Phys.

J.

III

France

(1993)

2261-2269

1993,

DECEMBER

2261

PAGE

Classification

Physics

Abstracts

05.60

Two-temperature
s.

L.

of

Institute

nonlocal

conduction

heat

January

The

Abstract.

proposed. It is
parabolic heat
limiting
these
the

Physics

Chemical

Academy

of

Sciences

Russia,

of

Chernogolovka,

142432

Moscow

Russia

(Received12

1993,

revised

two-temperature
shown

that

subsystem
hydrodynamics.

propagative
of

comprises
system
local
equilibrium,

two-temperature
to

for

heat

contains

model

for

laws

accepted

1993,

model

discrete

different

two

August

discrete

the

equations

conduction
cases

each

three

stages

limit

have

with

distinct

exchange

energy

in
heterogeneous
media is
hyperbolic and
limiting
both
cases
diffusive
regimes, respectively. To obtain

conduction

as

and

continuum

1993)

September

23

introduced.

been

time

between

scales

The
:

fast

subsystems

the

evolution

of

relaxation

of

and

classical

Introduction.

The

classical
In

space.

other

of

absence

Strictly

words

time

the

scale

time

[1-3, 9, 13,
transfer

system,

inner

speaking,
have
brought

point
previous

it

the

equations

any

theory

conduction

heat

thermodynamic

the

for

model

Sobolev

Region,

1.

discrete

is

system
valid

are

rests

in

in

in the

structure

on
a

each

assumption that the system is local in time

of local
equilibrium and
thermodynamic
state
small
element of the system. The latter implies

medium

the

and

so

it

can

be

considered

as

continuous

and
the

the
one.

inherently
excitations
arriving at a
nonlocal
since
processes
are
their
excitations
from
surrounding
points
the
where
at the
energy
were
is
is
satisfactory
if
It
that
the
assumption
of
lpcal
equilibrium
clear
not
moment.
local
equilibrium
of the
transfer
comparable
relaxation
time
is
the
to
to
process
transfer

25-27].
processes
be

cannot

These
is

processes

may

comparable

considered

as

to
a

be

treated

the
continuous

as

characteristic
medium.

nonlocal

in

scale

Hence,

of

time.

when

one

of

space

scale

structure

of

the

interested

in

If the

internal

is

in the
with
conduction
sufficiently rapid phenomena, or when heat
system
occurs
process
heterogeneous
internal
nonlocal
heat
conduction
theory should be used. Such a
the
structure,
subjecting to ultrashort
in solids
nonlocal
theory may be useful to study heat transfer
processes
laser
irradiation
[4-6], in laser-produced
plasmas [7], in capillary-porous
media
cellular
and
solutions, liquid crystals or more
polyelectrolyte
general
materials
systems [8], in polymers,
involving an internal
[I], and in other
structure
extremes.
of
nonlocal
effects
found
when
have
intemal
Other
the
molecules
degrees of
causes
are
chemical
freedom
when a
reaction
takes place in the gas [I]. The
nonlocal
theory can be
or

2262

JOURNAL

applied

of

analysis

the

to

under

processes
diffusion

in

nuclear

transfer

heat

is

media

relaxation

is

as
process
of great

time

is

whole.

time

model

two-temperature

subsystems of
equilibrium of each

its

equilibrium

neutron

analysis
[3,

used

Introduction

(I.e.

comparable to (or greater than) the

ordinary
Otherwise
one-temperature

transfer

the

temperature.

own

establish

to

be

may

12

heterogeneous
subsystem
taken

between

local

to

if the

necessary

the

subsystem

each

to

subsystems)

between-the

media

equilibrium

establish

attribute

can

model

transfer

heat

one

the

heterogeneous

III

physics [1-3, 10]. Mass

low
temperature
diffusion
in
instance,
media
porous
or
[1-3, 11, 12]. For the
nonlocal
behaviour

in

for

exhibit

also

the

than

then

two-temperature

exchange

conditions,

reactors

greater

individually,

problems

some

in
processes
If the time to

13-17].

4, 6, 9,

of

extreme

PHYSIQUE

DE

of the

of

time

the

model

heat

time

characteristic
be

may

of

used.

