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Antennas and Waveguides

Antenna

A metallic conductor system capable of


radiating and capturing electromagnetic energy.
Used to interface transmission lines to the
atmosphere, the atmosphere to transmission
lines, or both.

Waveguides

A special type of transmission line that consists


of a conducting metalic tube through which
high-frequency electromagnetic energy is
propagated.
Used to efficiently interconnect high-frequency
electromagnetic waves between an antenna
and a transceiver.

Radio Waves

Electrical energy that has escaped into free


space in the form of transverse electromagnetic
waves.

Wavefront

A plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular


lines of the electric and magnetic fields.

Basic Antenna Operation

The antenna, in turn, couples energy received


from a transmission line to the atmosphere and
energy received from the atmosphere to a
transmission line.
At the transmit end of a free-space radio
communication system, an antenna converts
electrical energy traveling along a transmission
line into electromagnetic waves that are emitted
into space.
At the receive end, an antenna converts
electromagnetic waves in space into electrical
energy on a transmission line.

Basic Antenna Operation

A relatively small antenna can efficiently radiate


high-frequency electromagnetic waves, while
low-frequency waves require relatively large
antennas.
The radiation efficiency of an open transmission
line is extremely low.
Radiation efficiency is the ratio of radiated to
reflected energy.

Dipole meaning two poles


Quarter-wave antenna/Vertical monopole
sometimes called a Marconi antenna
Half-wave dipole a Hertz antenna

Antenna Reciprocity

A basic antenna is a PASSIVE RECIPROCAL


DEVICE.
An antenna is a reciprocal device in that the
transmit and receive characteristics and
performance are identical.
A special coupling device called a DIXPLEXER.
Dixplerer can be used to direct the transmit and
receive signals and provide the necessary
isolation.

Radiation Pattern

A polar diagram or graph representing field


strengths or power densities at various angular
positions relative to an antenna.
Absolute radiation pattern if the radiation
pattern is plotted in terms of electric field
strength or power density.
Relative radiation pattern if it plots field
strength or power density with respect to the
value at a reference point.

Front lobe major lobes propagates and


receives the most energy.
Side lobes lobes adjacent to the front lobe.
Back lobes lobes in a direction exactly
opposite the front lobe.
Front-to-Back ratio ratio of the front lobe
power to the back lobe power.
Line of Shoot/Point of Shoot line bisecting the
major lobe, or pointing from the center of the
antenna in the direction of maximum radiation.

Near and Far Fields

Near Field refers to the field pattern that is


close to the antenna.(sometimes called INDU
CTION FIELD)
Far Field refers to the field pattern that is at
great distance.(sometimes called RADIATION
FIELD)

Radiation Resistance and Antenna


Efficiency

Radiation resistance somewhat unreal in


that it cannot be measured directly.
- an AC antenna
resistance and is equal to the ratio of the power
radiated by the antenna to the square of the
current at its feedpoint.

Loop radiation resistance When referenced to


the current maximum point radiation resistance.
Antenna efficiency Is the ratio of the power
radiated by an antenna to the sum of the power
radiated and the power dissipated or the ratio of
the power radiated by the antenna to the total
input power.

Example 1

For a transmit antenna with a power gain At =


10 and an input power = 100W, determine
a.EIRP in watts, dBm and dBW.
b.Power density at a point 10km from the transmit
antenna.
c.Power density had an isotropic antenna been
used with the same input power and efficiency.

Example 2

For the transmit antenna with a radiation


resistance Rr=72 ohms, an effective antenna
resistance Re= 8ohms, a directive gain D=20
and an input power Pin= 100W. Determine
a.Antenna efficiency.
b.Antenna gain (absolute and dB.)
c.Radiated power in watts, dBm and dBW.
d.EIRP in watts,dBm, and dBw.

Example 3

Given the free-space radio transmission


system:
transmitter power out =40dBm
transmission line loss Lf= 3dB
free-space path loss Lp= 50dB

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