On The Physical Nature and Location of Consciousness, Memory, Person and Soul

By
Leslie Iverson
Since antiquity Man has sought to understand what consciousness is and where in the
brain it resides. John Locke in his historic work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
came closest to explaining matters in a coherent manner but having lived in the 17th century he
lacked sufficient knowledge of the physiology of the brain to draw a complete picture as to the
workings of the mind. Fortunately, we no longer suffer from the deficiency. Information now
exists to determine not only where in the brain consciousness exists but what it is physically and
how it works to create the subjective experiences that we are all familiar with. We show in this
work what consciousness, person and memory are and where the soul must reside if it exists
which we believe to be the case. We also explain why the nervous system develops in the early
fetus from a point at or near the seat of consciousness and why the neurotransmitter serotonin is
so special in determining the quality and texture of emotions in living creatures and how it
played a role in helping us nail down the site of consciousness. We wish to thank Dr. Yoon Pak
for his input on these and other matters as well as his contribution to another of our works
entitled, The Ether, Atom and Nature of Divisible Existence also found on Scribd.
Analyzing the nature of consciousness and determining the location of its existence has
taken us on an intriguing intellectual adventure that involved not only an analysis of how the
nervous system functions but how through creeping evolution it came to be wired as it is. Like
Locke, we often relied upon introspection to gain insight into how the mind works while keeping
an eye out for the hidden principles and odd anatomical facts that reveal so much about how
nature sculpts her creations. We noted from Siamese twins for instance where two brains fight to
control a single body and the crippling dysfunction that it creates in movement that nature had to
have created in sentient creatures a single neural processing center capable of arbitrating the
thoughts and actions of the nervous system as a whole. We then asked ourselves at what
strategic position in the brain does the wiring of neural circuits join the way the electrical wiring
of a house unites at a panel box. Through diligence we did eventually find the location of
consciousness but to our surprise it turned out to be not where or what we expected it to be. Our
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expectations were dashed but the reality of the situation turned out to be far more fascinating
than we couldve imagined.
Like many, we had been under the impression that consciousness exists at least in part in
the cerebral cortex as that is the area of the brain where the higher levels of analysis take place,
but it didnt take long to dissuade ourselves of that delusion. The cortex hardly exists in many
species including our earliest ancestors and yet all creatures experience sensations and are
capable of thought no matter how primitive they might be. Also, there is no single location in the
cortex where consciousness could be thought to reside as its mass is spread out over a large area.
We needed to find a nexus point of neural activity with a supporting infrastructure of neurons
coming from all parts of the brain rather than a large analytical machine and data base.
The failure of our cerebral cortex theory forced us to look inward, deeper into the heart of
the brain. We focused our intellectual vision on what has often been called the grand central
station of the brain, the thalamus. Indeed, nearly every neural pathway of consequence that
leads to the cerebral cortex passes through the thalamus. Could we have found the nexus point
so easily? Our enthusiasm swelled until it dawned on us that the thalamus is divided down the
middle by the brains two hemispheres and that there is little interaction between the two
structures. It lacked the strategic central position needed to control both sides of the brain and
the whole being.
Having rejected the cerebral cortex, thalamus and the other structures divided by the
brains hemispheric fissure, we were down to the brain stem which was disconcerting as it didnt
seem respectable that an ancient and an anatomically unsophisticated part of the nervous system
could house something as exalted as the seat of consciousness in Humankind. Maybe in the
lower species, we admitted, aware that primitive species dont possess much in the way of high
level brain matter, but surely not in a creation as advanced as Man. It was where our
investigation had led us, however, and so we had no choice but to stow our apprehension and
trudge ahead.
We began our inquiry by ruling out the lower and midland levels of the stem as its
projections control only lower and midland level functions, most of which are automated. It
became clear soon enough that if consciousness exists in the brainstem it had to be in one of the
nuclei at its top end in what is often called the reticular activating system. The idea was
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reinforced by the fact that consciousness has been found to be impossible in people who have
had damage to that part of the brain which is unlike the situation with the cerebral cortex where
an entire hemisphere can be decimated and yet the person is able to retain sentient awareness.
The more we examined the matter the more it seemed possible that the conscious mind might in
fact exist at the upper end of the brainstem and since wed looked everywhere else, we pursued
the matter in earnest.