Complex
of
liquid,
catalyst
pellets,
consisting
solid,
and
systems
e-gporous
gas,
[3, 8].
suspensions, pastes, etc. provide examples of
heterogeneous
media
two-temperature
of
particles
of
is
directly
relevant
the
mixtures
Other
fields
where
model
two-temperature
are
[2-4, 6,
and
lattice in metals
kinds, e.g.
electrons
electrons
different
and ions in plasma [7],
models
molecules
internal
14, 15], or the
with
degrees of freedom [1, 9]. The
two-temperature
using
differential
calculus
4, 6,
formulated
within
space-time
continuum
[3,
normally
the
are
of
discrete
substantial
interest
in
however,
there
has
been
growth
9, 13-15]. In recent
years,
a
variables
[3, 12,
approach, where in contrast it is assumed that time and length may be discrete
[18,
familiar
of such
discrete
models
cellular
12,
13, 16-24]. Perhaps the most
automata
are
both
and
time
discrete
allowed
values
of
dynamical
21]. In these
models
the
space
are
;
a
models [19] and cell dynamical
variable
also
discrete.
For coupled-map
systems [20] space
are
continfium
variables
of
again discrete but the dynamical
allowed
and time
to take
are
on
a
are
walk theory
The idea of discrete
modeling of transfer
based
random
values.
is
processes
on
a
[3, 13, 16, 22-24] and has also
in
with
coupled-map and cell dynamical
some
common
approaches. It seems
in terms of a random
walk on a
natural
represent the transfer
to
processes
different
kinds of particles or
excitations,
which
lattice, since
energy is transported by many
be treated as
random
walkers.
The
discrete
model
does not adopt the local
equilibrium and
can
assumptions and, hence, it can be used to study both classical
the spatial locality
local
systems
local-non-equilibrium
and
The
discrete
transfer
approach provides heat (or mass)
ones.
simulation
equations in discrete form, hence, it can be particularly
useful
for
numerical
of
Many

systems

cellular

systems

Our

heat

discrete

model

propose
conduction
in

can

of

This

microscopic
discrete
and
parameters
introducing a different law of continuous
(propagative) regimes [3, 13, 16].

the

2.

two-temperature

The

One
on

can
a

derive

consisting
cells

are

mean

of

compute

consider
For

[3,

lattice

2D

discrete

the

their

state

new

heterogineous

mean

shall

assume

17,

free

the

problem

establish

relations

to

will

We

limit

for

simulating

of

between

connection
It

the

between

be

can

(dissipative)

diffusive

the

ones.

etc.

model

provides a
molecular
level
the
thermodynamic
coefficients.

of

cells

of

For

the

taking

model

Usually,
each

simultaneously. To
consisting of
array
that each subsystem

molecules.

path

fractals,

systems.

transfer

22-24].

array

chess-board.

the

two-temperature
media,
alloys,

as

and

by

done

the

wave

model.

heat-mass

16,
homogeneous
13,

12,

simplicity we
arranged as on
free path of

representative

discrete

treated

two-temperature

heterogeneous
ones.

be

deterministic

discrete

the

continuous

and

interest

kinds

various

and
is to

purpose

nonlocal

practical

random
cell

coupled

contains

length
and liquids

thermal

excitation.

In

of
this

discrete

time

subsystems

walk

random
a

universe

step and
model,

two-temperature

constructe
two

starting point a
theory
describes

in

evolves

characteristic

solids

as

walk

all

(sublattices)

cells of size h and the

square
the
lattice h is of the
order

length
contrast

can

to

be

ordinary

understood

the

let

us

[17].
cells
of

as

homogeneous

TWO-TEMPERATURE

12

discrete

where

models

all

cells

the

(sublattice)

subsystem

each

in the

evolve

has its

time

own

step, in our heterogeneous

forming subsystem I evolve

time

same

cells

The

step.

2263

MODEL

DISCRETE

model
in the

and
the
cells
forming subsystem 2
in the
discrete
time
step
heterogeneous
internal
time
scales
of such a
system has two
state
a
t/rj steps of subsystem I and k
t/r~ steps of subsystem 2.
system at time t is attained by n
Let r~/rj
In
I.
this
the
cells of subsystem 2 interact
with their
neighbours from
case
m
>
both subsystem I and 2 at each step k. If n
km, the cells of subsystem I interact with their
neighbours from both subsystem I and 2 too. But if n # km, they interact with their neighbours
from
subsystem I only. Let us denote by D the probability of interaction
cells of the
between
k
*
and
by
D
the
probability
of
interaction
cells
of
different
between
type at step
same
type at
I. At steps n # km the cells of subsystem 2 do not
evolve
and, hence,
step k, with D + D *
they do not interact with the cells of subsystem I. It means
D*(n)
that D(n)
I and
0 at
km.
view
of
the
In
above
descRption,
the
probabilities
of
interaction
depend
#
at step n
n
on n

time

discrete

r~.

