Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Review
Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
Department of Environmental Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226025, India
c
Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Korea 497335, Chhattisgarh, India
b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 12 August 2014
Received in revised form
6 October 2014
Accepted 6 October 2014
Available online 26 November 2014
The exposure to low or high concentrations of arsenic (As), either due to the direct consumption of As
contaminated drinking water, or indirectly through daily intake of As contaminated food may be fatal to
the human health. Arsenic contamination in drinking water threatens more than 150 millions peoples all
over the world. Around 110 millions of those peoples live in 10 countries in South and South-East Asia:
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan and Vietnam. Therefore,
treatment of As contaminated water and soil could be the only effective option to minimize the health
hazard. Therefore, keeping in view the above facts, an attempt has been made in this paper to review As
contamination, its effect on human health and various conventional and advance technologies which are
being used for the removal of As from soil and water.
& 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Arsenic contamination
Arsenic sources
Health hazards
Remediation techniques
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Sources of arsenic in the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
2.1.
Groundwater/drinking water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
2.2.
Freshwaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
2.3.
Marine waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
2.4.
Arsenic concentration in soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
2.5.
Arsenic concentration in food stuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Health hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Remediation of arsenic contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
4.1.
Arsenic revomal by oxidation techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4.1.1.
Oxidation and ltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4.1.2.
Photochemical oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4.1.3.
Photocatalytic oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
4.1.4.
Biological oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
4.1.5.
In-situ oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
4.2.
Phytoremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.3.
Coagulationocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
4.4.
Electrocoagulation (EC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.5.
Electro-chemical arsenic remediation (ECAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.6.
Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.6.1.
Activated alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.6.2.
Iron based sorbents (IBS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4.6.3.
Zero valent iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: vijaypratap.au@gmail.com (V.P. Singh), profsmprasad@gmail.com (S.M. Prasad).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.009
0147-6513/& 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
248
4.6.4.
Indigenous lters and cartridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
4.6.5.
Miscellaneous adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.7.
Ion exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
4.8.
Electrokinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
4.9.
Membrane technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.9.1.
As removal using microltration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.9.2.
As removal using ultraltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.9.3.
As removal using Nanoltrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.9.4.
As removal using reverse osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.10. As removal by advanced hybrid and integrated technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.10.1.
As removal using membrane distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.10.2. As removal using forward osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.11. Disposal of As laden sludges and wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
5. Conclusion and future perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
1. Introduction
Recently, the environmental fate and behavior of arsenic (As) is
receiving increased attention due to the arsenic (As) pollution in
South-East Asia. Although As contamination in the environment
has been reported worldwide (Sohel et al., 2009; Li et al., 2011),
however, As pollution in groundwater has been a serious health
threat to the human beings in South-East, South-West and NorthEast USA, inner Mongolia (China), South-West Taiwan coastal regions, Sonora (Mexico), Pamplonian Plain (Argentina), West Bengal (India), Northern Chile, and Bangladesh (Argos et al., 2010). The
World Health Organization (WHO) deemed the As in Bangladeshi
groundwater to be the largest mass poisoning of a population in
history (Argos et al., 2010).
Arsenic is ubiquitous in the environment and highly toxic to all
forms of the life. It is a crystalline metalloid, a natural element
with features intermediate between metals and non-metals, occurs naturally as an element, ranks as the 20th most occurring
trace element in the earth's crust, 14th in seawater, and 12th in the
human body (Mandal and Suzuki, 2002). Arsenic exists mainly in
four oxidation states arsenate (AsV), arsenite (AsIII), arsenic (As0),
and arsine (As III) and its solubility depends on the pH and ionic
environment. Among them, the AsV being the most stable form
(Sharma and Sohn, 2009; Zhao et al., 2010; Gupta et al., 2011). AsV
is thermodynamically stable state in aerobic water, while AsIII is
predominant in reduced redox environment. Arsenic can be present in the environment in various chemical forms such as
monomethylarsonic acid [MMA; CH3AsO(OH)2], dimethylarsinic
acid [DMA; (CH3)2AsOOH], trimethylarsine oxide [TMAO;
(CH3)3AsO], arsenobetaine [AsB; (CH3)3As CH2COOH], arsenocholine [AsC], arsenosugars [AsS], arsenolipids etc. (Tangahu et al.,
2011). In general, inorganic arsenicals are more toxic than organic
ones (Meharg and Hartley-Whitaker, 2002). AsIII is usually more
toxic than AsV (Abedin et al., 2002a, 2002b; Schat et al., 2002), and
dimethylarsinous acid (DMAAIII) and monomethylarsonous acid
(MMAAIII) are more toxic than their parent compounds (Petrick
et al., 2000; Mass et al., 2001). Methylated As compounds, such as
MMA, DMA and TMAO are found sometimes as a minor component in the soil (Huang and Matzner, 2006), but can reach high
concentrations (Abedin et al., 2002a, 2002b). Both MMA and DMA
(also known as cacodylic acid) have been widely used as pesticides
and herbicides, the DMA also as a cotton defoliant. Arsenobetaine,
the dominant As species in marine animals, was found to be
present in an acidic fen soil with unclear origin (Huang and
Matzner, 2006). Arsenolipid, a lipid-soluble As compound, mainly found in the marine organism, and its concentration may reach
upto 16 mg As/kg sh oil (Sele et al., 2012). Recent ndings
249
Table 1
Concentrations of arsenic in groundwater of the arsenic-affected countries.
Location (Countries)
Concentration in g L 1
Arsenic sources
References
1003810
4100
o 10 41000
o 5023,080
470770
0.0010.293
13050
1174
12400
8624
11340
1.255114
82660
o 1100
500
1176
15000
0.031.41
17980
33700
148,000
0.05850
Well waters
Arsenic-rich sediments
Natural origin
Arsenic-rich sediments
Deep groundwater
Drinking water; bores
Well waters
Groundwater
Shallow (alluvial) groundwater, mining
Drinking water
Natural origin
Drinking water
Drinking water bores
Water contaminated by tin mining waste
Well water
Well waters; natural origin
Arsenic-rich sediments
Drinking water
Well water
Table 2
Arsenic concentrations in some major aquatic systems (rivers, lakes, estuaries and marine) of the world.
Aquatic systems and location
Lakes
Biwa Lake, Japan
Moira Lake, Ontario, Canada
Mono Lake, California, USA
Marine and Estuaries
Bunnefjord, Norway
Coastal Malaysia
Coastal Nakaminato, Japan
Deep Pacic and Atlantic
Krka Estuary, Yugoslavia
Rhone Estuary, France
Saanich Inlet, B.C., Canada
Schelde Estuary, Belgium
Southern coast, Australia
Southeast coast, Spain
Tamar Estuary, UK
Uranouchi Inlet, Japan
Vestfjord, Norway
Rivers
Ashanti, Ghana
Cordoba, Argentina
Dordogne, France
Madison and Missouri rivers, USA
Mole River, NSW, Australia
Owens River, CA, USA
Po River, Italy
Ron Phibun, Thailand
Waikato, New Zealand
References
2.2 (0.61.7)
20.4 (22.047.0)
10,00020,000
0.51.9
1.0 (0.71.8)
3.1
1.01.8
0.11.8
2.2 (1.13.8)
1.22.5
1.84.9
1.3 (1.11.6) (inorganic)
1.5 (0.53.7)
2.78.8
22.032.0
0.71.0
284( o 27900)
7114
0.7
44 (1967), 10370
110600 (up to 13900)
85153
1.3
218 (4.8583)
32 (2836)
250
Table 3
Concentrations of arsenic in soil of the arsenic-affected countries.
Country
Region
References
Bangladesh
Brazil
Chile
India
Mexico
Poland
Spain
Turkey
United Kingdom
USA
Noakhali
Minas Gerais (Southeastern Brazil)
Esquia
Uttar Pradesh
Lagunera
Lower Silesia, (Southwestern Poland)
Duero Cenozoic Basin
Simav plain (Kutahya)
Cornwall
Tulare lake
Table 4
Arsenic concentrations in various food stuffs and its recommended limit.
Food stuff(s)
Recommended limit of
arsenic in food (FAO)
Reference
Rice
Wheat
Oat
Corn
Vegetables
153.1
22.0
27.3
49.3
903900
1 mg kg 1
do
do
do
do
Pulses
1300
do
EFSA, 2014
EFSA, 2014
EFSA, 2014
EFSA, 2014
Das et al.,
2004
Santra et al.,
2013
Islam et al.,
2013
Lin and Liao,
2008
do
Fish
do
3000
In poultry, use of arsenic compounds is very common. For instance, arsenic is used in the forms of roxarsone as an additive in
the feed of conventionally-raised broilers. It is used to control
protozoan parasites known as coccidians and to enhance weight
gain (Miller et al., 2000) Feeding arsenic to laying hens is prohibited. Organic regulations prohibit feeding arsenic to birds
raised for organic certication. It is estimated that roxarsone is
added to poultry feed at the rate of 22.745.4 g per ton, or 0.0025
0.005 percent (Miller et al., 2000; Bellows, 2005). Most of the
roxarsone passes through the birds and is excreted unchanged
(Kpomblekou et al., 2002). Each broiler excretes about 150 mg of
roxasone during the 42-day growth period in which it is administered (Sims and Wolf, 1994). Moreover, Rosal et al. (2005)
have also investigated fate of roxarsone and its possible transformation products (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonate, dimethylarsinate, 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) in chicken manure and found that these
compounds are responsible for arsenic contamination of chicken.
Large amount of pig manure is produced all over the world
which can be used as organic fertilizers on agricultural lands.
251
3. Health hazards
Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the toxicity of
As and its effects on human health in various As-contaminated
regions (Kongkea et al., 2010; Maity et al., 2012). Arsenic enters in
human beings through two pathways; rst, direct consumption of
As contaminated drinking water and second, for populations not
exposed to elevated As in drinking water, foods represent the main
sources of As intake for humans (Fig. 1). Arsenic accumulation in
vegetables followed by ingestion may result in a signicant contribution on to the daily human intake of inorganic As
(Fontcuberta et al., 2011). Arsenic contamination in drinking water
threatens health risk for more than 150 millions people all over
the world (Ravenscroft et al., 2009). Around 110 millions of those
people live in 10 countries in South and South-east Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,
Taiwan and Vietnam (Brammer, 2008). In total 88,750 km in West
Bengal has been identied as As contaminated zone among which
38,861 km area has been identied as highly affected zones, this
include Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas, Murshidabad and
Kolkata districts (Chakraborti et al., 2009). Groundwater is used for
the irrigation to cultivate a variety of crops and vegetables, and
thus irrigation with As-enriched groundwater is the main pathway
for As to enter the human food chain (Das et al., 2004; Chatterjee
et al., 2010; Samal et al., 2011) which is the potential human health
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram is showing transfer of arsenic from soil and water to human beings through food chains. Intake of arsenic by human beings causes several diseases.
252
recognized to be one of the world's greatest environmental hazards (Sohel et al., 2009; Chakraborti et al., 2010; Bundschuh et al.,
2012; Naujokas et al., 2013). The major arsenicosis regions are
presently found in large deltas and/or along major rivers emerging
from the Himalayas (Fendorf et al., 2010) such as in the Bengal
delta (Chakraborti et al., 2010), other parts of India (Saha, 2009;
Shukla et al., 2010), Nepal (Thakur et al., 2011), Pakistan (Malik
et al., 2009), Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia (Berg et al., 2007;
Polya et al., 2008) and China (He and Charlet, 2013). A recent study
has shown that nutritional deciency is an important promoter of
arsenicosis especially for women (Deb et al., 2013).
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram is showing various techniques used for removal of arsenic from soil and water. These techniques are discussed in detail in the text.
(1)
(2)
O3:
As(OH)3 O3-AsO43 O2 3H
3
(3)
3H H2O
(4)
(5)
(6)
NH2Cl:
FeO4
5H
2
: 3As(OH)3 2FeO4
2
H2O-3AsO4
3
Cl 3H
2Fe(OH)3
(7)
When used for oxidation of AsIII to AsV, the reaction is very fast
for Cl2, O3 and MnO4 compared to the H2O2 and NH2Cl (Lee et al.,
2003; Ghurye et al., 2004; Dodd et al., 2006). By using air and pure
oxygen, about 5457% of AsIII can be oxidized to AsV in contaminated groundwater (Kim and Nriagu, 2000) whereas, complete oxidation of AsIII can be achieved with O3. The NH2Cl and
H2O2 are sluggish in reacting with AsIII while Cl2 and O3 react very
rapidly. Free Cl2 or hypochlorite is effective for the oxidation of
AsIII, but chlorination creates and leaves disinfectant by-products
(DBPs) in treated water. Reduction in the levels of trihalo methanes (THMs) and halo acetic acids (HAAs) was seen with O3, but
it can form the potent carcinogenic bromate ion by reacting with
bromide present in the water (Gunten, 2003; Richardson, 2006). It
is suggested that treatment with NH2Cl produces N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) which is a suspected human carcinogen (Mitch and Sedlak, 2002). For the treatment of high quality
water such as surface water, the use of ClO2 is restricted and
dosing of ClO2 must be kept low. For example, in the United States,
dosages ranging from 1 to 1.4 mg L 1 are used mainly for the
253
254
4.2. Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is the plant based environmental-friendly
technology, for the remediation of As contaminated sites, using
plants and microbes to clean up contaminated air, soil and water
(Lasat, 2002; Cherian and Oliveira, 2005; Dickinson et al., 2009;
Behera, 2014). The Pteris vittata (Chinese brake fern) was found to
be resistant to As, having the capability of hyperaccumulating
large amounts of As in its fronds (Ma et al., 2001) by area contaminants are picked up by the roots of plants and transported to
their overground parts, and then removed together with the crops
(phytostabilization, phytoextraction and phytovolatilization). The
brake fern can accumulate between 14427526 mg kg 1 As in
fronds from contaminated soils, and up to 27,000 mg kg 1 As in its
fronds in hydroponics culture. The As hyperaccumulation capacity
has also been demonstrated in other plants (Meharg, 2003; Du
et al., 2005; Keller et al., 2007; Tripathi et al., 2007; Gonzaga Maria
et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008). It is hypothesized that hyperaccumulation is associated with the interaction of As with highafnity chelating molecules present in the cytoplasm of the plant.
For example, an arsenate activated glutaredoxin from the fern P.
vittata L. regulates intracellular arsenite (Sundaram et al., 2008).
