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1. CHANGES IN MATTER
1. Matter is living and non living things that have mass and fill space.
2. Matter differs in physical characteristics such as shape, colour and hardness.
3. All matter is consists of small discrete particles in constant and random motion.
4. The Kinetic Theory of Matter.
The particles in a matter are in continous random motion because of kinetic energy
The motion is called particles kinetic energy and this theory of matter states that:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Arrangement
of particles
Movement of
particles
Diagram
of particles
boiling
Ice
condensation
freezing
2.
Gas
Water
ATOM STRUCTURE
Particle
Symbol
Position
Electrical charge
Relative mass
Proton
Positive
Neutron
Neutral
Electron
Negative
1/1840
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Key
electron
proton
neutron
3.
i)
ii)
iii)
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
Proton
Electron
Neutron
Proton number
Nucleon number
Physical properties
Chemical properties
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
different
same
1
2
1
3
Each grid contains the symbol of the element , the proton number and the nucleon number.
Nucleon number
Proton number
14
Nitrogen
Symbol
Name of element
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Group
Period
I II
1 H
2 Li Be
B C N O F Ne
3
4
5
6
7
5. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Particles in substances can exist as atoms , molecules and ions
Molecules
Atoms
An atom is the :
Solid particle of an
element that can take
part in a chemical
change.
Neutral particles
Metal are made of
atom particles that are
arranged closely by
strong attractive forces
Eg. copper contains
only copper atom.
Molecule of compound
Ions
Na+
aaa
Cl-
A sodium chloride
a+compound is made
of a sodium ion and chloride ion
ATOM
Solid (for all metal
except mercury)
Gas (For noble gases)
Substance made of
MOLECULE
ION
Solid
High
Melting point /
Boiling point
Low
Electrical
conductivity
Do not conduct
electricity
Attraction forces
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Conduct electricity
when molten state or
dissolved in water
Strong electrostatic
forces
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Metals
Shiny
Ductile
malleable
Good electric conductor
Good thermal conductor
Very strong
Non-metals
Dull
Non-ductile
Brittle
Poor conductor
Poor thermal conductor
Weak
Aluminium
Iron
Carbon
Noble gas
Sulphur
Physical characteristics
Shiny surface
Can withstand corrosion
Ductile
Malleable
Good conductor of electricity
Light and strong
Good conductor of electricity
Malleable
Ductile
Malleable
Carbon exists in two forms:
i) Diamond
ii) Graphite
Neon and argon are not reactive
Yellow in colour and burns easily
Uses
Jewellery
Gas and water piping
Copper tooling and statue
Electrical wires
In making the bodies of aeroplane
Cooking utensil and electrical cables
Used as cans for drinks and food
To make engine parts o the car
Used in construction industry
As jewellery
Used as lead in making pencils
Used in lights bulbs
Used in manufacturing car batteries
7. PURIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Solutions are
made by:
What is pure
substance?
Characteristics of
Pure Substances
Method of
purification
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PAPER 1
1.
A
B
C
D
2.
Y
Gas
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
R
Liquid
Gas
U
3.
P,Q,U
Q,R,S
R,S,T
S,T,P
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What is process E?
A
B
C
D
4.
Which of the following state is the lowest kinetic energy of water particles?
A
B
C
D
5.
Ice
Water
Steam
Vapour
6.
Boiling
Melting
Freezing
Condensation
Vary
Increase
Decrease
Remain constant
Which of the following graph shows the correct change in temperature when
water is heated until it boils?
A
Temperature (C)
Temperature (C)
Time
Time
Temperature (C)
Temperature (C)
Time
7.
Time
A
B
C
D
Subatomic Particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Neutron
Charge
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
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8.
9.
The table shows the proton and nucleon number of elements L,M,N,O.
Element
L
M
N
O
Proton Number
5
6
6
7
Nucleon Number
11
12
14
14
10.
11.
L and M
M and N
N and O
L and O
Proton number
Neutron number
Electron number
Nucleon number
16
8
Which of the following is true about Z?
A
B
C
D
12.
It has 16 protons
It has 8 neutrons
The nucleon number is 8
The number of electron is 16
-5C
0C
100C
107C
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13.
14.
Substances
Chlorine
Carbon dioxide
Sodium chloride
Lead bromide
A
B
C
D
15.
Particles
atoms
atoms
molecules
ions
The diagram shows atoms of a metal when force is applied to a part of it.
Force
Atoms in metal
16.
Solid
Shiny
Ductile
Malleable
A
B
C
D
Protons
17
17
17
18
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Neutrons
17
37
20
17
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17.
Solid
Liquid
C
18.
19.