It

step

vi

the

that

means,

~~'
l

D(n)=

~~~~~~

According

theory

to

of

temperature

cell

of

at a

~~

#kR~

random

walk
time

on

homogeneous

neighbors at previous time step. Such an uniform

dynamical approaches II 9, 20]. Taking into
in
heterogeneous
obtain
the
system
our
we
oj(I, j, n) and o~(a, fl, k) of the
sublattices
I

o~(a,

1)

p, k

~~~~
=

0j(I

02(1,

1)

lo (I

[o~(a

I, j

I, j
J

I, n)

I,

I, n)

o~(
oj(,

I, p

i, k)

2,

relations

~(~~~10~(I

02(1,

I, k)

I, n)I

o~(a

oj(,

for

oj (I

Fj(0j(1,

I, k)

i, k)i

temperatures

0~(I

o~(a

I, j

I, n)

I, j, n)

n))

J,

i, p, k)
+

the

[17]

I, j, n)

I, p

ioj(

I, n)

the

nearest

between

respectively

I, j

of its

by coupled-map and
the jublattices

used

been

22-24]

16,

13,

temperatures

interaction

the

recursion
and

of

sum

also

has

account

oj(I

i, k)i

i, p

rule

[3,

lattice

the

on

n)1+
+

(1)

depends

step

cell

oj(I, j,

~'~'~"

~~

~#~~.

~~~~

particular

F~(o~(,

(2)
+

I, p

i, p, k)

oj(
p,

I, k)

k)).

(3)

the
The
describe
single cell dynamic
functions
Fj(oj(I, j, n)) and F~(o~(a, p, k))
of
coupled
The
pair
dynamic of an isolated cell and play the role of discrete
sources.
energy
local-nonequilibrium
and
local-equilibrium
equations (2) and (3) can be used to study both
analysis of the
simulation
and
detailed
in
Computer
directly
the
discrete
form.
processes
work.
discrete
model
would
be an interesting topic for following
and
partial
model
relation
discrete
Now
let
consider
between
two-temperature
our
us
continuum
limit.
The
lattice
by
passing
from
the
picture
differential
It
be
done
to
a
ones.
can
for
resulting
in
the
need
functions
of
probabilities of interaction
I
highly
fluctuating
step
are
n
continuum
fields.
temporal averaging to obtain
temperature
accurate
values
of
natural
take
the
In
of
the
description, it
view
above
to
average
seems
Dj(n) and D*(n) in (I) over m step

(D(n))

~
;

(D *(n))
=

~n

(4)

JOURNAL

2264

proceed to
to
Fj and F~ in
differential
W~ in partial
F, is the integral of the
Moreover,

the

models.

0~

is

y~~

It

continuum

been

w, (t)

shown

dt

from

w, (t

r,

discrete

y,

[3, 13, 16, 17]

r,

and

function

source

(5)

r,

depends

which

to

12

source

Wj

functions

source

the

taken

discrete

the

connect

with

that

W~

coefficient,

to

(3)

and

function

~'

III

necessary

(2)

numerical

has

source

it is

model

discrete

F, (o, )
where

limit

continuum

the

functions

PHYSIQUE

DE

the

on

of

form

function

W, (t).
continuum

The

ih,

contain

nrj
tend

both

r,

words,

other

r,

and

system

and

the

the

of

y
series

Taylor's
terms

24].

occurring

This

limiting

behavior

in it.

The

most

sublattice

h.

and

parameters

I-e-

two

by setting
2 and by
equations
discrete

obtained

be

can

kr~ for
expansions of the

Ph,

one

limit,

(3)

and

small

two

of

number
continuous

16,

processes

(2)

ah,

with

terms

finite

of

13,

equations
I ;

The

zero.

law

[3,

sublattice
to

equations with

in

discrete

the

for

number

infinite

an

differential

letting h and

of

limit

jh,

must

specify

the

relation

the

between

by

determined

is

typical

will

cases

behavior

the

nature

or,

as

of

the

and

r~

be

partial

obtain

To

limiting

considered

[3, 13,

limit

requires

16].
DIFFUSION

2. I

OF

diffusivity

thermal

that

FORM

h~/2

remains

r~

should

It

pointed

be

velocity

out

at

v,
In

the

first

3 o

at
3

vi
+

02

*/r2

aj

hoi

~~