We moved our inquiry forward by noting that the medial and dorsal raphe lobes are the
only strategically located structures of significance in the upper brainstem. The medial lobe
caught our attention first because its more centrally located in a front to back position than its
dorsal counterpart and it made sense that nature would want the seat of consciousness to be as
ideally situated as possible. Optimistic that the medial lobe was what wed long been searching
for, we studied the information that exists on its projections to see if they spread out to the
widespread areas of the brain and nervous system that wed determined consciousness had to
have access to, but to our disappointment it fell short of what we were looking for. This isnt to
say that its connections arent significant, they just didnt extend to all the required areas.
Disappointed by our findings but determined to soldier on, we turned our attention to the
last remaining nuclei that fit our theory. It didnt seem likely that the dorsal raphe nuclei would
be the nexus point of the nervous system because of its dorsal or toward the back of the brain
stem location but we explored the possibility anyway in part because that was all we had left if
our theory was to hold water. Fearing that our last hope was about to be dashed against a wall of
disconfirming empirical evidence, our apprehension turned to jubilation when we learned that
not only did the dorsal lobe have all the neural connections that wed been looking for but it was
also the largest nuclei in the brainstem and biggest producer of serotonin in the nervous system.
The significance of the dorsal raphe nuclei being the largest neural lobe in the brainstem
is self-evident. The fact that it is the biggest producer of serotonin in the body is important
because serotonin is the most potent neurotransmitter in the nervous system and the pathways
that enter and leave the lobe are loaded with it. The significance of this from an evolutionary
perspective is that its critical that impulses passing through the conscious mind should pack as
much punch as possible but to do this they have to cross the synaptic gap between the dendrite
and axon. If the mind of one of our ancient ancestors looked out and saw a rhino bearing down
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on him with a red tint in its eye, it wouldve been advantageous that he react with as strong
emotion as possible so as to accentuate his desire to flee. Being the most potent neurotransmitter
in the nervous system, nature found it advantageous that we and other sentient creatures should
have our primary circuit loaded with serotonin to make our survival instincts as strong as
possible. That applies to the feeling of hunger, thirst and the other impulses of need that are so
essential to existence as well. Its significant to note that many less critical circuits in the brain
dont feature serotonin at all.
Besides the significance of serotonin, the extensive connections of the dorsal raphe neural
network and the fact that it is the biggest lobe in the brainstem, we also found it significant that
the brain stem should be the oldest neural structure in Man as well as other sentient species.
There is in fact very little difference between the brainstem of a human and that of a pig, chicken
or hamster showing us that nature regards it as functional just the way it is.
Another facet of the dorsal raphe nuclei that caught our attention is the fact that its
activity is highest during waking hours, low during slow-wave sleep and absent during rapid eye
movement slumber which mirrors the situation that we experience when we sleep at night. We
go into a period of deep sleep oblivion where there is no measure of time and a dream state in
which our minds are very active. Also it has been found that the reticular activating system is
critical for the cerebral cortex to function which is otherwise a useless appendage. Indeed, the
more we analyzed the situation the more we realized that maybe we had in fact found in the
dorsal raphe lobe the seat of consciousness that wed been so desperately looking for.
Curious as to why consciousness should reside toward the rear of the brainstem rather
than at its center as wed conjectured, it occurred to us that maybe it had at one time. We
reasoned that as structures such as the pons were added to the front side of the stem in our
evolutionary history, it moved the center of gravity in that direction causing the central neural
lobe to become a dorsal structure. Then a substation, the medial raphe nuclei, evolved to help
handle the load. It acted as a sub panel to help the dorsal raphe lobe deal with an ever increasing
flow of neural traffic, the same as sub panels are added to building structures to service
additions.
Our growing conviction that we had found the seat of consciousness not only in Man but
other vertebrates as well swelled to even greater heights when we realized how well located the
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upper brainstem is in regards to the sense organs that allow us to see, hear, smell and taste. It is
an evolutionary advantage that we should perceive danger sooner than later so that with
serotonin motivating us to act we might get out of harms way sooner than later. If, for instance,
the neural impulses of sight should have to travel all the way to the cerebral cortex to do an
analysis and then return to the self before we could react to impending danger, it would be too
late in many cases. Survival favors the speedy whether on foot or in sensing danger and so it
stands to reason that nature should want consciousness to respond to critical sensory input as
soon as possible.