The molecular studies have shown that many gene products are
involved in the process of As hyperaccumulation (Dhankar et al.,
2002), hence single gene and multigenic engineering approaches
may be applicable to enhance the efciency of phytoremediation
(Padmavathiamma and Li, 2007; Tripathi et al., 2007). Besides
phytoremediation, phytostabilization methods using plants can
also be applied for long-term remediation of As. This method
limits uptake and excludes mobilization of As. The major benet of
phytostabilization is that the vegetative biomass above ground is
not contaminated with As, thus reduces the risk of As transfer
through food chains (Madejon et al., 2002).
Furthermore, the bioremediation techniques, including a variety of sulfate reducing bacteria and other species such as
Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Micrococcus, and Bacillus
may be involved to remediate As from contaminated environments (Yamamura et al., 2003, Kirk et al., 2004, Ike et al., 2008).
The basic principle of bioremediation is change in the redox reactions, increasing/decreasing the solubility using different complexation reactions, pH changing and adsorption/uptake of a
substance from the environment (Smith et al., 1994). Still, the
current bioremediation techniques fail mainly because of the
limitations of phytoremediation in arid area, re-release of immobilized or adsorbed heavy metals by some bacteria in the environment, microbial sensitivity to redox potential change and
changes into the valence state of particular toxic metal.
During the last two decades, phytoltration, a very environmentally friendly and low-cost alternative technique, is a
promising emerging alternative to conventional cleanup. After the
discovery of As hyperaccumulating and tolerating plants, it is
possible to phytoremediate the As contaminated substrates. Phytoltration involves several steps, (i) the selection of the most
promising plants capable of removing the contaminant from water
and retaining it in their roots, and (ii) plants are then transplanted
into a constructed wetland, where As from the polluted water will
be removed. These plants mainly absorb and concentrate the As in
their roots, but can also translocate low quantities to their shoots
(Dushenkov et al., 1995; Salt et al., 1998). In recent years, only
plants which are able to hyperaccumulate As were discovered, like
P. vittata (Ma et al., 2001) and other ferns (Francesconi et al., 2002;
Zhao et al., 2002; Srivastava et al., 2005). Aquatic macrophytes
have been particularly considered for As removal from contaminated surface water bodies. Several studies were performed
for the removal of As from contaminated surface water bodies
using different species of aquatic macrophytes: water hyacinth
255
256
Katsoyiannis, 2002) polymers for increasing As removal are limited in numbers. Pallier et al. (2010) used kaolinite and FeCl3 as a
coagulant/occulent and they observed over 90% and 77% removals of AsV and AsIII, respectively, using 9.2 mg L 1 of Fe3 . In a
recent study, Hu et al. (2012) used three aluminum based coagulants (aluminum chloride and two types of polyaluminium chloride) and all of them were able to reduce the concentration of As
below the MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level) with an initial AsV
concentration of 280 mg L 1. Further their study suggests that the
aluminum species regulates the removal of As and therefore, the
efciency of As removal can be improved by adjusting the pH. The
presence of sulfates signicantly decreases AsIII removal, but only
slightly affects AsV removal. At pH higher than 7.0, removal of AsV
increases in the presence of calcium. The major limitation of the
coagulation/occulation process is the production of a large
amount of sludge with a considerable concentration of As.
Recently, instead of conventional Al and Fe salts, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) was used (Shon et al., 2007) to remove the
particulate and dissolved organic matter from wastewater in
sewage treatment plants. TiCl4 successfully achieved high organic
matter removal to the same extent as Al and Fe salts and the resulting ocs are with better settleability. The most signicant advantage of using TiCl4 as a coagulant is that sludge recovery produces a valuable by-product, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) (Shon
et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2009), which is the most widely used metal
oxide, whose applications include cosmetics, electronic paper,
paints, photocatalysts, and solar cells (Hoffmann et al., 1995; Obee
and Brown., 1995). Furthermore, the residual Ti salt concentration
in the treated water satised the requirement of the World Health
Organization's (WHO) guidelines (0.515 mg L 1) for drinking
water (Ravenscroft et al., 2009). Therefore, TiCl4 is expected to be a
promising alternative coagulant for conventional Al and Fe salts.
4.4. Electrocoagulation (EC)
It is an alternative process to CF (coagulation/occulation). Instead of adding a chemical reagent as ferric chloride, metallic cations are directly generated in the efuent to be treated by applying a current between iron electrodes to dissolve soluble anodes. In EC, electrolytic oxidation of a sacricial iron anode produces FeIII oxyhydroxides/precipitates in As contaminated water.
With FeIII precipitates As forms binuclear, inner-sphere complexes
(van Genuchten et al., 2012), which aggregate to form a oc. Metallic cations and hydroxides formed neutralize negatively charged
colloids allowing them to coagulate (Matteson et al., 1995). During
EC with iron electrodes, the amount of iron cations experimentally
dissolved from the anode corresponds to the value predicted by
the second Faraday's law (Vik et al., 1984; Pretorius et al., 1991)
which is used to calculate the treatment dose to apply.
4.5. Electro-chemical arsenic remediation (ECAR)
The ECAR is a form of electrocoagulation (EC) that has been
developed to support a community scale micro-utility business
model (Amrose et al., 2013). In ECAR, the high capacity adsorbent
media are generated in-situ, removing the need for a central adsorbent manufacturing plant or importing media from abroad. In
ECAR, the As-laden ocs are separated from clean water through
gravitational settling aided by a small amount of alum as a coagulant. The effectiveness of ECAR has been demonstrated by
Amrose et al. (2013), using synthetic groundwater in lab studies,
real contaminated groundwater from Bangladesh and Cambodia,
and in short-duration eld trials of two 100 L batch reactors in
West Bengal.
The ECAR was found to lower initial As concentrations as high
as 3000 g L 1 to below the WHO-MCL of 10 g L 1, and easily
257
258
Besides micrometer-sized particle assemblies, iron oxide nanoparticles are frequently employed for the removal of As due to
their high surface area. Recently, Sabbatini et al. (2010) have developed tubular ceramic adsorbers based on iron oxide nanoparticles that have been deposited on porous alumina tubes. Iron
oxide nanoparticles with combined ozonization-reactive ceramic
membranes have been proved a good candidate for AsIII removal
(Park and Choi, 2011). In a study, Pan et al. (2010) have reported
that on using iron-oxide-coated diatomite, a granular adsorbent,
for adsorption of AsV from aqueous solution, effectively working at
pH very close to the neutral value; here an industrial grade diatomite served as the iron oxide support. Recently, Chen et al.
(2011) have suggested ferric-impregnated volcanic ash as a representative of low-cost adsorbent for removal of AsV from an
aqueous medium.
4.6.3. Zero valent iron
Over the last decade, a great deal of research has been focused
on the removal of contaminants by zero valent iron (ZVI) because
ZVI is non-toxic, abundant, cheap, easy to produce, and little
maintenance is required by its reduction process. The method is
based on the principle is when the oxygenated water comes in
contact with ZVI, it results in corrosion of ZVI and formation of
various byproducts like FeII and FeIII hydroxides, that can oxidize
and remove As (Farrell et al., 2001; Manning et al., 2002). Many
groups have extensively investigated the removal of As by using
ZVI in the laboratory (Leupin and Hug, 2005; Katsoyiannis et al.,
2008; Klas and Kirk, 2013) as well as in the eld (Hussam and
Munir, 2007; Chiew et al., 2009; Neumann et al., 2013). Based on
this technology, approximately 350,000 lters are in use in India,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Egypt with better results of As
removals in eld (Hussam and Munir, 2007, 2013; Neumann et al.,
2013). It is desirable to analyze the effect of key variables, such as
pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), hardness, and humic acid (HA) on As
removal. Generally it is accepted that the mechanism of As removal by ZVI involves adsorption, reduction, surface precipitation,
and co-precipitation with various iron corrosion products such as
ferrous/ferric hydroxides (Mak et al., 2009). The removal rates of
AsIII were investigated in the presence of various ions and under
different pH values and results indicated that most of these
parameters affected negatively the removal of AsIII (Biterna et al.,
2010). Sun et al. (2011) reported that in anaerobic conditions when
AsV reacted with commercial ZVI or acid-treated ZVI both adsorption and reduction of AsV were fast; commercial ZVI reduced
AsV to AsIII while acid-treated ZVI reduced AsV to As0.
The DO plays an important role in As removal by ZVI. The reaction of ZVI with DO leads to the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g. HO2/O2 , H2O2, OH) and Fe(II). Fe(II) is oxidized
to Fe(III) and forms hydrous ferric oxides with large sorption capacities (Joo et al., 2004), such that there is a potential for the
transformation and removal of a range of inorganic and organic
contaminants. It was found that low pH and high DO would favor
the As removal (Tanboonchuy et al., 2011). In aerobic condition,
Bang et al. (2005b) observed a rapid rate of As removal from
aqueous solution via precipitation/co-precipitation on iron hydroxide precipitation product and at pH 7.0 the uptake of AsV was
faster than AsIII. However, in anaerobic conditions, the rate of reaction was considerably slower as compared to the aerobic environment and at pH 4.0 and 7.0 the removal rate of AsIII was faster
than AsV. Furthermore, their study also demonstrated that in absence of O2, reduction of AsV to AsIII and AsIII to metallic As takes
place upon reaction with ZVI. Thus, different reaction mechanisms
of As with ZVI predominate in aerobic and anaerobic environments. In the absence of O2, ZVI is able to act as a reductant and to
reduce AsV and AsIII.
potentials to be used as treatment mineral in the permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) (ITRC, 2005; Roehl et al., 2005). Removal of
As from different type of water having varying mineralization
degree can also occur through natural zeolitic rocks such as chabazitephillipsite, clinoptilolite, and volcanic glass. The As removal
efciency for chabazitephillipsite was 6080% and for clinoptilolite-bearing rocks was 4060%. Removal of As is inunced by
three key factors rst, mineralogy of the zeolites occurring in the
volcanic rock, second, zeolite content of the zeolitic rock and lastly,
the degree of water mineralization (Ruggieri et al., 2008).
By using above mentioned materials, some of the lters are
manufactured including Sono 3-Kolshi Filter, Granet Home-made
Filter, Chari Filter, Adarsha Filter, Sha Filter, and Bijoypur Clay/
Processed Cellulose lters. The Garnet home-made lter contains
relatively inert materials like brick chips and sand as ltering
media without added any chemical to the system. Air oxidation
and adsorption on iron-rich brick chips and ocs of naturally
present iron in ground water could be the possible reason for As
removal from ground water. The study demonstrates that threepitcher lters are an effective option as a short-term measure for
As removal. However, the three-pitcher lters that are not effective option for long duration. The Chari lter also uses brick chips
and inert aggregates in different Charis as lter media. The Sha
and Adarshs lters use clay material as lter media in the form of
candle. Although the Sha lter was reported to have better As
removal capacity but clogging of lter media is still a problem.
Khair (2000) found that Bijoypur clay and treated cellulose were
also able to adsorb As from water. These units/lters remove As
like any other dissolved ions present in the water but are not
suitable for water having high impurities and iron content in
water. In early 90s, the development of Bio-Sand Filter (BSF) for
homebased drinking water treatment has received much attention
because of its high pollutants removal, technical simplicity, cost
effectiveness and least maintenances (Bajpai and Chaudhuri, 1999;
Gene-Fuhrman et al., 2005; Ngai et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2007a,
2007b; Mahmood et al., 2011). Later Ngai et al. (2006), Ahammed
and Davra (2011) and Noubactep et al. (2012) made certain modications to BSF design and lter media for improving its performance. In a recent study, Noubactep et al. (2012) employed three
compartment model of BSF having extended reactive layer of ZVI
and reported the signicant pollutants removal for safe drinking
water production. Kanchan arsenic lter (KAF), a saturated sand
lter was designed by Ngai et al. (2006), and found to successfully
remove As and pathogens from drinking water. Sand is considered
as a non-reactive material and only removed suspended particles
during ltrations (Noubactep, 2010).
Metal oxides/hydroxides coated adsorbents such as iron oxide
coated sand, manganese-coated sand, Fe3 impregnated activated
carbon, siderite-coated quartz and hematite coated quartz have
been extensively used to improve the lter efciency (Jessen et al.,
2005; Leupin et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2007a, 2007b; Chang et al.,
2008; Mondal et al., 2008; Chiew et al., 2009; Noubactep, 2010;
Noubactep and Care, 2010; Maji et al., 2011; Noubactep et al.,
2012). Recently, Rahman et al. (2011) employed sub-surface wetland and soil lter systems for As removal. Many emergent adsorbents being used in lter-based treatments are not sufcient to
remove total As (AsIII AsV) from water (Xu et al., 2007; Guan
et al., 2012). Therefore, in order to provide As free drinking water
on sustainable basis, pre-oxidation process is essential to convert
AsIII into better adsorbable AsV (Chang et al., 2008). In many developing countries, cinders generated from the combustion of coal
honey comb briquette (HBC) in decentralized cylindrical stoves
have mostly been used for the civil applications. Recently, Yue
et al. (2011) and Sheng et al. (2014) experimentally proved HBC to
be useful for the pollutants removal. Sheng et al. (2014) conrmed
that iron-amended HBC efciently removed AsV (961.5 mg g 1) in
259
260
for example, sulfate ions may displace previously sorbed AsV ions,
the resulting levels of As in the efuent is greater than the As level
in the inuent. In general, ion exchange for As removal is only
applicable for low-TDS, low-sulfate source waters. Removal of As
can also be affected by the presence of iron, FeIII, in feed water. In
the presence of FeIII, As may form complexes with iron. These
complexes are not removed by ion exchange resins and therefore
As is not removed.
4.8. Electrokinetics
Electrokinetic (EK) remediation is a technique that already had
proven its value, especially in contaminated ne-grain soils.
Virkutyte et al. (2002) reported three phenomena occurs during
electrokinesis are electro-osmosis, electromigration and electrophoresis. This method uses a low-level direct current as the
cleaning agent, several transport mechanisms (electroosmosis,
electromigration and electrophoresis) and electrochemical reactions (electrolysis and electrodeposition) are induced (Acar and
Alshawabkeh, 1993). When a direct electrical eld is applied across
a wet mass of contaminated soil, the migration of non-ionic pore
uids by electro-osmosis and the ionic migration of dissolved ions
take place towards the electrodes. This technique has certain advantages over the conventional methods: (1) it is efcient in low
permeability soil, which is difcult to treat by using other methods; (2) is possible to set-up in situ for sites that are impossible to
excavate, such as residential areas and railway soil and (3) it can
remove organic and inorganic pollutants from soil simultaneously.