Gas
Electrons only
Neutrons and protons
Electrons and protons
Electrons and neutrons
20.
21.
Particle
L
Proton number
3
Electron number
2
10
17
18
22.
A
B
C
D
Group
I
II
III
IV
Name
Halogens
Alkali earth metals
Alkali metals
Noble gases
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23.
A
B
C
D
24.
Metals
Shiny surface
Low melting point
Not malleable
Not ductile
Non-metals
Dull surface
High melting point
Malleable
Ductile
The diagram below shows the melting point and boiling point of substances
S,T,U and V.
Substances
S
T
U
V
26.
S and V
U and S
C
D
Carbon
Oxygen
Dry ice changes into carbon dioxide when left in the open.
What is the name of the process?
A
B
28.
C
D
A
B
27.
S and T
T and U
Melting
Sublimation
C
D
Condensation
Evaporation
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29.
A
B
C
D
30.
31.
3p
3n
3p
4n
A
3
How many electrons are present in an atom A?
A.
B.
33.
3
4
C.
D.
7
10
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34.
What is the suitable method to obtain salt crystal from a salt solution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
39.
The boiling point of pure water is 100C. When salt dissolved in it, what is the
effect on its boiling points?
A.
B.
C.
D.
38.
Evaporation
Sublimation
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
37.
R
S
36.
C.
D.
Which of the following technique would you use to separate water and alcohol?
A.
B.
C.
D.
35.
P
Q
A.
B.
C.
D.
Process
Freezing
Boiling
Condensation
Evaporation
Energy
Released
Released
Absorbed
Released
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40.
Proton number
X
Y
Z
A.
B.
41.
Nucleon number
3
4
6
7
6
8
X,Y and Z
X and Y only
C.
D.
Y and Z only
X and Z only
42.
Nucleon number
Proton number
C.
D.
Chemical properties
Physical properties
Substances L
Substances M
Substances N
Gas
Solid
Gas
Low
Low
High
Strong
Low
Low
A.
B.
C.
D.
43.
L
Ammonia
Iron
Oxygen
Ammonia
M
Oxygen
Oxygen
Ammonia
Iron
N
Iron
Ammonia
Iron
Oxygen
The diagram shows the changes of matter from one state to another.
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44.
45.
47.
46.
Alcohol
Pure water
Naphthalene
Sugar solution
Glass cutter
Electric cable
Casing for telephone
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PAPER 2
SECTION A
1.
Switch
Cardboard
Carbon rod
Substance
Bunsen burner
Diagram 1
The result of the experiment is recorded in Table 1
Type of substance
Ammeters reading /A
Solid state
Melting state
Lead powder
1.5
1.2
Sulphur powder
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
Table 1
(a) State the variables in this experiment.
i)
Manipulated variable:
Type of substance
[ 1 mark]
ii)
Responding variable:
Reading of ammeter
[ 1 mark]
[ 1 mark]
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(b)
(c) Based on the result in Table 1, classify the substances into their class..
Atomic substance
Ionic substance
Lead
Lead (II) bromide
Molecular substance
Sulphur
[ 2 marks]
Leibig condenser
Salt water
Distillate
Diagram 2
(a) State the variables in this experiment.
i.
Manipulated variable:
ii.
Presence
of salt // Salt water
[ 1 mark]
Responding variable:
Boiling
point
[ 1 mark]
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(b)
(c)
The boiling point of the distillate is 100 0C. What is the inference?
Distillate is a pure water
..............................
.............................
[ 1 mark]
(d)
(e)
SECTION B
1.
II
III
IV V
VI VII VIII
F
R
Diagram 3
a) . What is the name of the
Group
i) Vertical column : .
ii) Horizontal row
Period
..
[ 1 mark]
[ 1 mark]
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b)
d)
e)
f)
4.
Particle
A
B
C
D
Number of protons
11
17
17
20
Number of neutrons
12
18
20
22
Nucleon number
23
35
37
42
Table 3
a)
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SECTION C
1.
(1 mark)
(b)
ANSWER
Hypothesis
Aim of experiment :
Variables
List of apparatus
Method
:1.
2.
3.
4.
Tabulation of data :
Deflection of ammeters
needle
Copper
Sulphur
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2.
a)
b)
Sulphur
(4 marks)
Iodine
Substance
DIAGRAM 4
You are required to develop a concept of an non-metal. Your answer
should be based on the following aspects:
ANSWER
a)
Properties
Appearance
Density
Melting point
Electrical conductivity
Heat conductivity
Metal
Shiny
High
High
Good conductor
Good conductor
Non-metal
Dull
Low
Low
Poor conductor
Poor conductor
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