Botany Lab (Monthly)

Exercise 1 Microscope
Types of Microscope
1. Simple or Magnifier
o Consists of a single lens set in a
frame
o Low magnifying power
o Enlarges the object without
inverting the image
2. Compound Microscope
o 2 lens system: Objective and
Eyepiece
o can magnify up to several
hundred times the actual size
o image is inverted
3. Stereoscopic microscope
o Simple microscope consisting of
2 microscopes mounted in a
single body
o Each ocular can be adjusted
with each eye
o 2 objectives focused at the
same specimen at an inclined
angle
o Real stereoscopic perception of
depth
4. Electron Microscope
o Sophisticated apparatus
which uses beams of
electrons
o Most powerful tool for
studying cell structure and
functions
o Electromagnets
o Image is projected into a
photographic plate of
fluorescent screen
o Magnify the object a
hundred thousand times
o 2 types
A. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)
used for the study of
detailed structure of
surfaces of the
specimen. Image is
formed by secondary
electrons that are
reflected back from the
specimen. 3D image
property & great range
of magnification

B. Transmission Electron
(TEM) exclusively
used in the examination
of the internal structure
of the cell.
Terminologies
Magnification
o Ratio of the apparent size of an
object as seen through the
microscope and the actual size of
the object
Focusing
o The adjustment of the distance
between the objective lens and the
specimen when a clear image of
the specimen is seen through the
eyepiece
Virtual or Floating Image
o Image seen in the microscopic field
Microscopic field
o Bright circular illuminated area
seen through the ocular eyepiece
Working distance
o Distance between the front lens
and the top of the cover glass
Angular Aperture
o Angle or cone of light rays capable
of entering the front lens
Depth of Focus
o Thickness of the object that may be
seen at one time under focus
Numerical Aperture
o Measurement of the ability of the
condenser and the objective lens to
gather light
Resolving Power
o Ability of the lens to clearly
separate 2 points of 2 lines
individually in the image
Parfocal
o Refers to the objectives and the
eyepiece where practically no
change in focus has to be made
when one objective is substituted
for another
Refraction
o Bending of light rays
Objective
s

Magnificati
on

Numerica
l

Scanner
LPO
HPO
OIO

5x
10x
40x
100x

Aperture
0.10
0.25
0.65
1.25

Parts of the Compound Microscope

A. Mechanical Parts
1. Base
2. Pillar vertical extension of
the base to which the arm is
attached
3. Arm curved basic part of the
microscope to which the body
and base is attached. Serves as
handle and support.
4. Inclination Joints movable
parts which facilitates tilting
5. Stage platform where the
specimen is placed
6. Stage clips holds the slid in
place
7. Body tube hollow cylinder in
front of the upper part of the
arm that serves as house for
the lens
8. Draw tube small cylinder
that holds the ocular or
eyepiece
9. Dust shield protects the
objectives from durt
10. Revolving nosepiece rotary
head attached to the base of
the body and holds the
objectives
11. Adjustment knobs used to
adjust objectives when focusing
a. Coarse Adjustment
larger knobws used for
faster movement of the
body tube when focusing
the LPO
b. Fine Adjustment
smaller knobs used for final
focusing under the HPO
B. Illuminating Parts
1. Mirror used to reflect light
through the object, lenses and
into the eyes. Its frame is held
by the mirror rack or fork
2. Abbe Condenser used to
illuminate, condense or
concentrate the reflected light

from the mirror to the object

being examined
3. Iris Diaphragm a plate that
is supported with numerous
apertures of varying sizes to
regulate the amount of light
that enters the condenser
C. Magnifying Parts
1. Eyepiece or Ocular
detachable tube on top of the
draw tube equipped with one
set of lenses.
2. Objectives
a. Scanner shortest
cylinder with the widest
lens opening but lowest
magnification
b. Low power (LPO)
short tube with large
lens. 10x magnification
c. High power (HPO)
long tube with smaller
lens opening. 40x
magnification
d. Oil immersion
objective (OIO)
longest tube with very
small lens and has 100x
magnification. Cedar
wood oil is placed on the
specimen
Exercise 2 Magnification
Persea Americana Avocado
Phaseolus lunatus kidney beans
Magnification of the image of an
object
o The number of times the image of
an object is reduced or enlarged by
a drawing or picture
o M = Dimension of the drawing
Actual size of the
specimen
o Microns = 1/1000 cm or 0.001mm
o Stage micrometer used to
determine the value in microns of
one small division of the disc scale
LPO
0.15
150x
HPO
0.0036
300x
o Calibration factor (cf)
= Stage Micrometer
Micrometer eyepiece X 0.01
o Dimension of Specimen = (msp)
(cf)
o Mag = Dimension of Drawing

Dimension of specimen (Msp)

(CF)