said, ]]Zaw Zaw gets first prize.}}
She said that Zaw Zaw got first prize.
2.
Mother said to me, ]]I will go to Mandalay.}}
Mother told me that she would go to Mandalay.
3.
They said, ]]The weather is cold.}}
They said that the weather was cold.
Questions
Interrogative sentences ac:ar;cGef;rsm;udk Direct Speech rS
Indirect Speech odkYajymif;&mwGif ar;cGef;tvdkufpum;qufrsm;
(Linkers) ajymif;oHk;&onf/

Pattern

,ckychkd say;xm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;udk

jr0wDyk jf rifoMH um;(MWD)rS ,aeh
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fh
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onf/
jyefoHk;&rnf/

2.
Tenses rsm;ajymif;&rnf/
Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
He said to me, ]]Why do you learn English?}}
wpfOD;wpfa,mufajymaompum;udk rl&if;twdkif;azmfjyaom
He asked me why I learned English.
Examples
yHkpHudk Direct Speech yHkpH[kac:NyD; t"dym,fqdkvdk&if;udk rajymif;bJ
ar;cGef;rsm;udk
wpfqifhjyefvnfazmfjyonfhyHkpHudk Indirect Speech [kac:onf/
1.
She said, ]]I watch TV every day.}}
1.
Yes/No questions ESifh
xdkodkY ajymif;vJa&;om;&mwGif rSwfrdvG,fatmif tajccHtkyfpk
She said that she watched TV every day.
2.
Informative questions [l tkyfpkESpfpkcGJxm;onf/
2.
She said to me, ]]Do you want to come with me?}}
oHk;pkcGJNyD; avhvmoifhonf/
Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Do, Does, Did, Has, Have, Had,
She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
wpfaeYwmtwGi;f uREyfk w
f aYkd jymMum;aeaompum;pkrsm;udk tkypf k
Can,Could ,....Must paom Helping Verbs rsm;jzifhpaomar;cGef;
3.
Su Myat said to Ko Ko, ]]I'm cooking dinner.}}
oHk;pkydkif;jcm;Munfhyg/
rsm;onf Yes/No ar;cGef;tkyfpkjzpfonf/
Statements
Su Myat asked Ko Ko that she was cooking dinner.
,if;ar;cGef;rsm; Indirect Speech yHkpHajymif;ygu
ajympum;tpwGif Noun odrYk [kwf Pronoun rsm;jzifh paomyHpk jH zpf
4.
He said, ]]I've already eaten.}}
1.
pum;quf Linker tjzpf it odrYk [kwf whether udo
k ;kH &rnf/
onf/
He said that he had already eaten.
2.
Statements yHkpHrsm;uJhodkY ajympum;twGif;&Sd Verb rsm;udk
He said ]]I am going to the cinema.}}
5.
She said to me, ]]I don't want to come with you.}}
ajympum; Spoken words rsm;\tpwGif Subject jzpfaom Tenses ajymif;ay;&rnf/
She told me that she did not want to come with me.
V1
emrfpm; I &Sdaeonf/
6.
Nilar said, ]]I have been living in this city for ten
 V2
xkdYaMumifh yHkpHudk Statement tkyfpkjzpfaMumif; od&rnf/
years.}}
V2
,if; Statement yHkpH 0gusrsm;udk Indirect Speech (Reported
Nilar said that she had been living in that city for ten years.
 had V3
Speech) odkYajymif;ygu
7.
The stranger said to me, ]]Where is the station?}}
3.
(?) jyefroHk;&/ (.) udkomoHk;&rnf/
(1) He said
The stranger asked me where the station was.
 He said that
He said to me, ]]Do you speak Japanese?}}
(that onf pum;quf Linker jzpfonf)
.
He said to me, ]]When does the train arrive?}}
He said to her
 He told her that
(2) ajympum;twGif;&Sd Verb udk Tense ajymif;ay;&rnf/
V1
 V2
V2
 had V3 ajymif;ay;&rnf/
Oyrm teach
 taught
taught
 had taught
Tenses rsm;udkajymif;&mwGif a&SUwpfckudkom txufygtwdkif;

He asked me if I spoke Japanese.

Who, Whom, Whose, What, When, Where, Why,
How, How many/much, How far, How long
wkdYjzifhpaomar;cGef;rsm;onf tcsuftvuf (Information) udk
od&ef ar;aomar;cGef;rsm;jzpfojzifh Informative Question rsm;[k
ac:onf/ ,if;ar;cGef;rsm;udk Indirect Speech yHkpHodkYajymif;ygu
1.
pum;quf Linker tjzpf ,if;ar;cGef;pum;vHk;rsm;udkom

qefpufvkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;ESifU wkwfukrPDwdkh
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20.indd 1

He asked me when the train arrived.

9.
Mother said to me, ]]Why are you late?}}
Mother asked me why I was late.
10. Our teacher said to me, ]]How do you study English?}}
Our teacher asked me how I studied English.

qufvufazmfjyygrnf/

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Semas Myanmar Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.

Marketing Manager M/F 1 Post (tvkd&Sdonf)
Fiber (Speed boat, General Product)
bJGU&jzpf&rnf/ vkyfief;tawGUtBuHK (3)ESpf&Sd&rnf/ English bmom
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No.(145 A), Twin Thin Taik Wun U Tun Nyo Street,
South Dagon Seikkan Zone, Industrial Zone(1), Dagon
Seikkan Township, Yangon, Myanmar.
Email : Semasmyanmar @gmail.com
Ph-01-592348, 09-73154055

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