The electro-remediation is considered to be the most effective
in treating near saturated, clay soils polluted with metals, whereby
removal is 4 90% (Virkutyte et al., 2002). Sims (1990) and
Cauwenberghe (1997) reported that in sub-surface the electromigration rate is dependent upon the density of water current, soil
pore, ionic mobility, grain size, concentration of contaminant and
total ionic concentration. In turn, it is governed by advection
which is generated by electroosmotic ow and externally applied
hydraulic gradients, diffusion of the acid front to the cathode and
the migration of anions and cations towards the respective electrodes (Zelina and Rusling, 1999).
During the EK process, the dominant electron transfer reaction
i.e. electrolysis of water occurs at electrodes is as follow:
H2O-2H O2(g) 2e
2H2O 2e
-2OH H2(g)
(8)
(9)
The hydrogen ions produced in the above given process decreases the pH near the anode causing desorption of metallic
contaminants from the soil solid phases. The dissolved metallic
ions are then removed from the soil solution by ionic migration
and precipitation at the cathode (Acar and Alshawabkeh, 1993). On
the other hand, when hydroxide ion concentration increases the
pH near the cathode also increases. Electro-kinetic remediation
techniques demonstrated 8595% As removal efciency, from lowpermeability soils such as clay, peat, kaolinite, high-purity ne
quartz, Na and sand montmorillonite mixtures, as well as from
argillaceous sand (Yeung et al., 1997). However, kaolinite showed
more than 90% removal efciencies of heavy metals (Pamukcu and
Wittle, 1992).
During EK remediation process, various chemicals such as
chelating agents, surfactants, etc. have been investigated to facilitate the mobility of pollutants in soil. To remediate the soil contaminated with gasoline Bhattacharya (1996) applied surfactant
effectively using EK system. To restore the diesel-contaminated
sandy soil, Kim and Lee (1999) adopted an anionic surfactant,
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in the EK process. In their experiments, the effects of electrophoretic transportation of SDS fed into
261
262
media but lose their charge in acidic pH. Waypa et al. (1997) reported that both dissolved AsV and AsIII can be effectively removed
(up to 99%) from water due to the size exclusion. However, Urase
et al. (1998) demonstrated that charged membranes generally
have a higher rejection for charged solutes than for uncharged
solutes and concluded that the pore size of the membrane does
not have a signicant effect on As rejection, but rather charge
exclusion is predominant over the size exclusion mechanism.
Seidel et al. (2001) and Velizarov et al. (2004) demonstrated
that separation of As is caused due to the electrostatic repulsion
between anionic As species and the charge of membrane (Donnan
exclusion) as well as the small sized pores of the membrane. Although the charges of the NF membranes are not xed but may
change due to adsorption of anions onto the membrane, and
therefore are dependent on the bulk anion concentration
(Velizarov et al., 2004 ). Moreover, at the isoelectric point of the
membrane, the charge of the membrane is zero, which changes to
positive values for a lower pH. Thus, pH selection is important
with respect to the target ions are to be separated. The performances of two commercially available NF membranes (NF90 and
NF200) were studied by Uddin et al. (2007) for removal of both
AsIII and AsV from contaminated water. They demonstrated that
the rejection of AsV was better than AsIII and even when the feed
solutions contain 50 mg L 1, AsIII could not be reduced to MCL and
they concluded that oxidation of AsIII to AsV is an essential pretreatment step. Figoli et al. (2010) demonstrated that the AsV removal efciency was increased with increasing of solution pH
along with decrease of operating temperature and the feed As
concentration, while the transmembrane pressure had little/no
effect. Sato et al. (2002) and Uddin et al. (2007) reported that
without oxidative pretreatment, NF is not sufcient for the removal of total As from aqueous solution and therefore is not able
to provide water quality below the MCL.
In a recent study, As removal by employing self-made PMIA
(poly m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanoltration membrane was
investigated with aqueous solution of As salt (Na2HAsO4.7H2O)
and more than 90% AsV rejection was reported (Zhao et al., 2012).
Furthermore, AsV rejection increased from 83% at pH 3 to 99% at
pH 9. In presence of NaCl, AsV rejection increased in the feed range
studied and was reported to be 99% when feed concentration was
100 g L-1.
4.9.4. As removal using reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the oldest and identied as the best
available technology for the small water treatment systems to
remove As from water. The RO membrane contains extremely
small pores ( o0.001 m) (Schneiter and Middlebrooks, 1983) and
a very high (often close to 100%) rejection of low-molecular mass
compounds and ions can be achieved (Velizarov et al., 2004).
Moreover, the process can easily be automated and controlled. In
the 1980s, with the invention of cellulose acetate RO membrane,
AsV removal efciency have been achieved of above 90% with the
RO system operated at high-pressure around 400 psi (Clifford
et al., 1986; Fox, 1989) while, AsIII removal efciency was less
than 70%. The operational parameters for As removal by RO
membranes was investigated by Akin et al. (2011) and found that
although the feed water concentration had no effect on the rejection rate, the rejection of As was largely affected by the pH of
the feed water and operating pressure. Yoon et al. (2009) studied
the effect of charged membranes on the As removal and their
study concluded that there was a considerable rejection of the
oxy-anionic AsV while below pH 10 AsIII removal was low due to
the existence of uncharged AsIII species in solution. Thus, the
presence of AsIII plays an important role for removal of As. According to the Walker et al. (2008) when AsIII was the dominant As
species in the groundwater, the As removal efciency decreased to
Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission, New
Delhi for providing nancial assistance to carry out the work.
References
Abdallah, E.A.M., Gagnon, G.A., 2009. Arsenic removal from groundwater through
iron oxyhydroxide coated waste products. Can. J. Civil Eng. 36, 881889.
Abdullah, M.I., Shiyu, Z., Mosgren, K., 1995. Arsenic and selenium species in the oxic
and anoxic waters of the Oslofjord, Norway. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 31, 116126.
Abedin, M.J., Cresser, M.S., Meharg, A.A., Feldmann, J., Cotter-Howells, J., 2002a.
Arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ. Sci.
Technol. 36, 962968.
Abedin, M.J., Feldmann, J., Meharg, A.A., 2002b. Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in
rice plants. Plant Physiol. 128, 11201128.
Acar, Y.B., Alshawabkeh, A.N., 1993. Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 26382647.
Acharyya, S.K., Shah, B.A., 2007. Groundwater arsenic contamination affecting different geologic domains in India a review: inuence of geological setting,
uvial geomorphology and quaternary stratigraphy. J. Environ. Sci. Health A:
Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 42, 17951805.
Ahammed, M.M., Davra, K., 2011. Performance evaluation of biosand lter modied
with iron oxide-coated sand for household treatment of drinking water. Desalination 276, 287293.
Akin, I., Arslan, G., Tor, A., Cengeloglu, Y., Ersoz, M., 2011. Removal of arsenate [As
(V)] and arsenite [As(III)] from water by SWHR and BW-30 reverse osmosis.
Desalination 281, 8892.
Alam, M.G., Snow, E.T., Tanaka, A., 2003. Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of
vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh. Sci. Total Environ. 308, 8396.
263
Al-Rmalli, S.W., Harrington, C.F., Ayub, M., Haris, P.I., 2005. A biomaterial based
approach for arsenic removal from water. J. Environ. Monit. 7, 279282.
Alvarado, S., Gudez, M., Lu-Mer, M.P., Nelson, G., Alvaro, A., Jess, A.C., Gyula, Z.,
2008. Arsenic removal from water by bioremediation with the aquatic plants
Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor).
Bioresour. Technol. 99, 84368440.
Amrose, S., Gadgil, A., Srinivasan, V., Kowolik, K., Muller, M., Huang, J., Kostecki, R.,
2013. Arsenic removal from groundwater using iron electrocoagulation: effect
of charge dosage rate. J. Environ. Sci. Health A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.
48, 10191030.
An, B., Fu, Z., Xiong, Z., Zhao, D., SenGupta, A.K., 2010. Synthesis and characterization of a new class of polymeric ligand exchangers for selective removal of
arsenate from drinking water. React. Funct. Polym. 70, 497507.
Andreae, M.O., Andreae, T.W., 1989. Dissolved arsenic species in the Schelde estuary
and watershed, Belgium. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 29, 421433.
Andrianisa, H.A., Ito, A., Sasaki, A., Aizawa, J., Umita, T., 2008. Biotransformation of
arsenic species by activated sludge and removal of bio-oxidized arsenate from
waste water by coagulation with ferric chloride. Water Res. 42, 48094817.
Anjum, A., Lokeswari, P., Kaur, M., Datta, M., 2011. Removal of As(III) from aqueous
solutions using montmorillonite. J. Anal. Sci. Methods Instrum. 1, 2530.
Appelo, C.A.J., Drijver, B., Hekkenberg, R., de Jonge, M., 1999. Modeling in situ iron
removal from groundwater. Groundwater 37, 811817.
Argos, M., Kalra, T., Rathouz, P.J., Chen, Y., Pierce, B., Parvez, F., Islam, T., Ahmed, A.,
Rakibuz-Zaman, M., Hasan, R., Sarwar, G., Slavkovich, V., van Geen, A., Graziano,
J., Ahsan, H., 2010. Arsenic exposure from drinking water, and all-cause and
chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh (HEALS): a prospective cohort study.
Lancet 376, 252258.
Arienzo, M., Adamo, P., Leupin, O.X., Hug, S.J., 2005. Oxidation and removal of arsenic(III) from aerated groundwater by ltration through sand and zero-valent
iron. Water Res. 39, 17291740.
Ashley, P.M., Lottermoser, B.G., 1999. Arsenic contamination at the Mole River mine,
northern New South Wales. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 46, 861874.
Astol, E., Maccagno, A., Vaccaro, J.C.G., Stimola, R., 1981. Relation between arsenic
in drinking water and skin cancer. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 3, 133143.
Azcue, J., Nriagu, J., 1995. Impact of abandoned mine tailings on the arsenic concentrations in Moira Lake, Ontario. J. Geochem. Explor. 52, 8189.
Azcue, J.M., Mudroch, A., Rosa, F., Hall, G.E.M., 1994. Effects of abandoned gold mine
tailings on the arsenic concentrations in water and sediments of Jack of Clubs
Lake, BC. Environ. Technol. 15, 669678.
Baig, J.A., Kazi, T.G., Shah, A.Q., Kandhro, G.A., Afridi, H.I., Khan, S., Kolachi, N.F.,
2010. Biosorption studies on powder of stem of Acacia nilotica: removal of arsenic from surface water. J. Hazard. Mater. 178, 941948.
Bajpai, S., Chaudhuri, M., 1999. Removal of arsenic from ground water by manganese dioxide coated sand. J. Environ. Eng. 125, 782784.
Banerjee, K., Amy, G.L., Prevost, M., Nour, S., Jekel, M., Gallagher, P.M., Blumenschein, C.D., 2008. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of adsorption of
arsenic onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH). Water Res. 42, 33713378.
Bang, S., Johnson, M.D., Koratis, G.P., Meng, X.G., 2005a. Chemical reactions between arsenic and zero-valent iron in water. Water Res. 39, 763770.
Bang, S., Patel, M., Lippincott, L., Meng, X.G., 2005b. Removal of arsenic from
groundwater by granular titanium dioxide adsorbent. Chemosphere 60,
389397.
Basu, T., Gupta, K., Ghosh, U.C., 2012. Performances of As(V) adsorption of calcined
(250 C) synthetic iron (III)aluminum(III) mixed oxide in the presence of some
groundwater occurring ions. Chem. Eng. J. 183, 303314.
Bundschuh, J., Litter, M.I., Parvez, F., Roman-Ross, G., Nicolli, H.B., Jean, J.S., Liu, C.W.,
Lopez, D., Armienta, M.A., Guilherme, L.R.G., Cuevas, A.G., Cornejo, L., Cumbal,
L., Toujaque, 2012. One century of arsenic exposure in Latin America: a review
of history and occurrence from 14 countries. Sci. Total Environ. 429, 235.
Behera, K.K., 2014. Phytoremediation, transgenic plants and microbes. Sustain.
Agric. Rev. 13, 6585.
Bellows, B.C., 2005. Arsenic in poultry litter: organic regulations. www.attra.ncat.
org/attra-pub/arsenic_poultry_litter.html.
Berg, M., Stengel, C., Trang, P.T.K., Viet, P.H., Sampson, M.L., Leng, M., Samreth, S.,
Fredericks, D., 2007. Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red
River Deltas-Cambodia and Vietnam. Sci. Total Environ. 372, 413425.
Berg, M., Tran, H.C., Nguyen, T.C., Pham, H.V., Schertenleib, R., Giger, W., 2001. Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human
health threat. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 26212632.
Bhattacharya, S., Gupta, K., Debnath, S., Ghosh, U.C., Chattopadhyay, D., Mukhopadhyay, A., 2012. Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice and edible plants and subsequent transmission through food chain in Bengal basin: a review of the
perspectives for environmental health. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 94, 429441.
Bhattacharya, S.J., 1996. Surfactant enhanced electrokinetic remediation of gasoline
contaminated soils(Ph.D. thesis)The University of Wyoming, USA.
Bissen, M., Frimmel, F.H., 2003a. Arsenic: a review. Part I: occurrence, toxicity,
speciation, mobility. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 31, 918.
Bissen, M., Frimmel, F.H., 2003b. Arsenic: a review. Part II: oxidation of arsenic and
its removal in water treatment. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 31, 97107.
Bissen, M., V-Baron, M.M., Schindelin, A.J., Frimmel, F.H., 2001. TiO2-catalyzed
photooxidation of arsenite to arsenate in aqueous samples. Chemosphere 44,
751757.
Biswas, B.K., Inoue, J.I., Inoue, K., Ghimire, K.N., Harada, H., Ohto, K., Kawakita, H.,
2008. Adsorptive removal of As(V) and As(III) from water by a Zr(IV)-loaded
orange waste gel. J. Hazard. Mater. 154, 10661074.
264
Biterna, M., Antonoglou, L., Lazou, E., Voutsa, D., 2010. Arsenite removal from waters by zero valent iron: batch and column tests. Chemosphere 78, 712.
Boddu, V.M., Abburi, K., Talbott, J.L., Smith, E.D., Haasch, R., 2008. Removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from aqueous medium using chitosan-coated biosorbent. Water Res. 42, 633642.
Brammer, H., 2008. Threat of arsenic to agriculture in India, Bangladesh and Nepal.
Econ. Polit. Week 43, 7984.
Brandhuber, P., Amy, G., 2001. Arsenic removal by charged ultraltration membrane- inuences of membrane operating conditions and water quality on arsenic rejection. Desalination 140, 114.
Bundschuh, J., Bhattacharya, P., Sracek, O., Mellano, M.F., Ramrez, A.E., Storniolo, A.