Realizing that consciousness exists at the apex of the nervous system and finding its
location in the dorsal raphe nuclei was the first and second steps in our inquiry but it remained
for us to understand what it is and how it works. The answer was arrived at by considering two
thoughts. The first is purely logical in that as the pinnacle point of the nervous system,
consciousness is by definition that hierarchical location where input transforms into output for
the system as a whole. This can be confirmed through introspection in that we know of our
minds that it has access to sensory input that effects the body as a whole while being at the same
time the sole arbiter of its deliberative action. We infer from this that there has to exist in the
dorsal raphe nuclei a single dendrite-axon nerve to which the entire nervous system is hooked up
to so that at a single point input can be transformed into output for the nervous system as a
whole.
Finding the exact neuron in the dorsal raphe lobe where consciousness exists would be a
task, but with experimental science being at the high level that it is likely it can be done. Such is
not necessary as far as the logic of this theory is concerned, however. We know how dendrites
and axons work so we need only apply the information to the neuron of consciousness. We
expect that it should exist near the center of the dorsal raphe lobe where feed ins coming from all
parts of the nervous system hook up to the dendrite and that the axon should project to
dendrites that execute the orders of the self. We expect that tens of thousands of axon feed-ins,
which dendrites are known to support, enter the complex from the direction in which they came
so that those emanating from the higher levels of the brain penetrate it from above and those
feeding in from the brainstem from below. Outgoing axon projections should feed out in similar
fashion where they regularly parallel the input neurons back to their points of origin. One can
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compare the situation to the wiring of a house where the return neutral and outgoing live wires of
a circuit are strung together from the electrical box across the structure. Studies that weve
looked into about how the dorsal raphe lobe is wired seem to confirm this expectation.
We know from reason that there need exist a location in the nervous system where input
turns to output along a single neuron and therein is where we expect not only consciousness but
the soul to reside if it exists. The question remains, however, as to where along that length it
exists. The answer has to be those points where neural impulses coming from the dendrite along
its hillock enters the axon as that is where input transforms into output for the system as a whole.
Since matter is infinitely divisible along every point it exists as discussed in, The Ether, Atom
and Nature of Divisible Existence, it can be conceived of as a hypothetical point. Even so,
because infinity has a quality to it that can never be fully grasped, its possible that somewhere
deep down within divisible existence the soul exists. If, however, the soul is composed of an
immaterial Godly substance which has been thought to be the case historically, then it interacts at
that spherical plane where input turns into output for the self and nervous system as a whole.
If the idea of a physical or immaterial soul seems farfetched, we need only conduct a
thought experiment to realize that it is not. Imagine if a person died but was resurrected a
thousand years in the future with the same body and all his memories intact. The fact that hed
have different atoms doesnt matter as the atoms in a body are ever changing as it is. Would he
be the same person that he was before death? Most would probably say yes. But now consider if
that same person was created with all his memories intact while his original self lived. Our
answer would have to be no unless we imagine him as having the ability to exist in two bodies
at the same time. So whats the difference? The answer seems to be that theres something
unique to our minds that might be transferred but never duplicated. As with twins whose brains
are the same but separate, the reason we cant conceive of a duplicate as being us in the present
is that there is only one consciousness per person and as such it cant exist in two bodies at the
same time.
If the point along the dendrite-axon neuron where input transforms into output for the
nervous system is the seat of consciousness, the question arises as to how the impulses moving
through its space create the feelings that we are familiar with. The answer is obtained by
realizing that there are only two variables to an impulse, neural or otherwise. One is the number
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of times that it fires per unit time or its frequency. The other is the number of particles involved
in an impulse which is its impact or amplitude. It figures that a higher amplitude impulse occurs
at a lower frequency because more particles are involved in its forward moving thrust than its
weaker counterpart and it requires more time for them to return to their ready positions along the
neuron. This is unlike an ether impulse of radiation or an air impulse of sound where the more
mass that a forward moving thrust carries the faster the mediums whip back because of the
inherent tension of the mediums. A neural impulse is an ionic phenomenon where the affected
ions must recover their pre impulse status along the neuron before another impulse can pass and
it takes longer for more particles to return to their previous positions than less. It follows that the
impact of an emotion or feeling moving through consciousness is determined by its amplitude.