~~~

3~o2
at~

coupling
Dh~/2

of

tend

continuum
to

[3, 13,

zero

16,

17]

(6)

Cte.
=

for

g(o~

~ ~~~

co

~~~

12

12

of

form

oj

h2 ~
+

~ ~ ~~ ~

h~/2

limit

wave),

determines

since

h2

limit

continuum

(5)

and

h~

a~
~

A~

continuous

0.

(4)

for

aj h~

oj

of

(thermal

as

diffusion

the

allowance

with

form

perturbations

a~/h

2
=

in

diffusion

the

3~o
j

a~

thermal

h/r,

(1)-(3)

model

2 -jat
r2

of

approximation

order
discrete

temperature

that

once

propagation

of

v,

r,

and

r,

as

form

-0

~,, h

infinite

finite

h~/2

lim

diffusion

The

LIMIT.

CONTINUUM

Ao~

~~~

(6) the

two-

results

Wj

~~

awj
+

yj

~~ ~~

vi

(7)
At

aW~
~~~
at

is the
thermal
diffusivity for
m
equations
(7)
and
containing
(8)
terms
reflect
time-nonlocality
the
h-space-nonlocality,
containing
system,
terms
terms
r,
containing g reflect coupling between the subsystems. In the zero order approximation, I-e- in
the local limit, the
model (7) and (8) reduces
diffusion
two-temperature
to a pair of coupled
equations

is

subsystem

the

and a2

"

constant,

aj

(m

subsystem

r2 for
of the

30j
at

This

two-temperature

local

model

The

vi

of

aj

hoi

g(o~

Wj

a~

A6~

g(6j

6~)

W~.

will

be

36~
at

I + D

2.

considered

in

more

(9)
(lo)
detail

below.

TWO-TEMPERATURE

12

2.2

WAVE

13,

FORM

OF

coNTINuous

wave

16,

Let

LIMIT.

perturbations),

(thermal
17, 24]

thermal

v~

us

remains

h/r,

lim

This

form

In the

limiting

of

discrete

behavior

approximation

first

(2)

model

called

in r~ for the

~
a~

~i

'

the

wave

of

~~

~~~

3~o~

T~

obtain

we

from

the

~~~~

~~~

'

~i

~~~

~~

~~ ~~

at'

hyperbolic

type

~i

~
3W~

2' at~

the

lattice

as

situation
gas

assumption

it is

and

usually

heat

and

3Tj
~

vi

'

at

is

assumed

conduction

equations (12)

'

surface

metal

may be applied
irradiated
with

model

HHCE

two-temperature

electron

(I I )

of

finite speed
a
corresponding to

with

a~/r~)'/~,

(2

v~

~~~~

of

hyperbolic

the

of

account

heat

references

may

conduction

be

found

in

25-27].

10,

this

limit

aW~

(o~

gas
For

of

[3,

zero

form.

continuous

differential
equations
Equations (12) and (13) are partial
aj/rj)~/~
propagation of thermal
(2
and
vi
waves
features
subsystem I and 2, respectively [3, 13]. Some
equation (HHCE) will be discussed
below
and complete

and

r,

to

(I1)

of

The

velocity

tend

form

wave

~'

36~

[2, 3,

and

(3)

and

the

where

case

when

-0

be

will

the

finite

Cte

v~

~,, h

consider

now

h/r,,

2265

MODEL

DISCRETE

that

the

through

the

(13)

take

the

~~~

3~Tj

at~

C~

energy
lattice

between
the
electron
exchange
laser pulses [3, 4, 6, 14, 15].
of the laser pulse is
absorbed
only by the
be neglected [15, 4, 6]. With
these
can
heat

to

ultrashort

form