R., Martn, R.A., Corts, J., Litter, M.I., Jean, J.S., 2011. Arsenic removal from
groundwater of the Chaco-Pampean plain (Argentina) using natural geological
materials as adsorbents. J. Environ. Sci. Health 46, 12971310.
Bundschuh, J., Garca, M.E., Alvarez, M.T., 2007. Arsenic and heavy metal removal by
phytoltration and biogenic sulde precipitation a comparative study from
Poop Lake basin, Bolivia. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Groundwater
Conference IGC-2007, Water, Environment & Agriculture-Present Problems and
Future Challenges, Coimbatore, India, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University;
February 710, p. 152.
Bundschuh, J., Litter, M.I., Parvez, F., Romn-Ross, G., Nicolli, H.B., Jean, J.S., Liu, C.W.,
Lopez, D., Armienta, M.A., Guilherme, L.R., 2012. One century of arsenic exposure in Latin America: a review of history and occurrence from 14 countries.
Sci. Total Environ. 429, 235.
Burton, E.D., Bush, R.T., Johnston, S.G., Watling, K.M., Hocking, R.K., Sullivan, L.A.,
Parker, G.K., 2009. Sorption of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) to Schwertmannite.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 92029207.
Buschmann, J., Berg, M., Stengel, C., Sampson, M.L., 2007. Arsenic and manganese
contamination of drinking water resources in Cambodia: coincidence of risk
areas with low relief topography. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 21462152.
Buschmann, J., Berg, M., Stengel, C., Winkel, L., Sampson, M.L., Trang, P.T.K., Viet, P.
H., 2008. Contamination of drinking water resources in the Mekong delta
oodplains: arsenic and other trace metals pose serious health risks to population. Environ. Int. 34, 756764.
Cceres, V.L., Gruttner, V.E.D., Contreras, R.N., 1992. Water recycling in arid regions:
Chilean case. Ambio 21, 138144.
Cath, T.Y., Childress, A.E., Elimelech, M., 2006. Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments. J. Membr. Sci. 281, 7087.
Cauwenberghe, L.V., 1997. Electrokinetics: technology Overview Report. Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Centre, pp. 117.
Chakraborti, D., Das, B., Rahman, M.M., Chowdhury, U.K., Biswas, B., Goswami, A.B.,
Nyak, B., Pal, A., Sengupta, M.K., Ahmed, S., Hossain, A., Basu, G., Roychowdhury,
T., Das, D., 2009. Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in the state of
West Bengal, India: a 20-year study report. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53, 542551.
Chakraborti, D., Mukherjee, S.C., Pati, S., Sengupta, M.K., Rahman, M.M., Chowdhury, U.K., Lodh, D., Chanda, C.R., Chakraborti, A.K., Basu, G.K., 2003. Arsenic
groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger? Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 11941201.
Chakraborti, D., Rahman, M.M., Das, B., Murrill, M., Dey, S., Mukherjee, S.C., Dhar, R.
K., Biswas, B.K., Chowdhury, U.K., Roy, S., Sorif, S., Selim, M., Rahman, M.,
Quamruzzaman, Q., 2010. Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in
Bangladesh: a 14-year study report. Water Res. 44, 57895802.
Chang, Y.Y., Song, K.H., Yang, J.K., 2008. Removal of As(III) in a column reactor
packed with iron-coated sand and manganese-coated sand. J. Hazard. Mater.
150, 565572.
Chatterjee, D., Halder, D., Majumder, S., Biswas, A., Nath, B., Bhattacharya, P.,
Bhowmick, S., Mukherjee-Goswami, A., Saha, D., Hazra, R., Maity, P.B., Chatterjee, D., Mukherjee, A., Bundschuh, J., 2010. Assessment of arsenic exposure
from groundwater and rice in Bengal Delta Region, West Bengal, India. Water
Res. 44, 58035812.
Chen, C.C., Chung, Y.C., 2006. Arsenic removal using biopolymer chitosan sorbent. J.
Environ. Sci. Health A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 41, 645658.
Chen, C.Y., Chang, T.H., Kuo, J.T., Chen, Y.F., Chung, Y.C., 2008. Characteristics of
molybdate-impregnated chitosan beads (MICB) in terms of arsenic removal
from water and the application of a MICB-packed column to remove arsenic
from waste water. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 74877494.
Chen, R.Z., Zhang, Z.Y., Yang, Y.N., Lei, Z.F., Chen, N., Guo, X., Zhao, C., Sugiura, N.,
2011. Use of ferric-impregnated volcanic ash for arsenate (V) adsorption from
contaminated water with various mineralization degrees. J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 353, 542548.
Cheng, R.C., Sun, L., Wang, H.C., Beuhler, M.D., 1994. Enhanced coagulation for arsenic removal. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 86, 7990.
Cherian, S., Oliveira, M.M., 2005. Transgenic plants in phytoremediation: recent
advances and new possibilities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 93779390.
Chiew, H., Sampson, M.L., Huch, S., Ken, S., Bostick, B.C., 2009. Effect of groundwater
iron and phosphate on the efcacy of arsenic removal by iron-amended biosand lters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 62956300.
Choong, T.S.Y., Chuah, T., Robiah, Y., Gregory Koay, F., Azni, I., 2007. Arsenic toxicity,
health hazards and removal techniques from water: an overview. Desalination
217, 139166.
Choprapwon, C., Porapakkham, Y., 2001. Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects IV.
In: Cambell, W.R., Abernathy, C.O., Calderon, R.L. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 201216.
Chowdhury, S.R., Yanful, E.K., 2010. Arsenic and chromium removal by mixed
magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles and the effect of phosphate on removal. J.
Environ. Manag. 91, 22382247.
Chwirka, J.D., Colvin, C., Gomez, J.D., Mueller, P.A., 2004. Arsenic removal from
drinking water using the coagulation/microltration process. J. Am. Water
Works Assoc. 96, 106114.
Clifford, D., Subramonian, S., Sorg, T.J., 1986. Removing dissolved inorganic contaminants from water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 10721080.
Criscuoli, A., Majumdar, S., Figoli, A., Sahoo, G.C., Bafaro, P., Bandyopadhyay, S.,
Drioli, E., 2012. As(III) oxidation by MnO2 coated PEEK-WC nanostructured
capsules. J. Hazard. Mater. 211212, 281287.
Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J., 1989. Arsenic speciation in the environment. Chem. Rev.
89, 713764.
D.P.H.E, 2001. DPHE-Danida Arsenic Mitigation Pilot Project, June 28, 2001. http://
phys4.harvard.edu/wwilson/2bucket.html.
D'Arcy, M., Weiss, D., Bluck, M., Vilar, R., 2011. Adsorption kinetics, capacity and
mechanism of arsenate and phosphate on a bifunctional TiO2Fe2O3 bi-composite. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 364, 205212.
Das, H.K., Mitra, A.K., Sengupta, P.K., Hossain, A., Islam, F., Rabbani, G.H., 2004.
Arsenic concentrations in rice, vegetables, and sh in Bangladesh: a preliminary study. Environ. Int. 30, 383387.
Das, S., Jean, J.S., Kar, S., 2013. Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of arsenic
in arsenic-enriched soils, Central India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 92, 252257.
De Vos, D.E., Dams, M., Sels, B.F., Jacobs, P.A., 2002. Ordered mesoporous and microporous molecular sieves functionalized with transition metal complexes as
catalysts for selective organic transformations. Chem. Rev. 102, 36153640.
Deb, D., Biswas, A., Ghose, A., Das, A., Majumdar, K.K., Mazumder, D.N.G., 2013.
Nutritional deciency and arsenical manifestations: a perspective study in an
arsenic-endemic region of West Bengal. Public Health Nutr. 16, 16441655.
Deng, S.B., Li, Z.J., Huang, J., Yu, G., 2010. Preparation, characterization and application of a CeTi oxide adsorbent for enhanced removal of arsenate from water.
J. Hazard. Mater. 179, 10141021.
Deliyanni, E.A., Bakoyannakis, D.N., Zouboulis, A.I., Matis, K.A., 2003. Sorption of As
(V) ions by akaganeite-type nanocrystals. Chemosphere 50, 155163.
Dhankar, O.P., Li, Y., Rosen, B.P., Shi, J., Salt, D., Senrcoff, J.F., Sashti, N.A., Meagher, R.
B., 2002. Engineering tolerance and hyperaccumulation of arsenic in plants by
combining arsenic reductase and gammaglutamylcysteine synthease expression. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 11401145.
Dhar, R.K., Biswas, B.K., Samanta, G., Mandal, B.K., Chakraborti, D., Roy, S., Jafar, A.,
Islam, A., Ara, G., Kabir, S., Khan, A.W., Ahmed, S.A., Hadi, S.A., 1997. Groundwater arsenic calamity in Bangladesh. Curr. Sci. 73, 4859.
Diamadopoulos, E., Ioanidis, S., Sakellaropoulos, G.P., 1993. Arsenic (V) removal
from aqueous solutions by y ash. Water Res. 27, 17731777.
Dickinson, N.M., Baker, A.J.M., Doronila, A., Laidlaw, S., Reeves, R.D., 2009. Phytoremediation of inorganics: realism and synergies. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 11,
97114.
Dixit, S., Hering, J.G., 2003. Comparison of arsenic (V) and arsenic (III) sorption onto
iron oxide minerals: implications for arsenic mobility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37,
41824189.
Dodd, M.C., Vu, N.D., Ammann, A., Le, V.C., Kissner, R., Pham, H.V., Cao, T.H., Berg,
M., von Gunten, U., 2006. Kinetics and mechanistic aspects of As(III) oxidation
by aqueous chlorine, chloramines, and ozone: relevance to drinking water
treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 32853292.
Donia, A.M., Atia, A.A., Mabrouk, D.A., 2011. Fast kinetic and efcient removal of As
(V) from aqueous solution using anion exchange resins. J. Hazard. Mater. 191,
17.
Drisko, G.L., Cao, L., Kimling, M.C., Harrisson, S., Luca, V., Caruso, R.A., 2009. Pore
size and volume effects on the incorporation of polymer into macro- and
mesoporous zirconium titanium oxide membranes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
1, 28932901.
Du, W.B., Li, Z.A., Zhou, B., Peng, S.L., 2005. Pteris multida Poir., a new arsenic
hyperaccumulator: characteristics and potential. Int. Environ. Pollut. 23,
388396.
Dushenkov, V., Kumar, P.B.A.N., Motto, H., Raskin, I., 1995. Rhizoltration: the use of
plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29,
12391245.
Dutta, P.K., Pehkonen, S.O., Sharma, V.K., Ray, A.K., 2005. Photocatalytic oxidation of
arsenic (III): evidence of hydroxyl radicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 18271834.
Dutta, P.K., Ray, A.K., Sharma, V.K., Millero, F.J., 2004. Adsorption of arsenate and
arsenite on titanium dioxide suspensions. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 278, 270275.
E.F.S.A., 2014. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population.
EFSA J. 12, 3597.
Edwards, M., 1994. Chemistry of arsenic removal during coagulation and FeMn
oxidation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 86, 7990.
EFSA, 2009. EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain, scientic opinion on
arsenic in food. EFSA J. 7, 1351.
Emett, M.T., Khoe, G.H., 2001. Photochemical oxidation of arsenic by oxygen and
iron in acidic solutions. Water Res. 35, 649656.
EPA, 2000a. Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water. U.
S. EPA, EPA 815R00028, Prepared by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. under contract
68C60039 for EPA ORD, December 2000. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ars/
treatments_and_costs.pdf.
EPA, 2000b. Regulations on the Disposal of Arsenic Residuals from Drinking Water
Treatment Plants. Ofce of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, EPA/600/R-00/
025. May 2000. http://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/residuals/index.htm.
F.A.O., 2010. Food Outlook: Global Market Analysis. http://www.fao.org/docrep/
012/ak349e/ak349e00.pdf (accessed 30.01.14).
Farrell, J., Wang, J.P., ODay, P., Conklin, M., 2001. Electrochemical and spectroscopic
study of arsenate removal from water using zero-valent iron media. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 35, 20262032.
Fendorf, S., Michael, H.A., van Geen, A., 2010. Spatial and temporal variations of
ground-water arsenic in South and Southeast Asia. Science 328, 11231127.
Ferguson, M.A., Hering, J.G., 2006. TiO2-photocatalyzed As(III) oxidation in a xedbed owthrough reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 42614267.
Figoli, A., Cassano, A., Criscuoli, A., Mozumder, M.S.I., Uddin, M.T., Islam, M.A., Drioli,
E., 2010. Inuence of operating parameters on the arsenic removal by nanoltration. Water Res. 44, 97104.
Fontcuberta, M., Calderon, J., Villalb, J.R., Centrich, F., Portaa, S., Espelt, A., Duran,
J., Nebot, M., 2011. Total and inorganic arsenic in marketed food and associated
health risks for the Catalan (Spain) population. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59,
1001310022.
Fox, K.R., 1989. Field experience with point-of-use treatment systems for arsenic
removal. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 81, 94101.
Francesconi, K., Visoottiviseth, P., Sridokchan, W., Goessler, W., 2002. Arsenic species in an arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pityrogramma calomelanos: a potential phytoremediator of arsenic-contaminated soils. Sci. Total Environ. 284,
2735.
Fu, Y.R., Chen, M.L., Bi, X.Y., He, Y.S., Ren, L.M., Xiang, W., Qiao, S.Y., Yan, S., Li, Z.G.,
Ma, Z.D., 2011. Occurrence of arsenic in brown rice and its relationship to soil
properties from Hainan Island, China. Environ. Pollut. 159, 17571762.
Gates, D., 1998. The Chlorine Dioxide Handbook. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Genc, F.H., Tjell, J.C., McConchie, D., 2004. Adsorption of arsenic from water using
activated neutralized red mud. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 24282434.
Gene-Fuhrman, H., Bregnhoj, H., McConchie, D., 2005. Arsenate removal from water
using sandred mud columns. Water Res. 39, 29442954.
Ghosh, D., Medhi, C.R., Purkait, M.K., 2011. Treatment of Fluoride, iron and arsenic
containing drinking water by electrocoagulation followed by microltration. In:
Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Environmental Science and
Technology, Rhodes, Greece.
Ghurye, G., Clifford, D., Tripp, A., 2004. Iron coagulation and direct microltration to
remove arsenic from groundwater. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 96, 143152.
Giles, D.E., Mohapatra, M., Issa, T.B., Anand, S., Singh, P., 2011. Iron and aluminum
based adsorption strategies for removing arsenic from water. J. Environ. Manag.
92, 30113022.