We dont know in any exact detail how varying the amplitude of a neural impulse creates
this or that emotion but we do know from introspection that every impulses has a measure of
pleasure or pain tied to it which is the essence of emotion. An impulse that moves through
consciousness with such force or amplitude as to overwhelm other impulses is no doubt some
form of pain. A lower but still strong impulse is likely to be some form of high pleasure showing
that the difference between pain and pleasure is one of degree and not kind which explains
masochism where individuals find pleasure in harming themselves. It figures that the amplitude
of the inflicted pain feeds into and enhances some impulse of pleasure that the person is seeking
to create at that moment. Such joy has its limits, however, as pain can only be so strong before
even the most ardent nihilist seeks mercy. The neural routes that support consciousness simply
cant absorb impulses of extreme amplitude as such is the definition of screaming agony.
We use the above analogy not to make light of masochism where the neural firings that
create pain and pleasure can join, but because it highlights the fact that an impulse that passes
through the conscious mind always has some degree of amplitude associated with it which is
pleasurable and harmonic or inharmonic and painful. We hold that the emotional content of
these impulses is in fact a measure of the pain and or pleasure that it creates and ignoring
offsetting factors, that which produces pleasure we regard as good and that which produces pain
bad. We go further to assert that good and bad and the sense of morality that they create is at
root nothing more than a measure of the pain and pleasure or the neural impulse amplitude that
they create.
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As the amplitude of an impulse drops, so does its pleasure index as mentioned with the
result being that moderate and weak amplitudes produce only moderate and weak levels of
pleasure until at the bottom there is hardly any joy at all but such is not pain. The last point is of
comfort in that as long as a dying person is sedated against the high amplitude impulses of pain,
he can still experience a weak form of pleasure that in some cases we might call peace of mind.
The same can be said of the chronically depressed as what causes their pain is not the low level
of pleasure that they experience from life, but rather their inability to stop surges of high
amplitude pain impulses from passing through their conscious minds. Dr. Pak is intimately
familiar with this as a large part of his pharmaceutical work is the development of drugs that
dampen the effects of the neurotransmitters that convey impulses across the synaptic gap. He
and others in his profession do this in an effort to help ease the large impulse surges that create
psychic pain.
A neural impulse that feeds into the dendrite of consciousness, originating from the big
toe for instance, will move along its bottom surface and enter the axons lower membrane while
not effecting the rest of the dendrite. The axon will transmit the impulse across the synapses in
similar fashion and enter the membrane of the next dendrite from that low level location making
it from start to finish a position oriented affair. The opposite is true of impulses entering the
dendrite from above. Impulses originating from a multitude of locations across the nervous
system can in effect move through consciousness at the same time to create the wide range of
perceptions that we are familiar with moment to moment. The impulses that the conscious mind
focuses on at any one time depends on what neural pathways are dominant at that moment.
We found it humbling to think that the mind of Man should be confined to a ribbon of
neural tissue smaller than a dot on a piece of paper but rather than allow ourselves to feel
diminished we opted to take our new found insight and see if it could shine light on the larger
construct called person which encompasses not only consciousness but Mans unparalleled
mental abilities as well. After all, its not the fact that we are aware that lifts us above the base
creatures of the planet but rather our formidable ability to think, analyze and recall what weve
experienced. We wanted to know whats involved with these concepts and to figure out how
they work to create the total being that is Man.
We started our inquiry by asking what memory is. We knew from neural anatomists that
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long term memory is a phenomenon of the cerebral cortex whereas its short term counterpart is
tied to the hippocampus and other intermediary structures. The brainstem, of which
consciousness is a part, has no memory of note and so it was clear that mind must work with
these other structures for it to perform the many functions that make up the thinking person. The
question was how?
The situation was confusing at first until we thought of computers. Computers require
long term data storage which is imprinted on hard drives and short term memory, Ram, to
perform operations. Our hard disc is the cerebral cortex whereas short term memory exists in
large part in the hippocampus which, like Ram, doesnt store data on a long term bases.
Scientists estimate that short term memory lasts about ten days at best. The computers CPU or
central processing center is the equivalent of the conscious mind through which data is routed.