~~~~

3T~

~~

~e(Tj

3Wj

~~

~~ ~~

~~~~
at

(15)

T~)

where

subscripts I and 2 refer

(W/cm~ K)
factor
coupling

the

phonon

The

source.

model

two-temperature

electron

to

C,

is

gas and
volumetric

and

(15)

(14)

respectively
capacity ; Wj
the
space-time

lattice,
heat

describes

~e

is

is

the

electronheat

laser

evolution

of

the

of
(vi
momentum
on
a
with
through
the
electron
implies
that
heat
pulse
electrons).
The
(14)
propagates
gas
for the heat
transfer
reasonable
values
finite
velocity v
(A j/C vi )'/~. Choosing
parameters
j
10~ cm/s,
Cl
3 x 10~~ J/cm~ K and vi
10~ '~ s) one
3 W/cm.K,
find that v
(A j
can
velocity of electrons V~. This result is in
close to the Fermi
I-e- heat pulse
at a velocity
moves
which lie
electrons
those
electrons
at V~, since
agreement with the fact that heat carrying
move
Fujimoto and
Brorson,
contributor
surface
the principal
close to the Fermi
transport.
to heat
are
velocity
in
thin
gold films
with
heat
pulse
observed
Ippen [4] have
transport
wave
(14)
and
hyperbolic model
described
by
V~. These experiments can be
two-temperature
v
electron

and

lattice

the

time

temperatures

scale

relaxation

is

time

HHCE
=

"

(15)

rather

Moreover,
much
of

heat

greater
near

than
the
than
the

diffusive
model

it is
heat

one.

predicts that
predicted by
source

has

on

vi

classical

time

scale

diffusion

local-nonequilibrium

the

temperature

model.
nature

This

[3,

of

electron

overheating
25-27].

or

gas can be
localization

Two-temperature

3.

Let

consider

now

us

diffusion

simplicity

in

sublattices

C~

the

PHYSIQUE

DE

JOURNAL

2266

III

model.

diffusion
pair of coupled
equations (9)
assumed
description we
that
the
general case equations (9) and (lo) may

In

3Tj

(lo)

and

in

volumetric

above
I.

12

For

capacities

rearranged

be

detail.

more

heat

of

as

Cj-=AjATj+~e(T~-Tj)+Wj

(16)

at

3T~

C~
volumetric

C~ is the

where

at

AT~

capacity, J/cm~

heat

K ;

~~~'
+

~~

AT~

+C~)

a* AT~

is

W +

the

subsystem I,

W~

W,/C,,

a~

it

heat

define

we

~~~~~~

i~

is

scale

and

i~

and L

scales).
the

For
3T/3t

that

stands

l,

goveming

the

are

(diffusion
characteristic
for

detailed

local

exchange)

characteristic

characteristic

(Wj

space
heat

W~)/(C

scale
+

heterogeneous

the

of

demonstrate

equation)
time
limit

inequalities
analysis it is

in

and

C~)
two-

not

t*,

ML
to

necessary

and

limit,

local
of

and,
estimate

as

all

then

a2
r

)t2

~,

~2
~

ad

12

at

L2

i~
that

transfer

the

these

conduction
local

rule,
the

and

process
section

2.

r*t*

limit
r*
terms

of

in
r,,

~~~~

twoterms

processes,

space-nonlocality,
equations
reduce

reflect

when

heat

the

with

[13]

form

in
heterogeneous
processes
time and
The
space.

conduction

scales
space
coincide

does
r~

the

the

takes

Cj~C2~~~j~~j~

~~~~~~~

heat

that

temperature

average

~~~~~~~~~~

clearly

this

(19)

the

time-nonlocality. The terms containing i~

the
scales
of
space-nonlocality. It is natural

the

are

Note

more

of

of

are

latter

diffusivity

thermal

the

I, W

subsystem

of

~j
A

(heat

transfer

a~ is the

I(

H~

(9) and lo) may be treated as nonlocal

both in
(18-20) containing
r*
reflect
time-nonlocality of

PHCE

classical

H)

(18)

Hi

I( A~T~

heat

system

equations
*

to

~~~t~~

(18-20)

temperature
of

as

is

of

(Hi H~)'/~

the

~j

I(

A~Tj

From

of

should

a~. It

volume

equation

condiction

C~)

dt

K.

temperatures

be
reminded
the
of
that C, and A
parameters
are
heterogeneous
The
and
the
temperature
system.
experimentally,
determined
however,
usually average
values.
are
heat
conduction
equation for
consider
temperature
average
a
algebraic manipulation the
(C Tj + C~ T~)/(C + C~). After
some
j
=

parameter

important

is

Equations

a(

unit

per

diffusivity

thermal

A~)/(Cj

and

system,

subsystem
thermodynamic
which

(Aj

temperature

I,

a*

the

Hence,

A~/C~ is

a~

time

of

at

the

I(

a~

characteristic

the

(H( + H()'/~ and i~

subsystems, i~
heterogeneous
two-temperature
system,

of the

scales

governing

W/cm~

factor,

coupling

the

~~'

ATj

a*
=

(17)

W~

