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I. INTRODUCTION
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in or out
0
in
Piw = Piwr
in r
(2)
r in
Piwr
r out
r
whereP iw is the rated output power of a wind farm, is the
wind speed, r is the rated speed of the turbine, in is the cut-in
speed, and out is the cut-out speed of the wind turbine.
C. Generator Modeling
In WTGSs, if a generator is connected to the grid through a
power conditioning unit, the WTGSs are simply modeled as a
constant negative complex power load (PQ). This approximate
model is discussed in details in [23]. However, if the generator
terminals are directly connected to the grid, the internal circuit
of the generator should be fully exploited in the power-flow
analysis [22], [24]. Three-phase machines used in generating
systems are usually designed with maximum symmetry [22].
The stator of these machines comprise of three identical sets
of coils. If these coils are excited, they produce balanced
three-phase voltages, i.e. positive sequence voltages. Threephase machines are considered as symmetrical elements [22],
[24-25]. However, due to the unbalance nature of distributions
systems, negative and zero sequence currents are injected into
the generator circuit causing unbalanced operation of the
machine. In order to avoid the complexity of the actual phase
variables, symmetrical elements such as the induction machine
and synchronous machines are usually modeled using
sequence networks in power system analyses [24-25].
III. CONTINUOUS UNBALANCED POWER-FLOW ANALYSIS
USING BACKWARD/FORWARD METHOD
A. Three-phase power flow
The three-phase continuation power flow is formulated as
the nonlinear power flow equations as follows [30]:
Pi s = PGis ( x ) PLis ( x ) PCis
(3.a )
s
Q is = QGi
( x ) Q Lis ( x ) QCis
0 x x end
(3.b )
(3.c )
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f n ( x) =
(4.a )
Li ( x ) f ( x i )
J abc
= I abc
l
j +
i =0
Li ( x ) =
(4.b)
xi x j
a
S
= ia
Vi
S ib
V b
i
S ic
V c
i
(7 )
Fkabc =
(8)
abc
m
mM
x xj
j = 0, j i
where Jlabc is the current flows into the line section landM is
the set of line sections connected downstream to
node j.
The injected powers at segmentl are updated during the
solution process[30].
3) Forward Sweep
After calculating the branch currents/powers in the previous
step, the receiving end voltages are calculated using the
voltage at the root node.The line current of each line segment
are updated using the entering powers [30].Then, the voltages
at the receiving end of line segment are calculated by:
(9)
Viabc = V abc
Z abc
J abc
j
l
l
( )
( )
( )
*
*
*
(10)
S abc
V ib I ib
V ic I ic S abc
= Via I ia
i
i
xk +1 = k + xk
(12.b )
where C is a step size control parameter andnk is the load
flow iterations number at state k.
As the corrector converges to a visible power-flow solution,
the step size is updated according to (12.a) and then the new
continuation parameter is calculated as given by (12.b). The
continuation power-flow process continues until reaching the
MLP. This MLP can be detected using the stepwisekas
follows:
k < MLP
(13)
where MLP is a pre-defined tolerance for MLP detection.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Firstly, simulations have been performed using the 33-node
feeder, data is give in [30], to assess the accuracy of the
developed methods by comparison with the conventional
Newton-Raphson CPF method [29]. Secondly, the unbalanced
IEEE 123-node test feederis used to assess the accuracy and
the performance of the developed unbalanced voltage stability
( xk xk 2 )( xk xk 1)
( xk xk 3 )( xk xk 1)
( xk xk 3 )( xk xk 2 )
Fkabc
Fkabc
Fkabc
1
3 +
2 +
( xk 3 xk 2 )( xk 3 xk 1)
( xk 2 xk 3 )( xk 2 xk 1)
( xk 1 xk 2 )( xk 1 xk 3 )
(6)
567
568
TABLE I
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTINUOUS BACKWARD/FORWARD LOAD-FLOW ANALYSIS WITH LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION PREDICTORS
Without voltage control
With voltage control
First order
Second order
First order
Second order
C
Points
Iterations
max
Points
Iterations
max
Points
Iterations
max
Points
Iterations
max
2
68
157
3.86
31
65
3.85
284
718
4.36
368
874
4.02
3
45
153
3.86
25
83
3.86
127
426
4.55
127
426
4.55
4
28
131
3.86
9
22
4.16
81
345
4.55
97
428
4.5
5
7
18
3.86
9
42
4.1
41
215
4.55
38
197
4.54
6
8
29
4.27
8
22
4.42
24
141
4.53
29
180
4.55
(a) Continuation Newton-Raphson Load flow (b) Continuas power-flow analysis using radial
method
load flow analysis and first order predictor
Fig. 1 Voltage tracing PV curves at node '18' of the 33-node test feeder.
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[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
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