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This exam is closed book, one personally hand written cheat sheet (both sides) is allowed
Only non-transmitting calculators may be used (programmable calculators are allowed)
Please read all questions before starting! GOOD LUCK!
What is the maximum bank angle for an aircraft if the pilot is not to exceed 2 g's?
we haven't seen any canard aircraft yet, but I'd love to have a look at this great 'concept' you're talking
about. As your uncle sketches the design he starts explaining to you the purpose of a conventional
horizontal tail, and how on a canard you don't have a conventional tail. Before he gets too far along you
notice something odd and quickly interject (with only the slightest hint of sarcasm) this is all very
interesting, but where did you say the centre of gravity was located?. Below is a schematic of the layout
drawn by your Uncle (all quantities shown in their positive directions),
lc
c
a.c.
V'
lw
a.c.
c.g.
wb
Derive an expression for both cL and cM (for the entire aircraft) as a function of wb and c stating
all your assumptions. You may assume that the upwash can be expressed as
=o
and that
wb
the magnitudes V' = V. Include all the relevant forces and moments. Using these results find the
following:
(i) The ratio of the aircraft to wing/body lift curve slopes (i.e. a/awb). Is this greater or less than
unity?
(ii) Any restrictions on the placement of the wing/body aerodynamic centre with respect to the
centre of gravity.
(iii) Any restrictions on the value of the canard volume ratio, defined as Vc = (Sc lc) / (S c)
How does this compare with the restrictions on a traditional aircraft's tail volume ratio, VH?
(iv) If the U of T fellow's design is stable with a canard arm length (lc) of 5 times the wing/body arm
length (lw) using a canard that has the same airfoil profile as the main wing but half the span and
half the chord (you may assume awb = aw and that / = 1/5).
Clearly taken aback by your stellar analysis, your Uncle concedes the contest and actually seems
genuinely interested in what you are saying. In fact, he recalls hearing some people at work mentioning
that you could tell if an aircraft was stable or not simply by the value of
(a)
wb
.
c trim
Explain why this value should be positive or negative for a canard aircraft to be stable.
(b)
Using the matrix formula below and your results for both cL and cM, write an expression for each of
the terms shown (use the conventions from the class notes),
[
(c)
cL
cM
cL
cM
][ ] [
wb
c
trim
c L c L
c M
trim
c M
wb
=
c trim c M
wb