Gimnez, J., Martnez, M., De Pablo, J., Rovira, M., Duro, L., 2007. Arsenic sorption
onto natural hematite, magnetite, and goethite. J. Hazard. Mater. 141, 575580.
Gimnez, J., Pablo, J., Martnez, M., Rovira, M., Valderrama, C., 2010. Reactive
transport of arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) on natural hematite: experimental and
modeling. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 348, 293297.
Goldberg, S., 2002. Competitive adsorption of arsenate and arsenite on oxides and
clay minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, 413421.
Gmez, J., Lillo, J., Sahun, B., 2006. Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater and
identication of the geochemical sources in the Duero Cenozoic Basin, Spain.
Environ. Geol. 50, 11511170.
Gonzaga Maria, I.S., Santos Jorge, A.G., Ma Lena, Q., 2008. Phytoextraction by arsenic
hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. from six arsenic-contaminated soils: repeated harvests and arsenic redistribution. Environ. Pollut. 154, 212218.
Goswami, D., Das, A.K., 2000. Removal of arsenic from drinking water using modied y-ash bed. Int. J. Water 1, 6170.
Gu, Z., Deng, B., 2006. Use of iron-containing mesoporous carbon (IMC) for arsenic
removal from drinking water. Environ. Eng. Sci. 24, 113121.
Gu, Z., Fang, J., Deng, B., 2005. Preparation and evaluation of GAC-based ironcontaining adsorbents for arsenic removal. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39,
38333843.
Guan, X., Du, J., Meng, X., Sun, Y., Sun, B., Hu, Q., 2012. Application of titanium
dioxide in arsenic removal from water: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 215216,
116.
Guan, X.H., Wang, J., Chusuei, C.C., 2008. Removal of arsenic from water using
granular ferric hydroxide: macroscopic and microscopic studies. J. Hazard.
Mater. 156, 178185.
Guibal, E., 2004. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review.
Sep. Purif. Technol. 38, 4374.
Gunduz, O., Simsek, C., Hasozbek, A., 2010. Arsenic pollution in the groundwater of
Simav Plain, Turkey: Its impact on water quality and human health. Water Air
Soil Pollut. 205, 4362.
Gunten, U.V., 2003. Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-products formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Res. 37,
14691487.
Guo, H., Stuben, D., Berner, Z., 2007a. Removal of arsenic from aqueous solution by
natural siderite and hematite. Appl. Geochem. 22, 10391051.
Guo, H.M., Stuben, D., Berner, Z., 2007b. Arsenic removal from water using natural
iron mineral quartz sand columns. Sci. Total Environ. 377, 142151.
Guo, H.R., Yu, H.S., Hu, H., Monson, R.R., 2001. Arsenic in drinking water and skin
cancers: cell-type specicity (Taiwan, ROC). Cancer Causes Control 12, 909916.
Gupta, D.K., Srivastava, S., Huang, H., Romero-Puertas, M.C., Sandalio, L.M., 2011.
Arsenic tolerance and detoxication mechanisms in plants. In: Sherameti, I.,
Varma, A. (Eds.), Detoxication of Heavy Metals (Book Series: Soil Biology).
Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 169180.
Gurzau, E.S., Gurzau, A.E., 2001. In: Cambell, W.R., Abernathy, C.O., Calderon, R.L.
(Eds.), Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects IV. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 181184.
265
Ha, N.T.H., Sakakibar, M., Sano, S., 2009. Phytoremediation of Sb, As, Cu, and Zn
from contaminated water by the aquatic macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis. Clean
Soil Air Water 37, 720725.
Han, B., Runnells, T., Zimbron, J., Wickramasinghe, R., 2002. Arsenic removal from
drinking water by occulation and microltration. Desalination 145, 293298.
Han, C., Li, H., Pu, H., Yu, H., Deng, L., Huang, S., Luo, Y., 2013. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous alumina and their performances for removing arsenic (V). Chem. Eng. J. 217, 19.
Hansen, H.K., Rojo, A., Oyarzun, C., Ottosen, A.R., Mateus, E., 2004. Biosorption of
arsenic by Lessonia nigrescens in wastewater from cooper smelting. In: Sancha,
A.M. (Ed.), Tercer Seminario Internacional sobre Evaluacin y Manejo de las
Fuentes de Agua de Bebida contaminadas con Arsnico. Universidad de Chile,
Santiago de Chile, Chile (In Spanish).
Hasegawa, H., 1996. Seasonal changes in methylarsenic distribution in Tosa Bay and
Uranouchi Inlet. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 10, 733740.
Hasegawa, H., Rahman, M.A., Kitahara, K., Itaya, Y., Maki, T., Ueda, K., 2010. Seasonal
changes of arsenic speciation in lake waters in relation to eutrophication. Sci.
Total Environ. 408, 16841690.
Hasegawa, H., Rahman, M.A., Matsuda, T., Kitahara, T., Maki, T., Ueda, K., 2009. Effect
of eutrophication on the distribution of arsenic species in eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes. Sci. Total Environ. 407, 14181425.
He, J., Charlet, L., 2013. A review of arsenic presence in China drinking water. J.
Hydrol. 492, 7988.
Hering, J.G., Chen, P.Y., Wilkie, J.A., Elimelech, M., 1997. Arsenic removal from
drinking water during coagulation. J. Environ. Eng. 123, 800807.
Hlavay, J., Polyk, K., 2005. Determination of surface properties of iron hydroxidecoated alumina adsorbent prepared for removal of arsenic from drinking
water. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 284, 7177.
Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., Bahnemann, D.W., 1995. Environmental
applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95, 6996.
Hll, W.H., 2010. Mechanisms of arsenic removal from water. Environ. Geochem.
Health 32, 287290.
Howard, A.G., Apte, S.C., Comber, S.D.W., Morris, R.J., 1988. Biogeochemical control
of the summer distribution and speciation of arsenic in the Tamar estuary.
Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 27, 427443.
Hsueh, Y.M., Cheng, G.S., Wu, M.M., Yu, H.S., Kuo, T.L., Chen, C.J., 1995. Multiple risk
factors associated with arsenic-induced skin cancer: effects of chronic liver
disease and malnutritional status. Br. J. Cancer 71, 109114.
Hu, C., Liu, H., Chen, G., Qu, J., 2012. Effect of aluminum speciation on arsenic removal during coagulation process. Sep. Purif. Technol. 86, 3540.
Huang, C.P., Fu, P.L., 1984. Treatment of arsenic (V) containing water by activated
carbon process. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 56, 233242.
Huang, J.H., Matzner, E., 2006. Dynamics of organic and inorganic arsenic in the
solution phase of an acidic fen in Germany. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70,
20232033.
Hug, S.J., Canonica, L., Wegelin, M., Gechter, D., von Gunten, U., 2001. Solar oxidation and removal of arsenic at circumneutral pH in iron containing waters.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 21142121.
Hulya, G.F., Jens, C.T., David, M., 2004. Adsorption of arsenic from water using activated neutralized red mud. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 24282434.
Hussam, A., Munir, A.K.M., 2007. A simple and effective arsenic lter based on
composite iron matrix: development and deployment studies for groundwater
of Bangladesh. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.
42, 18691878.
Hussam, A., Munir, A.K.M., 2013. Sono Water Filter: A Sustainable Solution for Arsenic Crisis and Clean Drinking Water. o http://www.gmu.edu/depts/ chemistry/CCWST/SONO%20Filter%20A%20Solution%20for%20Arsenic%20Crisis%
202013.pdf4 .
Ike, M., Miyazaki, T., Yamamoto, N., Sei, K., Soda, S., 2008. Removal of arsenic from
groundwater by arsenite-oxidizing bacteria. Water Sci. Technol. 58, 10951100.
Iqbal, J., Kim, H.J., Yang, J.S., Baek, K., Yang, J.W., 2007. Removal of arsenic from
groundwater by micellar-enhanced ultraltration (MEUF). Chemosphere 66,
970976.
Ishikawa, M., Okoshi, K., Kurosawa, M., Kitao, K., 1987. Trace element analysis of
seawater by PIXE. In: Sebe, T., Yamamoto, Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12th
International Symposium on Application of Ion Beams in Material Science.
Hosei University Press, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 445456.
Islam, A.M., 2004. Membrane Distillation Process for Pure Water and Removal of
Arsenic. Master of Science thesis for International Master's Program in Applied
Environmental Measurement Techniques. Chalmers University of Technology,
Gothenburg, Sweden.
Islam, M.S., Awal, M.A., Mostofa, M., Begum, F., Myenuddin, M., 2013. Detection of
arsenic in chickens and ducks. Int. J. Sci. Res. Manag. 1, 5662.
ITRC, 2005. Permeable Reactive Barriers: Lessons Learned/New Directions. PRB-4.
Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Permeable Reactive Barriers Team,
Washington, D.C., pp. 2829.
Jang, M., Chen, W.F., Cannon, F.S., 2008. Preloading hydrous ferric oxide into
granular activated carbon for arsenic removal. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42,
33693374.
Jessen, S., Larsen, F., Koch, C.B., Arvin, E., 2005. Sorption and desorption of arsenic to
ferrihydrite in a sand lter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 80458051.
Jin, X., She, Q., Ang, X., Tang, C.Y., 2012. Removal of boron and arsenic by forward
osmosis membrane: inuence of membrane orientation and organic fouling. J.
Membr. Sci. 389, 182187.
Johnston, R., Heijnen, H., 2001. Safe water technology for arsenic removal. In:
Ahmed, M.F., et al. (Eds.), Technologies for Arsenic Removal from
266
Lerda, D.E., Prosperi, C.H., 1996. Water mutagenicity and toxicology in Rio Tercero
(Cordoba, Argentina). Water Res. 30, 819824.
Leupin, O.X., Hug, S.J., 2005. Oxidation and removal of arsenic(III) from aerated
groundwater by ltration through sand and zero-valent iron. Water Res. 39,
17291740.
Leupin, O.X., Hug, S.J., Badruzzaman, A.B.M., 2005. Arsenic removal from Bangladesh tube well water with lter columns containing zero-valent iron lings and
sand. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 80328037.
Li, G., Sun, G.X., Williams, P.N., Nunes, L., Zhu, Y.G., 2011. Inorganic arsenic in Chinese food and its cancer risk. Environ. Int. 37, 12191225.
Li, L., van Genuchten, C.M., Addy, S.E.A., Yao, J., Gao, N., Gadgil, A., 2012. Modeling As
(III) oxidation and removal with iron electrocoagulation in groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 1203812045.
Li, Y.X., Chen, T.B., 2005. Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and
the residues in pig manure. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 45, 356367.
Li, Z., Beachner, R., McManama, Z., Hanlie, H., 2007. Sorption of arsenic by surfactant modied zeolite and kaolinite. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 105,
291297.
Li, Z., Bowman, R.S., 2001. Retention of inorganic oxyanions by organo-kaolinite.
Water Res. 35, 37713776.
Li, Z.J., Deng, S.B., Yu, G., Huang, J., Lim, V.C., 2010. As(V) and As(III) removal from
water by a Ce-Ti oxide adsorbent: behavior and mechanism. Chem. Eng. J. 161,
106113.
Lin, G.F., Meng, H., Du, H., Lu, H.C., Zhou, Y.S., Chen, J.G., Golka, K., Lu, J.C., Shen, J.H.,
2010. Factors impacting on the excess arseniasis prevalence due to indoor
combustion of high arsenic coal in a hyperendemic village. Int. Arch. Occup.
Environ. Health 83, 433440.
Lin, M.C., Liao, C.M., 2008. Assessing the risks on human health associated with
inorganic arsenic intake from groundwater-cultured milksh in southwestern
Taiwan. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 701709.
Lin, T.F., Wu, J.K., 2001. Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate within activated alumina grains: equilibrium and kinetics. Water Res. 35, 20492057.
Lin, Z., Puls, R.W., 2000. Adsorption, desorption and oxidation of arsenic affected by
clay minerals and aging process. Environ. Geol. 39, 753759.
Liu, G., Zhang, X., Talley, J.W., Neal, C.R., Wang, H., 2008. Effect of NOM on arsenic
adsorption by TiO2 in simulated As(III)-contaminated raw waters. Water Res.
42, 23092319.
Lorenzen, L., van Deventer, J.S.J., Landi, W.M., 1995. Factors affecting the mechanism
of the adsorption of arsenic species on activated carbon. Miner. Eng. 8,
557569.
Ludwig, R.D., Smyth, D.J.A., Blowes, D.W., Spink, L.E., Wilkin, R.T., Jewett, D.G.,
Weisener, C.J., 2009. Treatment of arsenic, heavy metals, and acidity using a
mixed ZVI-compost PRB. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 19701976.
Luo, X., Wang, C., Luo, S., Dong, R., Tu, X., Zeng, G., 2012. Adsorption of As(III) and As
(V) from water using magnetite Fe3O4-reduced graphite oxide-MnO2 nanocomposites. Chem. Eng. J. 187, 4552.
Ma, L.Q., Komar, K.M., Tu, C., Zhang, W., Cai, Y., Kennelley, E.D., 2001. A fern that
hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature 409, 579.
Macedonio, F., Drioli, E., 2008. Pressure-driven membrane operations and membrane distillation technology integration for water purication. Desalination
223, 396409.
Madejon, P., Murillo, J.M., Maranon, T., Cabrera, F., Lopez, R., 2002. Bioaccumulation
of As, Cd, Cu, Fe and Pb in wild grasses affected by the Aznalcollar mine spill
(SW Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 290, 105120.
Maest, A.S., Pasilis, S.P., Miller, L.G., Nordstrom, D.K., 1992. Redox geochemistry of
arsenic and iron in Mono Lake, California, USA. In: Kharaka, Y.K., Maest, A.S.
(Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, California, USA, pp. 507511.
Maharjan, M., Watanabe, C., Ahmad, S.A., Ohtsuka, R., 2005. Arsenic contamination
in drinking water and skin manifestations in lowland Nepal: the rst community-based survey. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 477479.
Maher, W.A., 1985. Arsenic in coastal waters of South Australia. Water Res. 19,
933934.
Mahmood, Q., Baig, S.A., Nawab, B., Shafqat, M.N., Pervez, A., Saima, B., 2011. Development of the low cost household drinking water treatment system for the
earthquake affected communities in Northern Pakistan. Desalination 273,
316320.
Maity, J.P., Nath, B., Kar, S., Chen, C.Y., Banerjee, S., Jean, J.S., Liu, M.Y., Centeno, J.A.,
Bhattacharya, P., Chang, C.L., Santra, S.C., 2012. Arsenic induced health crisis in
peri-urban Moyna and Ardebok villages, West Bengal, India: an exposure assessment study. Environ. Geochem. Health 34, 563574.