~~~

dt

Cj C~/~e(Cj

between

I(

jt

r*

ATj

at

~~j~

r*

dt

Here

at2

at

i(

is

~e

equation

conduction
obtain
heat
the
(16) and (17) we
subsystems Tj and T~ taken separetely [13]

~~'

T~)

~e(Tj

L,

so
so

to

here

(macroscopic
II because

h.

equations

(18-20).

Let

DISCRETE

TWO-TEMPERATURE

12

~~ ~~

a* A

f4

a~f(A2~

The

into

took

we

estimates

Relation

contain

between

typical

most

account

i(/r*

that a~
both time t*

and

depends
corresponding

scales

the

cases,

~~

t*

on

i(A~~f2

L~
here

3t

r*

L~

i~

and

~H.

macroscopic

space

type of the

the

scales

transfer

of the

processes.
The two

consideration.

under

processes
and
propagative

diffusion

to

2267

MODEL

regimes

will

be

considered.

3.I

THE

DIFFUSION-LIKE

(diffusion
L2

a*

t*

In

this

If

PRocEssEs.-

transfer),

heat

the

neglecting

case,

the

interested

is

one

macroscopic

between

relation

terms

of

the

in

scales

order

of

~~,

(18-20)

local

diffusion-type

obtain

that

the

process
the form

takes

process

general

nonlocal

equations

diffusion-like

of the

equation. Taking into

the
account
regimes of heat
conduction
in
heterogeneous
Such a
two-temperature
system is govemed by the general equations (18-20).
nonlocal
both in time and space. It should be noted that the general equations (18-20)
process is
have
exactly the same
conceptual problem as PHCE
there is an
immediate
to a heat
response
disturbance
distant
points.
In
other
words
equations (18-20) imply infinite speed of heat
at
of the

terms

reduce

order

of

to

*/t

classical

i~/L~

we

diffusion

the

wave.

3.2

THE

HIGH

SPEED

with the
processes
the
characteristic

(PROPAGATIVE)

high
characteristic
fly
velocity v

Let

REGIMES.

(macroscopic)
*

corresponding

system.
and

Taking

(19))

into

reduces

account

the

terms

of the

order

of

*/t

L/t *,

the
when

heat

conduction

V is of the

order

of

effects

nonlocal

to

consider

us

speed
*

in

the

heterogeneous

(IL equation (20) (as well

as

(18)

to

~~+r*~~j=a*AT+W+r*~~~'
3t

Equation (21), governing the

speed (propagative)
regimes,

(21)

3t

heterogeneous
system during a highdiscontinuity
the
imposed by the
sudden jump of
with
speed v *
(a */r *)'/~
((A + A~) ~e/C C~)'/~
temperature
constant
j
j
The
properties of heat
media
observed
conduction
in
heterogeneous
in
wave
processes
are
experiment [8]. The thermal
phenomena in the heterogeneous
two-temperature
system is
wave
caused by the
the subsystems.
exchange
between
energy
Note that both equation (21) and (12), (13) are
HHCES, but they have
different
physical
meaning. Equations (12) and (13) are derived from discrete equations (2) and (3) for the wave
law of
continuum
limit (11).
time r, in (12) and (13) is of the
The
characteristic
order of
relaxation
time to local
equilibrium of isolated subsystem I. Equation (21) is a
of
consequence
PHCE (16, 17), which is
obtained
for the case of the
diffusive
law of
continuum
a pair coupled
limit (6) and under the local
assumption. The time r * in (21) is of the order of the
characteristic
time of heat exchange
between
the subsystem. As a rule r * r, and, hence,
HHCE (21) and
HHCES
(12), (13) imply a different
characteristic
speed v * v,. Thus, HHCE (21) is not a
consistent
approximation of the discrete
model (2), (3) under
assumption of the wave form of
temperature
average
is
HHCE
and it

in

the

transmits
=

continuum

limit.

JOURNAL

2268

Taking

into

second

the

account

order

PHYSIQUE

DE

r*

in

terms

III

find

can

one

12

)+r*f-I((AT=a*AT+W+r*~-~)~ A(~~j+~j).
Hi
H~
dt

(22)

both in time and space.