If the analogy of the computer to the brain holds, as we believe it does, the question
arises as to what is it about the cerebral cortex that allows it to retain long term memory. The
answer has to be the proteins that lie on both sides of the neural synapsis. We know this because
proteins are the only malleable structures in a nerve and change, the bending of the proteins, is
required to create a neural pathway. When an impulse of a specific frequency and amplitude, a
presentation as Locke called it, travels up the cerebral cortex for the first time, it branches out to
pass through multiple synapses bending proteins en route to create a pathway unique to that
impulse, thereby making it easier for others to follow in step. The situation is analogous to
walking through a field of high grass where blades are bent to create a path. The stronger the
amplitude of a neural impulse the more proteins are deformed, the same as the greater the weight
of the person walking through the field the harder the grass is pushed down. Add to that the
number of times the neural pathway is traveled and you have the strength of a particular memory
the same as the permanency of a path through a field of grass is determined not only by how
many people traversed it but by their collective weight.
The hard drive on a computer stores not only factual information but the operating system
that is required to make the computer work and so it is with the cerebral cortex. The function of
the cortex is to store long term memory but therein lies all the data and information that is
required by the human being to process information and think, giving meaning to the word
person. Whereas consciousness is the soul of the being, the data and operational information that
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allows the being to function is stored in the long term memory banks of the cerebral cortex
where it is accessible for retrieval and use by the conscious mind. If our consciousness was
transferred to an ape, we would feel pain and pleasure much as we do now but we wouldnt be
the same person because our intellectual facilities would be different and in the final analysis it is
the quality of the total being that is of value and not the fact that he is aware. Theoretically,
consciousness could be transferred to a cockroach but, for most, that wouldnt be a life worth
living.
We emphasize how important the cortex is in forming the person so as not to diminish its
significance when we say that the creation, manipulation and preservation of long term memories
is its only function. The cortex cant feel want or even be accessed without the conscious mind
of the dorsal raphe lobe and yet without it the larger being that is our person doesnt exist. We
highlight this point because science has confused itself by thinking that the consciousness exists
in part in the cerebral cortex as we, too, had conjectured but that is not the case. Feelings and
awareness exist in the brainstems dorsal raphe lobe and the function of the cerebral cortex is that
of the storage and retrieval of data in the form of memories.
Proof that the cerebral cortex deals in memories and not live experiences can be obtained
by noting the difference between a first time presentation that crosses mind and the memory, or
as Locke would say the representation or idea, of that presentation. Study an object in front of
you with its many features and colors and then close your eyes and view it from memory. Now
open your eyes again. Does the memory of the object that you just saw in your minds eye look
like the live image before you? They are completely different and yet we link the memory of an
object with its live presentation and know that the former represents the latter.
The difference between a live image and the memory of that image is that the impulse
that creates the live presentation moves through the senses to consciousness direct, whereas the
memory of it is created downstream after the original impulse is routed up to the cerebral cortex
where it scatters across its vast neural network. It branches out across the network until reaching
its outer functional boundary where it is routed back down the cortex to become a linear impulse
again. Note, however, that the second impulse is different than the first. Should it be sent back
through consciousness it will be experienced as a shadow of the first. Different as they might be,
however, the two impulses are linked in time and space and should the original firing again pass
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through consciousness to enter the cortex it will follow the pathway of its predecessor only now
the going will be easier. Should a later impulse follow in step it will have an even easier time of
it, like the path created through the tall grass. Such is the nature of memory.
The brain has the ability to send impulses up the cerebral cortex to evoke memories based
on previous firing patterns that have been etched into its synaptic proteins and return the results
to consciousness. It can then send the data to short term memory for a series of comparisons to
be made whereupon the results are sent to long or short term memory the same as a computer
pulls information from the hard drive to Ram, perform functions and returns the results to Ram
for further computation or to the hard drive for long term storage. The minds ability to compare
memories and note their similarities and differences is the essence of analytical thought.
It is necessary that the neural pathways through which sensory impulses travel must first
enter consciousness before being routed to the cerebral cortex for storage. The optic tract is
thought by some to project in part to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain for memory
storage but such is impossible as all sensory input must first pass through consciousness for it to
be saved as short or long term memory. We know this because the opposite would mean that the
conscious mind is capable of storing sights, sounds and other sensory input it never experienced.
Its necessary as well that the pathways that lead to long term storage be hardwired in a set
manner or memory recall would be impossible. For instance, if the optic nerve projected to the
occipital lobe direct, its impulses would enter it from a different position than when it moves
through the dorsal raphe nuclei and then up to the cortex. The two impulse memories would end
up at different locations.