Maji, S.K., Kao, Y.H., Liu, C.W., 2011. Arsenic removal from real arsenic-bearing
groundwater by adsorption on iron-oxide-coated natural rock (IOCNR). Desalination 280, 7279.
Mak, M.S.H., Rao, P.H., Lo, I.M.C., 2009. Effects of hardness and alkalinity on
theremoval of arsenic (V) from humic acid-decient and humic acid-rich
ground-water by zero-valent iron. Water Res. 43, 42964304.
Malik, A.H., Khan, Z.M., Mahmood, Q., Nasreen, S., Bhatti, Z.A., 2009. Perspectives of
low cost arsenic remediation of drinking water in Pakistan and other countries.
J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 112.
Mandal, B.K., Roy Chowdhury, T., Samanta, G., Basu, G.K., Chowdhury, P.P., Chanda,
C.R., Lodh, D., 1996. Arsenic in groundwater in seven districts of West Bengal,
India-the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Curr. Sci. 70, 976985.
Mandal, B.K., Suzuki, K.T., 2002. Arsenic round the world: a review. Talanta 58,
201235.
Manna, A.K., Sen, M., Martin, A.R., Pal, P., 2010. Removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater by solar-driven membrane distillation. Environ. Pollut.
158, 805811.
Manning, B., Hunt, M., Amrhein, C., Yarmoff, J., 2002. Arsenic (III) and arsenic
(V) reactions with zero valent iron corrosion products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36,
54555461.
Manning, B.A., Goldberg, S., 1996. Modeling arsenate competitive adsorption on
kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. Clays. Clay Miner. 44, 609623.
Manning, B.A., Goldberg, S., 1997. Adsorption and stability of arsenic (III) at the clay
mineral-water interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 20052011.
Mass, M.J., Tennant, A., Roop, B.C., Cullen, W.R., Styblo, M., Thomas, D.J., Kligerman,
A.D., 2001. Methylated trivalent arsenic species are genotoxic. Chem. Res.
Toxicol. 14, 355361.
Masscheleyn, P.H., Delaune, R.D., Patrick Jr., W.H., 1991. Effect of redox potential and
pH on arsenic speciation and solubility in a contaminated soil. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 25, 14141419.
Matisoff, G., Khourey, C.J., Hall, J.F., Varnes, A.W., Strain, W.H., 1982. The nature and
source of arsenic in northeastern Ohio ground water. Ground Water 20,
446456.
Matteson, M.J., Dobson, R.L., Glenn Jr., R.W., Kukunoor, N.S., Waits III, W.H., Clayeld, E.J., 1995. Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous suspensions of
ultrane particles. Colloids Surf., A 104, 101109.
McLaren, S.J., Kim, N.D., 1995. Evidence for a seasonal uctuation of arsenic in New
Zealand's longest river and the effect of treatment on concentrations in
drinking water. Environ. Pollut. 90, 6773.
Meharg, A.A., 2003. Variation in arsenic accumulationhyperaccumulation in ferns
and their allies. New Phytol. 157, 2531.
Meharg, A.A., Hartley-Whitaker, J., 2002. Transley review: arsenic uptake and
metabolism in arsenic resistant and non-resistant plant species. New Phytol.
154, 2943.
Meharg, A.A., Sun, G., Williams, P.N., Adomako, E., Deacon, C., Zhu, Y.G., Feldmann,
J., Raab, A., 2008. Inorganic arsenic levels in baby rice are of concern. Environ.
Pollut. 152, 746749.
Meng, X.G., Bang, S.B., Koratis, G.P., 2000. Effect of silicate, sulfate and carbonate
on arsenic removal by ferric hydroxide. Water Res. 34, 12551261.
Miller, C.V., Hancock, T.C., Denver, J.M., 2000. Environmental fate and transport of
arsenical feed amendments for animal agriculture. In: Proceedings of the
American Geophysical Union, 2000 Spring Meeting: Integrative Geoscience
Solutions A Start for the New Millennium. May 30-June 3. Washington, DC.
Miller, S.M., Spaulding, M.L., Zimmerman, J.B., 2011. Optimization of capacity and
kinetics for a novel bio-based arsenic sorbent, TiO2-impregnated chitosan bead.
Water Res. 45, 57455754.
Miller, S.M., Zimmerman, J.B., 2010. Novel, bio-based, photoactive arsenic sorbent:
TiO2-impregnated chitosan bead. Water Res. 44, 57225729.
Mitch, W.A., Sedlak, D.L., 2002. Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
from dimethylamine during chlorination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 588595.
Mishra, A.K., Ramaprabhu, S., 2012. Ultrahigh arsenic sorption using iron oxide
graphene nanocomposite supercapacitor assembly. J. Appl. Phys. 112,
104315104316.
Mohapatra, D., Mishra, D., Roy Chaudhury, G., Das, R.P., 2007. Arsenic (V) adsorption
mechanism using kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite from aqueous medium. J.
Environ. Sci. Health A 42, 463469.
Mondal, D., Banerjee, M., Kundu, M., Banerjee, N., Bhattacharya, U., Giri, A.K.,
Ganguli, B., Sen Roy, S., Polya, D.A., 2010. Comparison of drinking water, raw
rice and cooking of rice as arsenic exposure routes in three contrasting areas of
West Bengal, India. Environ. Geochem. Health 32, 463477.
Mondal, P., Bhowmick, S., Chatterjee, D., Figoli, Van der Bruggen, B.,, 2013. Remediation of inorganic arsenic in groundwater for safe water supply: a critical
assessment of technological solutions. Chemosphere 92, 157170.
Mondal, P., Majumder, C.B., Mohanty, B., 2006. Laboratory based approaches for
arsenic remediation from contaminated water: recent developments. J. Hazard.
Mater. 137, 464479.
Mondal, P., Majumder, C.B., Mohanty, B., 2008. Effects of adsorbent dose, its particle
size and initial arsenic concentration on the removal of arsenic, iron and
manganese from simulated ground water by Fe3 impregnated activated
carbon. J. Hazard. Mater. 150, 695702.
Morgada, M.E., Levy, I.K., Salomone, V., Faras, S.S., Lpez, G., Litter, M.I., 2009. Arsenic (V) removal with nanoparticulate zero valent iron: effect of UV light and
humic acids. Catal. Today 143, 261268.
Muruganandham, M., Amutha, R., Ahmmad, B., Repo, E., Sillanpaa, M., 2010. Self
assembled fabrication of superparamagnetic highly stable mesoporous amorphous iron oxides. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 2249322501.
Naujokas, M.F., Anderson, B., Ahsan, H., Aposhian, H.V., Graziano, J.H., Thomspson,
C., Suk, W.A., 2013. The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 295302.
Navarro, M., Snchez, M., Lopez, H., Lpez, M.C., 1993. Arsenic contamination levels in waters, soils, and sludges in southeast spain. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 50, 356362.
Neppolian, B., Celik, E., Choi, H., 2008. Photochemical oxidation of arsenic (III) to
arsenic (V) using peroxydisulphate ions as an oxidizing agent. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 42, 61796184.
Neumann, A., Kaegi, R., Voegelin, A., Hussam, A., Munir, A.K.M., Hug, S.J., 2013.
Arsenic removal with composite iron matrix lters in Bangladesh: a eld and
laboratory study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 45444554.
267
Ng, J.C., 2005. Environmental contamination of arsenic and its toxicological impact
on humans. Environ. Chem. 2, 146160.
Ngai, T.K.K., Murcott, S., Shrestha, R.R., Dangol, B., Maharjan, M., 2006. Development
and dissemination of Kanchan arsenic lter in rural Nepal. Water Sci. Technol.
6, 137146.
Nickson, R., McArthur, J., Burgess, W., Ahmed, K.M., Ravenscroft, P., Rahman, M.,
1998. Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. Nature 395, 338.
Nickson, R., Sengupta, C., Mitra, P., Dave, S.N., Banerjee, A.K., Bhattacharya, A., Basu,
S., Kakoti, N., Moorthy, N.S., Wasuja, M., Kumar, M., Mishra, D.S., Ghosh, A.,
Vaish, D.P., Srivastava, A.K., Tripathi, R.M., Singh, S.N., Prasad, R., Bhattacharya,
S., Deverill, P., 2007. Current knowledge on the distribution of arsenic in
groundwater in ve states of India. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A: Tox. Hazard.
Subst. Environ. Eng. 4, 17071718.
Nickson, R.T., McArthur, J.M., Shrestha, B., Kyaw-Myint, T.O., Lowry, D., 2005. Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan.
Appl. Geochem. 20, 5568.
Nicolli, H.B., Suriano, J.M., Gomez, P., 1989. Groundwater contamination with arsenic and other trace elements in an area of the Pampa, Province of Cordoba,
Argentina. Environ. Geol. Water Sci. 14, 316.
Noubactep, C., 2010. Metallic iron for safe drinking water worldwide. Chem. Eng. J.
165, 740749.
Noubactep, C., Care, S., 2010. Enhancing sustainability of household water lters by
mixing metallic iron with porous materials. Chem. Eng. J. 162, 635642.
Noubactep, C., Temgoua, E., Rahman, M.A., 2012. Designing iron-amended biosand
lters for decentralized safe drinking water provision. Clean Soil Air Water 40,
798807.
Nriagu, J.O., Bhattacharya, P., Mukherjee, A.B., Bundschuh, J., Zevenhoven, R.,
Loeppert, R.H., 2007. Arsenic in soil and groundwater: an overview. In: Bhattacharya, P., Richard, H.L. (Eds.), Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the
Environment. Elsevier, Netherlands, pp. 360.
Nurul-Amin, M., Kaneco, S., Kitagawa, T., Begum, A., Katsumata, H., Suzuki, Ohta, T.
K.,, 2006. Removal of arsenic in aqueous solutions by adsorption onto waste rice
husk. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 81058110.
Obee, T.N., Brown, R.T., 1995. TiO2 photocatalysis for indoor air applications: effects
of humidity and trace contaminant levels on the oxidation rates of formaldehyde, toluene, and 1, 3-butadiene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 12231231.
Oehmen, A., Viegas, R., Velizarov, S., Reis, M.A.M., Crespo, J.G., 2006. Removal of
heavy metals from drinking water supplies through the ion exchange membrane bioreactor. Desalination 199, 405407.
Ohki, A., Nakayachigo, K., Naka, K., Maeda, S., 1996. Adsorption of inorganic and
organic arsenic compounds by aluminium loaded coral lime stone. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 10, 747752.
Oke, I.A., Olarinoye, N.O., Adewusi, S.R.A., 2008. Adsorption kinetics for arsenic
removal from aqueous solutions by untreated powdered eggshell. Adsorption
14, 7383.
Oliveira, D.Q.L., Gonalves, M., Oliveira, L.C.A., Guilherme, L.R.G., 2008. Removal of
As (V) and Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions using solid waste from leather industry. J. Hazard. Mater. 151, 280284.
Padmavathiamma, P.K., Li, L.Y., 2007. Phytoremediation technology: hyper-accumulation metals in plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 184, 105126.
Pallier, V., Feuillade-Cathalifaud, G., Serpaud, B., Bollinger, J.C., 2010. Effect of organic matter on arsenic removal during coagulation/occulation treatment. J.
Colloid Interface Sci. 342, 2632.
Palumbo-Roe, B., Cave, M., Klinck, B., Wragg, J., Taylor, H., ODonnell, K., Shaw, R.,
2005. Bioaccessibility of arsenic in soils developed over Jurassic iron stones in
eastern England. Environ. Geochem. Health 27, 121130.
Pamukcu, S., Wittle, J.K., 1992. Electrokinetic removal of selected heavy metals from
soil. Environ. Prog. 11, 241250.
Pan, Y.F., Chiou, C.T., Lin, T.F., 2010. Adsorption of arsenic (V) by iron-oxide-coated
diatomite (IOCD). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 17, 14011410.
Pandey, P.K., Choubey, S., Verma, Y., Pandey, M., Chandrashekhar, K., 2009. Biosorptive removal of arsenic from drinking water. Bioresour. Technol. 100,
634637.
Park, H., Choi, H., 2011. As(III) removal by hybrid reactive membrane process
combined with ozonation. Water Res. 45, 19331940.
Patra, A.K., Dutta, A., Bhaumik, A., 2012. Self-assembled mesoporous c-Al2O3
spherical nanoparticles and their efciency for the removal of arsenic from
water. J. Hazard. Mater. 201-202, 170177.
Pena, M., Meng, X., Koratis, G.P., Jing, C., 2006. Adsorption mechanism of arsenic
on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 12571262.
Pena, M.E., Koratis, Patel, M., Lippincott, L., Meng, X.G., 2005. Adsorption of As
(V) and As(III) by nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. Water Res. 39, 23272337.
Peterson, M.L., Carpenter, R., 1983. Biogeochemical processes affecting total arsenic
and arsenic species distributions in an intermittently anoxic fjord. Mar. Chem.
12, 295321.
Petrick, J.S., Ayala-Fierro, F., Cullen, W.R., Carter, D.E., Aposhian, H.V., 2000.
Monomethyl arsonous acid (MMAIII) is more toxic than arsenite in Chang
human hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163, 203207.
Pettine, M., Mastroianni, D., Camusso, M., Guzzi, L., Martinotti, W., 1997. Distribution of As, Cr and V species in the Po-Adriatic mixing area, (Italy). Mar. Chem.
58, 335349.
Pinto, I.S.X., Pacheco, P.H.V.V., Coelho, J.V., Lorenon, E., Ardisson, J.D., Fabris, J.D.,
Souza, P.P., Krambrock, K.W.H., Oliveira, L.C.A., Pereira, M.C., 2012. Nanostructured d-FeOOH: an efcient Fenton-like catalyst for the oxidation of organics in water. Appl. Catal. B 119, 175182.
268
Pokhrel, D., Viraraghavan, T., 2006. Arsenic removal from an aqueous solution by a
modied fungal biomass. Water Res. 40, 549552.
Polya, D.A., Berg, M., Gault, A.G., Takahashi, Y., 2008. Arsenic in groundwaters of
South-East Asia: with emphasis on Cambodia and Vietnam. Appl. Geochem. 23,
29682976.
Pretorius, W.A., Johannes, W.G., Lempert, G.G., 1991. Electrolytic iron occulant
production with a bipolar electrode in series arrangement. Water SA 17,
133138.
Qu, D., Wang, J., Hou, D., Luan, Z., Fan, B., Zhao, C., 2009. Experimental study of
arsenic removal by direct contact membrane distillation. J. Hazard. Mater. 163,
874879.