Nonlocality in space generates an
nonlocal
3~i13t
derivative
of the heat
additional
derivative,
3X~, and an
additional
mixed
space
sources,
conduction
equation for reduced
twoj2W~/dX~. Note that equation (22) is analogous to heat
0 or A~
0 [9, 13, 14] and to equation of the
model (16) and (17) when 11
temperature
effective
conductivity [2].
Jeffreys type for media with
this

In

equation (22)

case

is

space-nonlocality

The

of

transfer

heat

processes

in

the

I-e-

systems,

two-temperature

an

d~ildt dX~, leads to

immediate
smoothing of the
temperature
The
discontinuities
0 and t
thermal
imposed by the sudden jump of temperature at X
+ 0.
of
this
possible
diffusion
with
infinite
speed
thermal
propagation
in
is
and
not
get
wave
case
we
perturbation. The effect of small i~ at the shock front is to smooth the discontinuity, creating a
shock
thickness
is proportional to X'/~ [2], This type of smoothing is analogous
whose
structure
viscosity
dynamics [2, 28].
HHCE
the
of
in gas
Moreover,
smoothing
by
shock
to
waves
with
implies that a heht
moving
with
speed
V,
structure
constant
creates
a
a
source,
wave
surface
of
discontinuity,
This
I-eshock
[3,
25-27].
type of
strong
temperature
wave
viscosity ). In
discontinuity is also
smoothed
by the space
non-local
effect (
temperature
particular, if i~=0,
the
media
ahead
of
moving
with
V
=v*
the
heat
(or
source
and there is a jump of temperature
unheated
front. Space non-locality
V
in the
v *) is
wave
smoothes
the discontinuity,
heating the media ahead the heat
and broadening the shock
source
additional

derivative,

mixed

characteristic

The

front.

thickness

(heated)

of

the

smoothed

for

heat

conduction

in

classical

local

of

is

front

the

order

of

i~.
Conclusions.

4.

presented. The
nonequilibrium

model

can

ones.

The

hyperbolic

the

laws

wave

regimes

of

heat

be

model

used

to

study

both

discrete
two-temperature
model
and
two-temperature

diffusion

temperature

coupled
and

discrete

two-temperature

The

heat
of

equations.

conduction

continuous

limit

are

model

thermal

To

obtain

forward

put

for

heterogeneous
systems has been
equilibrium
and localprocesses
both
contains
limiting
twocases
as

consisting

model,

wave

limiting
the dissipative
these

cases,

and

of
the

the

pair

of

diffusion

propagative

respectively.
limiting
case

conduction,

the
adequate
depends
short
time
timescales.
Over
on
a
subsystems
(sublattices)
relax
local
equilibrium
in
which
is
nearly
to
r,
a
way
independent of the energy
exchange
between
them.
Such a
relaxation
is govemed by the
discrete
model (2) and (3) or its particular
(7, 8) for diffusive
and (12, 13) for
cases
processes
propagative regimes with the
characteristic
speed v,
(a,/r, )"~ After that the heat exchange
*
the
periods t
described
between
subsystems
The
is
by a pair

occurs
over
process
r
r,.
coupled PHCES (16) and (17), which implies the non-local
conduction
equations (18-20).
heat
model
contains
This
also
particular cases for
diffusive-like
(see Sect. 3. I) and
two
processes
(a*/r*)"~
propagative
(21),
with
characteristic
v*
Then
for
the
speed
v~.
ones
over
PHCE.
periods t r * r, the evolution of the system is given by the usual classical
Such a

Choice

of

the

t~

process
distinct

has

characteristic

slow

timescales

do

generalized

statistical

the

theoretical

of

continuum

From
the

laws

not

exist

speed V
general

the

v*

There

are

two-temperature

thus

three

discrete

approach [29] are required.

point of view, the discrete
two-temperature
limit help to develop a better
understanding

timescales.
model

model
of

and

many

Where

(2) and (3)

three
or

the

the conception
problems
common

of

TWO-TEMPERATURE

12

in

thermodynamics

extended

clearly how

for

law

continuum

multiscale

the

[1-3,

and

heat

and

2269

MODEL

conduction

problem appears
propagative regimes.

and

of the

aspect

diffusive

29]

DISCRETE

theory.
the

need

particular,

In
to

consider

it
a

shows

different

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