Sensory input that concerns the body as a whole has to be routed through the dorsal raphe
lobe as well or the body couldnt function in a coordinated manner. Thereafter, it moves up
through the thalamus which nature located close by for a reason and then up to the cerebral
cortex for memory storage. However, for memory recall to be possible the neural tracts that lead
from the conscious mind to the cortex has to be set. Such is necessary or a later impulse could
never find its way to that strategic position to retrieve the memory.
It is informative to note that nature hardwired the optic tract so that it would elevate
above the brainstem before branching off to both hemispheres at the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Thereafter, its channeled a short distance down to the dorsal raphe lobe where it likely enters it
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from two positions to create a stereo effect. That way beings can have vision coming from two
eyes instead of one like the ill fated Cyclops of Greek mythology and what is true for vision is
true for hearing as well. Nature found it beneficial that we should detect whats approaching us
from two directions instead of one and so it placed an ear on both sides of our heads but kept the
wiring just above the dorsal raphe lobe so the route to consciousness would be as short as
possible.
Another point of interest is how through evolution that monstrosity of a neural network
that we call the nervous system came to be wired in the manner that it is. We know that such is a
function of DNA but that doesnt give us a clue as to how in the early embryo nature manages to
tie it all together in such an intricate fashion to create the living being. Does nature start at the
brain and string it to the feet or at points in between and leave it to chance that everything link
up? The chances of that happening is astronomical. It would mean that neural routes moving
blindly across the body would somehow have the ability to match up with one another exactly.
Its necessary that in its early stages of embryonic development the nervous system
spread out from a single location while staying connection to its point of origin all the while.
The spreading likely occurs in a manner similar to the way it evolved allowing that nature is
forever reshaping its creations. Since consciousness is the point to which the entire nervous
system hooks up to in any species and its essential first ingredient, it follows that the dorsal raphe
lobe was the first neural structure to evolve which makes it the first neural structure in the fetus
to develop as well.
The above hypothesis is supported by the fact that in the early stages of pregnancy the
first fetal mass to form is the ectoderm which is made of neural tissue. Its noteworthy that the
largest bulge of this mass exists at the future location of the midbrain and self. The mass later
wraps around the emerging foregut, pericardial cavity and heart tube showing that it precedes
these structures in time and function. Its rostral position allows it to penetrate and innervate
organs as they emerge thereby stimulating their masses to action while keeping connected to the
dorsal raphe network to make it an integrated hierarchal system. Thats why the spinal column
resides at the hind side of vertebrates. The position allows the emergent spinal cord to innervate
organs as the forming body encloses them in the developing cavity below. Such is necessary or
they would otherwise end up as non-functional lumps of non-neural mass.
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The requirement that the nervous system evolve from a single location and stay
connected to it thereafter to remain functional applies to the cardiovascular system as well. We
note from the development of the early fetus that the system starts with the heart which develops
soon after the formation of the primitive nervous system and spreads out its tentacles from there
like the roots of a growing tree. The system eventually works its way into every nook and
cranny of the body to service developing organs but until that happens the mothers arterial
system provides the nutriments that it needs to grow and flourish. Its only when the arterial
system has completed its growth that the babys heart can start pumping and wean itself from its
mothers blood. The babys circulatory system likely incorporates the capillaries that were laid
out by the mother.
Except for the development of major thoroughfares which is controlled by DNA, it seems
probable that the micro spreading of the embryos neural and cardiovascular systems is a
spontaneous affair. Like weeds in a garden, they work their way into every crevice that their
tentacles can penetrate. Only back pressure can rein in growth at this or any other time during an
individuals life. This is why it has been observed during coronary bypass surgery that the heart
of a person with partial blockage has been trying to grow new routes to bypass the obstruction.
Many of the bodys systems operate in this manner. DNA lays out general blueprints for growth
but details are left up to spontaneous processes that emerge naturally in a developing body.
There is nothing so complex in all of nature than living organisms but nothing is as
interesting either. The time that weve spent exploring the nature of consciousness and mind has
been a joy and we hope weve imparted our sense of delight to the reader. If getting to the
bottom of things is as interesting to you as it is to us, we encourage you to read the
aforementioned works, The Ether, Atom and Nature of Divisible Existence and The Old Ones
and the Jupiter System also on Scribd. Both works deal with the nature of divisible existence
where we show that the atom is made of ether particles pressed into varying degrees of density
and form and describe what it would look like if you could see it. The The Old Ones and the
Jupiter System deals in social, economic and political evolution where we predict the continued
decline of capitalism, already in an advanced state of decay, and show what is likely to follow.