Rabiul Awual, M.A.S.M., Yaita, T., Shiwaku, H., Jyo, A., 2012. Efcient arsenic
(V) removal from water by ligand exchange brous adsorbent. Water Res. 46,
55415550.
Rahaman, M.S., Basu, A., Islam, M.R., 2008. The removal of As(III) and As(V) from
aqueous solutions by waste materials. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 28152823.
Rahman, K.Z., Wiessner, A., Kuschk, P., Afferden, M.V., Mattusch, J., Muller, R.A.,
2011. Fate and distribution of arsenic in laboratory-scale subsurface horizontal
ow constructed wetlands treating an articial wastewater. Ecol. Eng. 37,
12141224.
Rahman, M.A., Hasegawa, H., 2011a. Aquatic arsenic: phytoremediation using
oating macrophytes. Chemosphere 83, 633646.
Rahman, M.A., Hasegawa, H., 2011b. High levels of inorganic arsenic in rice in areas
where arsenic-contaminated water is used for irrigation and cooking. Sci. Total
Environ. 409, 46454655.
Rajakovic, L.V., 1992. Sorption of arsenic onto activated carbon impregnated with
metallic silver and copper. Sep. Sci. Technol. 27, 14231433.
Ranjan, D., Talat, M., Hasan, S.H., 2009. Biosorption of arsenic from aqueous solution
using agricultural residue rice polish. J. Hazard. Mater. 166, 10501059.
Ranjan, M.B., Soumen, D., Sushanta, D., De Chand, G.U., 2003. Removal of arsenic
from groundwater using crystalline hydrous ferric oxide (CHFO). Water Qual.
Res. J. Can. 38, 193210.
Rao, P.H., Mak, M.S.H., Liu, T.Z., Lai, K.C.K., Lo, I.M.C., 2009. Effects of humic acid on
arsenic (V) removal by zero-valent iron from groundwater with special references to corrosion products analyses. Chemosphere 75, 156162.
Ravenscroft, P., Brammer, H., Richards, K., 2009. Arsenic Pollution: a Global
Synthesis. Wiley-Blackwell, UK, pp. 318485.
Razo, L.M.D., Arellano, M.A., Cebrian, M.E., 1990. The oxidation states of arsenic in
well-water from a chronic arsenicism area of Northern Mexico. Environ. Pollut.
64, 143153.
Ren, Z.M., Zhang, G.S., Chen, J.P., 2011. Adsorptive removal of arsenic from water by
an iron-zirconium binary oxide adsorbent. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 358, 230237.
Repo, E., Makinen, M., Rengaraj, S., Natarajan, G., Bhatnagard, A., Sillanpaa, M., 2012.
Lepidocrocite and its heat-treated forms as effective arsenic adsorbents in
aqueous medium. Chem. Eng. J. 180, 159169.
Richardson, S.D., 2006. Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants
and current issues. Anal. Chem. 75, 28312857.
Robinson, B.H., Brooks, R.R., Outred, H.A., Kirkman, J.H., 1995. The distribution and
fate of arsenic in the Waikato River system, North Island, New Zealand. Chem.
Speciation Bioavailab. 7, 8996.
Roehl, K.E., Meggyes, T., Simon, F.G., Stewart, D.I., 2005. Long-term Performance of
Permeable Reactive Barriers. Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment. Elsevier, Netherlands, vol. 7 pp. 1326.
Ronald Jr., L.V., Brian, E.R., Edward, H.S., 2007. Modeling As (V) removal in iron
oxide impregnated activated carbon columns. J. Environ. Eng. 133, 121124.
Rosal, C.G., Momplaisir, G.M., Heithmar, E.M., 2005. Roxarsone and transformation
products in chicken manure: determination by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 26, 16061614.
Roychowdhury, T., Uchino, T., Tokunaga, H., Ando, M., 2002. Survey of arsenic in
food composites from an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India. Food
Chem. Toxicol. 40, 16111621.
Ruggieri, F., Marn, V., Gimeno, D., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., Garca-Valles, M., Gutierrez, L., 2008. Application of zeolitic volcanic rocks for arsenic removal from
water. Eng. Geol. 101, 245250.
Ryu, J., Monllor-Satoca, D., Kim, D.-H., Yeo, J., Choi, W., 2013. Photooxidation of
arsenite under 254 nm irradiation with a quantum yield higher than unity.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 93819387.
Saaleld, S.L., Bostick, B.C., 2009. Changes in iron, sulfur, and arsenic speciation
associated with bacterial sulfate reduction in ferrihydrite-rich systems. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 43, 87878793.
Sabbatini, P., Yrazu, F., Rossi, F., Thern, G., Marajofsky, A., Fidalgo de Cortalezzi, M.
M., 2010. Fabrication and characterization of iron oxide ceramic membranes for
arsenic removal. Water Res. 44, 57025712.
Saha, D., 2009. Arsenic groundwater contamination in parts of middle Ganga plain,
Bihar. Curr. Sci. 97, 753755.
Salt, D.E., Smith, R.D., Raskin, I., 1998. Phytoremediation. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.
Plant Mol. Biol. 49, 643668.
Samal, A.C., Kar, S., Bhattacharya, P., Santra, S.C., 2011. Human exposure to arsenic
through foodstuffs cultivated using arsenic contaminated groundwater in areas
of West Bengal, India. J. Environ. Sci. Healtht A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ.
Eng. 46, 12591265.
Sancha, A.M., Castro, M.L., 2001. Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects IV. In:
Cambell, R.L., Abernathy, C.O., Calderon, R.L. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 8796.
Santra, S.C., Samal, A.C., Bhattacharya, P., Banerjee, S., Biswas, A., Majumdar, J., 2013.
Arsenic in food chain and community health risk: a study in gangetic West
Bengal. Procedia Environ. Sci. 18, 213.
Sarkar, S., Blaney, L.M., Gupta, A., Ghosh, D., SenGupta, A.K., 2007. Use of ArsenXnp,
a hybrid anion exchanger for arsenic removal in remote villages in the Indian
subcontinent. React. Funct. Polym. 67, 15991611.
Sarkar, S., Greenleaf, J.E., Gupta, A., Ghosh, D., Blaney, L.M., Bandyopadhyay, P.,
Biswas, R.K., Dutta, A.K., SenGupta, A.K., 2010. Evolution of community-based
arsenic removal systems in remote villages in West Bengal, India: assessment of
decade-long operation. Water Res. 44, 58135822.
Sato, Y., Kang, M., Kamei, T., Magara, Y., 2002. Performance of nanoltration for
arsenic removal. Water Res., 36; , pp. 33713377.
Schat, H., Llugany, M., Vooijs, R., Hartley-Whitaker, J., Bleeker, P.M., 2002. The role
of phytochelatins in constitutive and adaptive heavy metal tolerances in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator Metallophytes. J. Exp. Bot. 53,
23812392.
Schneiter, R.W., Middlebrooks, E.J., 1983. Arsenic and uoride removal from
groundwater by reverse osmosis. Environ. Int. 9, 289292.
Seidel, A., Waypa, J.J., Elimelech, M., 2001. Role of charge (Donnan) exclusion in
removal of arsenic from water by a negatively charged porous nanoltration
membrane. Environ. Eng. Sci. 18, 105113.
Sele, V., Sloth, J.J., Lundebye, A.-K., Larsen, E.H., Berntssen, M.H.G., Amlund, H., 2012.
Arsenolipids in marine oils and fats: a review of occurrence, chemistry and
future research needs. Food Chem. 113, 618630.
Selvin, N., Messham, G., Simms, J., Perason, I., Hall, J., 2000. The development of
granular ferric media-arsenic removal and additional uses in water treatment.
In: Proceedings of the Water Quality Technology Conference, Salt Lake City, UT,
pp. 483494.
Sen Gupta, B., Chatterjee, S., Rott, U., Kauffman, H., Bandopadhyay, A., DeGroot, W.,
Nag, N.K., Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Mukherjee, S., 2009. A simple chemical
free arsenic removal method for community water supply a case study from
West Bengal, India. Environ. Pollut. 157, 33513353.
Seyler, P., Martin, J.M., 1990. Distribution of arsenite and total dissolved arsenic in
major French estuaries: dependence on biogeochemical processes and anthropogenic inputs. Mar. Chem. 29, 277294.
Seyler, P., Martin, J.M., 1991. Arsenic and selenium in a pristine river-estuarine
system: the Krka (Yugoslavia). Mar. Chem. 34, 137151.
Sharma, V.K., 2002. Potassium ferrate (VI): an environmentally friendly oxidant.
Adv. Environ. Res. 6, 143156.
Sharma, V.K., 2004. Use of iron (VI) and iron (V) in water and wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 49, 6974.
Sharma, V.K., 2007a. A review of disinfection performance of Fe (VI) in water and
wastewater. Water Sci. Technol. 55, 225230.
Sharma, V.K., 2007b. Ferrate studies for disinfection and treatment of drinking
water. In: Nikolaou, A., Rizzo, L., Selcuk, H. (Eds.), Advances in Control of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water Systems. Nova Science Publishers, USA,
pp. 16.
Sharma, V.K., Burnet, C.R., Yngard, R., Cabelli, D.E., 2005a. Iron (VI) and iron
(V) oxidation of copper (I)cyanide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 38493855.
Sharma, V.K., Dutta, P.K., Ray, A.K., 2007. Review of kinetics of chemical and photocatalytical oxidation of arsenic (III) as inuenced by pH. J. Environ. Sci. Health
Part A 42, 9971004.
Sharma, V.K., Kazama, F., Jiangyong, H., Ray, A.K., 2005b. Ferrates as environmentally-friendly oxidants and disinfectants. J. Water Health 3, 4258.
Sharma, V.K., Sohn, M., 2009. Aquatic arsenic: toxicity, speciation, transformations,
and remediation. Environ. Int. 35, 743759.
Sheng, T.T., Baig, S.A., Hu, Y.J., Xue, X.Q., Xu, X.H., 2014. Development, characterization and evaluation of iron-coated honeycomb briquette cinders for the removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions. Arab. J. Chem. 7, 2736.
Shih, M.C., 2005. An overview of arsenic removal by pressure driven membrane
processes. Desalination 172, 8597.
Shon, H.H., Vigneswaran, S., Kim, I.S., Cho, J., Kim, G., Kim, J., Kim, J.H., 2007. Preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) from sludge produced by titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) occulation of wastewater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41,
13721377.
Shraim, A.M., 2014. Rice is a potential dietary source of not only arsenic but also
other toxic elements like lead and chromium. Arab. J. Chem. 10.1016/j.arabjc.
2014.02.004 (In press).
Shrestha, R.R., Shrestha, M.P., Upadhay, N.P., Pradhan, R., Khadka, R.A., 2003. Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects IV. In: Cambell, W.R., Abernathy, C.O., Calderon, R.L. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 2537.
Shukla, D.P., Dubey, C., Singh, N.P., Tajbakhsh, M., Chaudhry, M., 2010. Sources and
controls of arsenic contamination in groundwater of Rajnandgaon and Kanker
District, Chhattisgarh, Central India. J. Hydrol. 395, 4966.
Silbergeld, E.K., Nachman, K., 2008. The environmental and public health risks
associated with arsenical use in animal feeds. Annu. NY Acad. Sci. 1140,
346357.
Sims, J.T., Wolf, D.C., 1994. Poultry waste management. Agricultural and environmental issues. Adv. Agron. 52, 183.
Sims, R.C., 1990. Soil remediation techniques at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
A critical review. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 40, 704732.
Singh, P., Zhang, W.S., Robins, R.G., Hubbard, G., 2007. Removal of As(III) from water
by oxidation/coprecipitation-adsorption on Fe/Al hydroxide process demonstration. Res. J. Chem. Environ. 11, 5862.
Singh, T.S., Pant, K.K., 2004. Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies for
adsorption of As(III) on activated alumina. Sep. Purif. Technol. 36, 139147.
Sinton, J.E., Smith, K.R., Peabody, J.W., Yaping, L., Xiliang, Z., Edwards, R., Quan, G.,
2004. An assessment of programs to promote improved household stoves in
China. Energy Sustain. Dev. 3, 3353.
Smedley, P.L., Edmunds, W.M., Pelig-Ba, K.B., 1996. Mobility of arsenic in groundwater in the Obuasi gold-mining area of Ghana: some implications for human
health. In: Appleton, J.D., Fuge, R., McCall, J.G.H. (Eds.), Environmental Geochemistry and Health: With Special Reference to Developing Countries. Chapman and Hall, London, UK, pp. 163181.
Smedley, P.L., Kinniburgh, D., 2002. A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl. Geochem. 17, 517568.
Smith, L.A., Alleman, B.C., Copley-Graves, L., 1994. Biological treatment options. In:
Means, J.L., Hinchee, R.E. (Eds.), Emerging Technology for Bioremediation of
Metals. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 112.
Soa Tresintsi, K.S., Vourlias, G., Stavropoulos, G., Mitrakas, M., 2012. Kilogramscalesynthesis of iron oxy-hydroxides with improved arsenic removal capacity:
study of Fe(II) oxidationprecipitation parameters. Water Res. 46, 52555267.
Sohel, N., Persson, L.A., Rahman, M., Streateld, P.K., Yunus, M., Ekstrom, E.C.,
Vahter, M., 2009. Arsenic in drinking water and adult mortality a populationbased cohort study in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology 20, 824830.
Song, S., Lopez-Valdivieso, A., Hernandez-Campos, C., Peng, C., Monroy-Fernandez,
M.G., Razo-Soto, I., 2006. Arsenic removal from high-arsenic water by enhanced
coagulation with ferric ions and coarse calcite. Water Res. 40, 364374.
Srivastava, M., Ma, L.Q., Singh, N., 2005. Antioxidant responses of hyperaccumulator
and sensitive fern species to arsenic. J. Exp. Bot. 56, 13351342.
Srivastava, S., Sharma, Y., 2013. Arsenic occurrence and accumulation in soil and
water of eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185,
49955002.
Stalov, T., ajn, R., Panevski, Z., Boev, B., Frontasyeva, M.V., Strelkova, L.P., 2010.
Heavy metal contamination of surface soils around a lead and zinc smelter in
the Republic of Macedonia. J. Hazard. Mater. 175, 896914.
Stanger, G., 2005. A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in
southern and south-east Asia. Environ. Geochem. Health 27, 359367.
Su, C., Puls, R.W., 2008. Arsenate and arsenite sorption on magnetite: relations to
groundwater arsenic treatment using zero valent iron and natural attenuation.
