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Igberadja, Serumu
Department of Technical and Business Education, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
zerumuhjack@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to ascertain the causes of low enrollments in Delta State technical colleges. The
population of the study is 292 comprising of 19 principals and 280 teachers from the six government technical
colleges in Delta State. Purposive sampling technique was used to select all the 12 principals and random
sampling technique was used to select 84 teachers. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The
questionnaire was content and faced validated by the research supervisor. Pearson product moment correlation
technique was used to ascertain the reliability of the instrument which yields 0.73. The researcher administered
the questionnaire on the principals and teachers personally in the selected technical colleges. Mean and
standard deviation was used to analyze the research questions while Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at
0.05 level of significance. The study revealed among others that lack of qualified technical teachers, poor
funding of the state technical colleges, location of the technical colleges, dilapidated infrastructural facilities,
poor societal attitude towards technical education, and parents perception that technical education is for dull
and unintelligent students. It was concluded that the factors responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta
State technical colleges are governmental factors, school factors, societal factors and parental factors. Hence it
was recommended among others that Government should revitalize technical vocational education institutions
in Delta State.
Introduction
Education is a general term which refers to an exercise that engages every one. It is a process of enabling
individuals to live as useful and acceptable members of a society (Aigbepue, 2011). Also, Igbinedion and
Ojeaga (2012) see Education as a veritable means of progress for nations and individuals. Similarly,
Okebukola (2012) opined that Education is a process of updating the knowledge and skills of the individual
that will be useful to himself or herself and to the community. Education help individuals to gain ideas,
knowledge and experience that will make them useful to themselves and the society. Consequently, Technical
and Vocational Education (TVE) is used as a comprehensive term referring to those aspects of the educational
process involving in addition to general education, the study of technologies, related sciences, and the
acquisition of practical skills, attitudes understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors
of economic and social life (UNESCO & ILO, 2002). This type of education can take place in the formal and
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(c)
(d)
However, at the current basic education annual turnout rate of about 4million expected enrolments in technical
colleges will be 800,000 (20%). Consequently, the total enrolment in technical colleges in 2009/2010 session
was 74, 299 made up of 63, 528 (85. 5%) male and 10, 771 (14. 5%) female students. This compares
unfavorably with the expected 800,000 which shows clearly that technical colleges are only able to enrol
barely about 9.3% of their target. The causes of these poor enrolments of students in the technical colleges
according to Igbinedion and Ojeaga (2012) are poor societal perception, poor entry level, lack of recognition
and discrimination against graduates of technical vocational education (TVE). Moreso, Amoor (n.d) reported
that some of the causes include government lukewarm attitude towards technical and vocational education
(TVE), the perception of the society towards technical and vocational education, and lack of candidates
interest. In same vein, Ediagbnya, Agbaje and Suberu (2012) posited that the inadequacies of
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School factors responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta State technical colleges as perceived
by principals and teachers.
iii.
Societal factors responsible for low enrolment in Delta State technical colleges as perceived by
principals and teachers.
iv.
Parental factors responsible for low enrolment in Delta State technical colleges as perceived by
principals and teachers.
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Research Questions
i.
What government factors are responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical
colleges?
ii.
What school factors are responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges?
iii.
What societal factors are responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges?
iv.
What parental factors are responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges?
Hypotheses
The following Null Hypotheses will be tested for the study;
H01:
There is no significant difference in the mean response of principals and teachers on government
factors responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges.
H02:
There is no significant difference in the mean response of principals and teachers on government
factors responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges.
H03:
There is no significant difference in the mean response of principals and teachers on societal factors
responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges.
H04:
There is no significant difference in the mean response of principals and teachers on parental factors
responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta State technical colleges.
Methodology
The survey research design was used in this study. According to Babbie (1990), survey research provides a
quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or portion of a population by studying a sample of that
population. Colins (2007) posited that survey research design includes selecting a representative and unbiased
sample of subjects drawn from the group under study.The area of the study is Delta State. Delta State was
carved out of formal Bendel State on August 27th 1991 (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2007 cited in Wikipedia,
n.d). The population of the study is made up of 19 principals including vice principals and 280 teachers in the
six technical colleges in Delta state. The table below shows the population of the study (Field work, 2013).
The random sampling technique was used to select 12 principals and 84 teachers from the six (6) technical
colleges. A Likert five point scale questionnaire titled Questionnaire on Factors Responsible for Low
Enrollment of Students in Delta State Technical Colleges with four sections (Section A-D) Section A is on
government factors, Section B is on school factors, Section C is on Societal factors and Section D is on
parental factors. Section A, B, C and D has 7, 8, 8 and 7 items respectively making up a total of 30 items in the
questionnaire was used for data collection.
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The questionnaire was faced validated by 3 expert from Department of Technical and Business Education,
Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria and possible corrections were made as directed by the expert.The
questionnaires were administered to twenty (20) year one students of the Department of Technical and
Business and Education (Technical Education Unit) who are not part of the sample under study. The Pearson
Product Moment correlation was used to ascertain the reliability which yields 0.73. The researcher went round
the six (6) Technical Colleges to administer the questionnaires to the principals and the teachers. Also he
collected the questionnaires on the spot which yield a hundred percent return rate. The mean and standard
deviation was used to analyze the research questions. Furthermore, the hypotheses were tested using the Z-test
statistics at 0.05 level of significance. According to Nworgu (2006) the Z-test is usually adopted in testing
hypothesis about the difference between the sample size that is large. Generally, a sample is considered to be
large if its size is equal to or greater than 30.
Results
The results are presented based on order of the research questions and hypothesis.
Research Question 1: What government factor is responsible for the low enrolment of students in Delta State
Technical Colleges?