Water Air Soil Pollut. 193, 6578.
Su, J., Huang, H.-G., Jin, X.-Y., Lu, X.-Q., Chen, Z.-L., 2011. Synthesis, characterization
and kinetic of a surfactant-modied bentonite used to remove As(III) and As
(V) from aqueous solution. J. Hazard. Mater. 185, 6370.
Sun, F., Osseo-Asare, K.A., Chen, Y., Dempsey, B.A., 2011. Reduction of As(V) to As(III)
by commercial ZVI or As(0) with acid-treated ZVI. J. Hazard. Mater. 196,
311317.
Sun, X., Hu, C., Hu, X., Qu, J., Yang, M., 2013. Characterization and adsorption performance of Zr-doped akaganite for efcient arsenic removal. J. Chem. Technol.
Biotechnol. 88, 629635.
Sundaram, S., Rathinasabapathi, B., Ma, L.Q., Rosen, B.P., 2008. An arsenate-activated glutaredoxin from the arsenic hyperaccumulator Fern Pteris vittata L.
regulates intracellular arsenite. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 60956101.
Suvasis, D., Janet, G.H., 2003. Comparison of arsenic (V) and arsenic (III) sorption on
to iron oxide minerals: implications for arsenic mobility. Environ. Sci. Technol.
37, 41824189.
Swarnkar, V., Tomar, R., 2012. Use of surfactant-modied zeolites for arsenate removal from pollutant water. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 33, 913918.
Sylvester, P., Westerhoff, P., Moeller, T., Badruzzaman, M., Boyd, O., 2007. A hybrid
sorbent utilizing nanoparticles of hydrous iron oxide for arsenic removal from
drinking water. Environ. Eng. Sci. 24, 104112.
Tanboonchuy, V., Grisdanurak, N., Liao, C.H., 2012. Background species effect on
aque-ous arsenic removal by nano zero-valent iron using fractional factorial
design. J. Hazard. Mater. 205-206, 4046.
Tanboonchuy, V., Hsu, J.C., Grisdanurak, N., Liao, C.H., 2011. Gas-bubbled nano zerovalent iron process for high concentration arsenate removal. J. Hazard. Mater.
186, 21232128.
Tangahu, B.V., Abdullah, S.R.S., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., Mukhlisin, M., 2011. A
Review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. Int. J. Chem. Eng., 939161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
(31 pp.).
Thakur, J.K., Thakur, R.K., Ramanathan, A.L., Kumar, M., Singh, S.K., 2011. Arsenic
contamination of groundwater in Nepal an overview. Water 3, 120.
Tripathi, R.D., Srivastava, S., Mishra, S., Singh, N., Tuli, R., Gupta, D.K., Maathuis, F.J.
M., 2007. Arsenic hazards: strategies for tolerance and remediation by plants.
Trends Biotechnol. 25, 158164.
Tripathy, S.S., Raichur, A.M., 2008. Enhanced adsorption capacity of activated alumina by impregnation with alum for removal of As(V) from water. Chem. Eng. J.
138, 179186.
Uddin, A.U., Shamsudduha, M., Saunders, J.A., Lee, M.K., Ahmed, K.M., Chowdhury,
M.T., 2011. Mineralogical proling of alluvial sediments from arsenic-affected
GangesBrahmaputra oodplain in central Bangladesh. Appl. Geochem. 26,
470483.
Uddin, M., Mozumder, M., Islam, M., Deowan, S., Hoinkis, J., 2007. Nanoltration
membrane process for the removal of arsenic from drinking water. Chem. Eng.
Technol. 30, 12481254.
United Nations, 2001. Synthesis Report on Arsenic in Drinking Water.
Urase, T., Oh, J., Yamamoto, K., 1998. Effect of pH on rejection of different species of
arsenic by nanoltration. Desalination 117, 1118.
van Genuchten, C.M., Addy, S.E.A., Pea, J., Gadgil, A.J., 2012. Removing arsenic
fromsynthetic groundwater with iron electrocoagulation: an Fe and As K-edge
EXAFS study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 986994.
269
van Halem, D., de Olivero, S., Vet, W.W.J.M., Verberk, J.Q.J.C., Amy, G.L., van Dijk, J.C.,
2010. Subsurface iron and arsenic removal for shallow tube well drinking water
supply in rural Bangladesh. Water Res. 44, 57615769.
Vasudevan, S., Mohan, S., Sozhan, G., Raghavendran, N.S., Murugan, C.V., 2006.
Studies of oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by in-situ-generated hypochlorite. Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 77297732.
Velizarov, S., Crespo, J., Reis, M., 2004. Removal of inorganic anions from drinking
water supplies by membrane bio/processes. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 3,
361380.
Vik, E.A., Carlson, D.A., Eikum, A.S., Gjessing, E.T., 1984. Electrocoagulation of potable water. Water Res. 18, 13551360.
Virkutyte, J., Sillanpaa, M., Latostenmaa, P., 2002. Electrokinetic soil remediationcritical overview. Sci. Total Environ. 289, 97121.
Walker, M., Seiler, R.L., Meinert, M., 2008. Effectiveness of household reverse-osmosis systems in a Western US region with high arsenic in groundwater. Sci.
Total Environ. 389, 245252.
Wan, J., Klein, J., Simon, S., Joulian, C., Dictor, M.C., Deluchat, V., Dagot, C., 2010. AsIII
oxidation by Thiomonas arsenivorans in up-ow xed-bed reactors coupled to
As sequestration onto zero-valent iron-coated sand. Water Res. 44, 50985108.
Wang, B., Wu, H.B., Yu, L., Xu, R., Lim, T.T., Lou, X.W., 2012. Template-free formation
of uniform urchin-like a-FeOOH hollow spheres with superior capability for
water treatment. Adv. Mater. 24, 11111116.
Wasiuddin, N.M., Tango, M., Islam, M.R., 2002. A novel method for arsenic removal
at low concentrations. Energy Source 24, 10311041.
Waypa, J.J., Elimelech, M., Hering, J.G., 1997. Arsenic removal by RO and NF membranes. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 89, 102114.
Welch, A.H., Lico, M.S., Hughes, J.L., 1988. Arsenic in ground water of the western
United States. Ground Water 26, 333347.
Wen, W.H., Wen, J.H., Lu, L., Liu, H., Yang, J., Cheng, H.R., Che, W.J., Li, L., Zhang, G.B.,
2011. Metabolites of arsenic and increased DNA damage of p53 gene in arsenic
plant workers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 254, 4147.
WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. vol. 4. World Health Organisation, Geneva, pp. 315318.
Wickramasinghe, S., Han, B., Zimbron, J., Shen, Z., Karim, M., 2004. Arsenic removal
by coagulation and ltration: comparison of groundwaters from the United
States and Bangladesh. Desalination 169, 231244.
Wilkie, J.A., Hering, J.G., 1998. Rapid oxidation of geothermal arsenic (III) in
streamwaters of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 657662.
Williams, M., Fordyce, F., Paijiiprapapon, A., Charoenchaisri, P., 1996. Arsenic contamination in surface drainage and groundwater in part of the southeast Asian
tin belt, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. Environ. Geol. 27,
1633.
Wong, J.S.H., Hicks, R.E., Probstein, R.F., 1997. EDTA-enhanced electroremediation of
metal-contaminated soils. J. Hazard. Mater. 55, 6179.
Wu, Z.X., Li, W., Webley, P.A., Zhao, D.Y., 2012. General and controllable synthesis of
novel mesoporous magnetic iron oxide carbon encapsulates for efcient arsenic
removal. Adv. Mater. 24, 485491.
Xu, T., Cai, Y., OShea, K.E., 2007. Adsorption and photocatalyzed oxidation of methylated arsenic species in TiO2 suspensions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41,
54715477.
Xu, Z., Jing, C., Li, F., Meng, X., 2008. Mechanisms of photocatalytical degradation of
monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids using nanocrystalline titanium
dioxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 23492354.
Yamamura, S., Ike, M., Fujita, M., 2003. Dissimilatory arsenate reduction by a facultative anaerobe, Bacillus sp. strain SF-1. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 96, 454460.
Yamani, J.S., Miller, S.M., Spaulding, M.L., Zimmerman, J.B., 2012. Enhanced arsenic
removal using mixed metal oxide impregnated chitosan beads. Water Res. 46,
44274434.
Yang, J.W., Lee, Y.J., Park, J.Y., Kim, S.J., Lee, J.Y., 2005. Application of APG and Calfax
16L35 on surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from
kaolinite. Eng. Geol. 77, 243251.
Yarlagadda, S., Gude, V.G., Camacho, L.M., Pinappu, S., Deng, S., 2011. Potable water
recovery from As, U, and F contaminated ground waters by direct contact
membrane distillation process. J. Hazard. Mater. 192, 13881394.
Yeung, A.T., Hsu, C.N., Menon, R.M., 1996. EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic extraction
of lead. J. Geotech. Eng. 122, 666673.
Yeung, A.T., Hsu, C.-N., Menon, R.M., 1997. Physicochemical soil-contaminant interactions during electrokinetic extraction. J. Hazard. Mater. 55, 221237.
Ying, J.Y., Mehnert, C.P., Wong, M.S., 1999. Synthesis and applications of supramolecular-templated mesoporous materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38, 5677.
Yinlong, J., 2001. Progress on arsenic in China. In: Kabuto, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of
the First International workshop on arsenic pollution of Drinking Water in
South Asia and China, national Institute of Environmental Studies, R-166-201,
Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3539.
Yngard, R.A., Sharma, V.K., Philips, J., Zboril, R., 2008. Ferrate (VI) oxidation of weak
acid dissociable cyanides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 30053010.
Yoon, S.H., Lee, J.H., 2005. Oxidation mechanism of As(III) in the UV/TiO2 system:
evidence for a direct hole oxidation mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39,
96959701.
Yoon, J., Amy, G., Chung, J., Sohn, J., Yoon, Y., 2009. Removal of toxic ions (chromate,
arsenate, and perchlorate) using reverse osmosis, nanoltration, and ultraltration membranes. Chemosphere 77, 228235.
Yoon, S.H., Lee, J.H., Oh, S.E., Yang, J.E., 2008. Photochemical oxidation of As(III) by
vacuum-UV lamp irradiation. Water Res. 42, 34553463.
Yu, M.J., Li, X., Ahn, W.S., 2008. Adsorptive removal of arsenate and orthophosphate
anions by mesoporous alumina. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 113, 197203.
270
Yuan, T., Luo, Q., Hu, J., Ong, S., Ng, W., 2003. A study on arsenic removal from
household drinking water. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 38, 17311744.
Yue, X., Li, X.M., Wang, D.B., Shen, T.T., Liu, X., Yang, Q., Zeng, G.M., Liao, D.X., 2011.
Simultaneous phosphate and CODcr removals for landll leachate using modied honeycomb cinders as an adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 190, 553558.
Yusof, A.M., Ikhsan, Z.B., Wood, A.K.H., 1994. The speciation of arsenic in seawater
and marine species. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 179, 277283.
Zelina, J.P., Rusling, J.F., 1999. Electrochemical remediation of soils. Encycl. Environ.
Pollut. Cleanup 11, 532539.
Zhang, Q.L., Lin, T.C., Chen, X., Gao, N.Y., 2007. A method for preparing ferric activated carbon composites adsorbents to remove arsenic from drinking water. J.
Hazard. Mater. 148, 671678.
Zhang, S.X., Niu, H.Y., Cai, Y.Q., Zhao, X.L., Shi, Y.L., 2010a. Arsenite, arsenate adsorption on coprecipitated bimetal oxide magnetic nanomaterials: MnFe2O4
and CoFe2O4. Chem. Eng. J. 158, 599607.
Zhang, W., Singh, P., Paling, E., Delides, S., 2004. Arsenic removal from contaminated water by natural iron ores. Miner. Eng. 17, 517524.
Zhang, X., Lin, A.J., Zhao, F.J., Xu, G.Z., Duan, G.L., Zhu, Y.G., 2008. Arsenic accumulation by the aquatic fern Azolla: comparison of arsenate uptake, speciation and
efux by A. caroliniana and A. liculoides. Environ. Pollut. 156, 11491155.
Zhang, Y., Dou, X.M., Zhao, B., Yang, M., Takayama, T., Kato, S., 2010b. Removal of
arsenic by a granular FeCe oxide adsorbent: fabrication conditions and performance. Chem. Eng. J. 162, 164170.
Zhang, Y., Yang, M., Dou, X.M., He, H., Wang, D.S., 2005. Arsenate adsorption on an
Fe-Ce bimetal oxide adsorbent: role of surface properties. Environ. Sci. Technol.
39, 72467253.
Zhang, Y.X., Jia, Y., Jin, Z., Yu, X.Y., Xu, W.H., Luo, T., Zhu, B.J., Liu, J.H., Huang, X.J.,
2012. Self-assembled, monodispersed, ower-like gamma-AlOOH hierarchical
superstructures for efcient and fast removal of heavy metal ions from water.
CrystEngComm 14, 30053007.
Zhao, F.J., Dunham., S.J., McGrath., S.P., 2002. Arsenic hyperaccumulation by different fern species. New Phytol. 156, 2731.
Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Meharg, A.A., 2010. Arsenic as a food chain contaminant:
mechanism of plant uptake and metabolism and mitigation strategies. Annu.
Rev. Plant Biol. 61, 535559.
Zhao, S., Zou, L., Tang, C.Y., Mulcahy, D., 2012. Recent developments in forward
osmosis: opportunities and challenges. J. Membr. Sci. 396, 121.
Zhimang, G., Baolin, D., 2007. Use of iron-containing mesoporous carbon (IMC) for
arsenic removal from drinking water. Environ. Eng. Sci. 24, 112113.
Zhong, L.S., Hu, J.S., Cao, A.M., Liu, Q., Song, W.G., Wan, L.J., 2007. 3D owerlike ceria
micro/nanocomposite structure and its application for water treatment and CO
removal. Chem. Mater. 19, 16481655.
Zhong, L.S., Hu, J.S., Liang, H.P., Cao, A.M., Song, W.G., Wan, L.J., 2006. Self-assembled
3D owerlike iron oxide nanostructures and their application in water treatment. Adv. Mater. 18, 24262431.
Zhu, J., Pigma, M., Cozzolino, V., Caporale, A.G., Violante, A., 2013. Higher sorption of
arsenate versus arsenite on amorphous Al-oxide, effect of ligands. Environ.
Chem. Lett. 11, 289294.
Zouboulis, A.I., Katsoyiannis, I.A., 2002. Arsenic removal using iron oxide loaded
alginate beads. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41, 61496155.