Table 1: Shows the Perception of Principals and Teachers on Government Factors Responsible for Low
Enrolment of Students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
S/NITEM STATEMENT
PRINCIPALS
Government Factors
Mean
S.D
1. Poor
provision
of4.42
0.79
infrastructural facilities such
as
library,
classrooms
blocks,
workshops,
laboratories and recreational
facilities.
2. Poor
provision
of4.75
0.45
consumable materials such
as wood nails wires, rods,
and glues for students
practical.
3. Poor provision of qualified4.83
0.39
technical teachers.
4. Poor funding of the state4.67
0.49
technical colleges.
5. Poor governmental policy4.33
0.78
on technical education
6. Inadequate numbers of4.83
0.39
technical colleges in the
state.
7. Poor retraining scheme for4.92
0.29
technical teachers
Grand Mean and S.D
4.68
0.51
Remark
Agree
TEACHERS
Mean
S.D
4.30
1.12
Remark
Agree
Agree
4.46
1.05
Agree
Agree
4.27
1.21
Agree
Agree
4.32
1.16
Agree
Agree
4.23
1.17
Agree
Agree
4.36
1.03
Agree
Agree
4.40
1.09
Agree
4.33
1.12
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Table 1 under governmental factors, the principals and teachers agreed with item statement 1-7. The mean and
standard deviation as perceived by principals are 4.42: 0.79, 4.75: 0.45, 4.83: 0.39, 4.67: 0.49, 4.33: 0.78, 4.83:
0.39, and 4.92: 0.29 while that of the teachers are 4.30: 1.12, 4.46: 1.05, 4.27: 1.21, 4.32: 1.16, 4.23: 1.17,
4.36: 1.03, and 4.40: 1.09 respectively for item statement 1-7.
Research Question 2: What school factor is responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta State technical
colleges?
Table 2: Shows the Perception of Principal and Teachers on School Factors Responsible for Low Enrollment
of Students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
S/NITEM STATEMENT
PRINCIPALS
School Factors
Mean
S.D
8. Poor
public
relations4.67
0.49
practice
by
technical
teachers and instructors.
9. Poor teaching methods4.08
0.29
employed by technical
teachers and instructors
10. Location of the technical4.17
0.39
colleges.
11. Dilapidated infrastructural4.50
0.52
facilities in the technical
colleges.
12. Poorly equipped libraries4.58
0.52
workshops
and
laboratories.
13. Poor
provision
of4.75
0.45
instructional
materials
such as textbooks.
14. Teachers
nonchalant4.58
0.52
attitude to upgrade their
skills.
15. Un
conducive
school4.42
0.52
environment
Grand Mean and S.D
4.47
0.46
Remark
Agree
TEACHERS
Mean
S.D
4.26
1.01
Remark
Agree
Agree
4.51
1.04
Agree
Agree
4.31
1.33
Agree
Agree
4.29
1.28
Agree
Agree
4.35
1.08
Agree
Agree
4.17
1.32
Agree
Agree
4.50
0.99
Agree
Agree
4.30
1.15
Agree
4.34
1.15
Table 2 under school factors, the principals and teachers agreed with item statement 8-15. The mean and
standard deviation as perceived by principals are 4.67: 0.49, 4.08: 0.29, 4.17: 0.39, 4.50: 0.52, 4.58: 0.52, 4.75:
0.45, 4.58: 0.52, and 4.42: 0.52 while that of the teachers are 4.26: 1.01, 4.51: 1.04, 4.31: 1.33, 4.29: 1.28,
4.35: 1.08, 4.17: 1.32, 4.50:0.99 and 4.30: 1.15 respectively for item statement 8-15.
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What societal factor is responsible for low enrollment of students in Delta state
Table 3: Shows the Perception of Principal and Teachers on Societal Factors Responsible for Low Enrollment
of Students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
S/NITEM STATEMENT
PRINCIPALS
TEACHERS
Societal Factors
Mean
S.D
Remark
Mean
S.D
Remark
16. Discrimination of technical4.33
0.49
Agree
4.29
1.04
Agree
college graduates
17. Poor
societal
attitude4.17
0.39
Agree
4.50
1.16
Agree
towards technical education.
18. Societal perception that4.25
0.45
Agree
4.40
1.25
Agree
technical education is for all
and unintelligent students.
19. Societal perception that4.33
0.65
Agree
4.29
1.28
Agree
technical education is for the
less privilege in the society.
20 poor societal recognition of4.08
0.29
Agree
4.37
1.12
Agree
technical education
21 Member of the society4.50
0.67
Agree
4.18
1.34
Agree
awareness in the objective
and prospects of technical
education.
22. Elitism
4.08
0.67
Agree
4.27
1.19
Agree
23. Inferior status accorded to4.92
0.29
Agree
4.15
1.35
Agree
technical education.
Grand Mean and S.D
4.33
0.49
4.31
1.22
Table 3 under societal factors, the principals and teachers agreed with item statement 16-23. The mean and
standard deviation as perceived by principals are 4.33: 0.49, 4.17: 0.39, 4.25: 0.45, 4.33: 0.65, 4.08: 0.29, 4.50:
0.67, 4.08: 0.67, and 4.92: 0.29 while that of the teachers are 4.29: 1.04, 4.50: 1.16, 4.40: 1.25, 4.29: 1.28,
4.37: 1.12, 4.18: 1.34, 4.27:1.19 and 4.15: 1.35 respectively for item statement 16-23.
Research Question 4: What parental factor is responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta State
technical colleges?
Table 4: Shows the Perception of Principal and Teachers on Societal Factors Responsible for Low Enrolment
of Students in Delta State technical Colleges
S/N
ITEM STATEMENT PRINCIPALS
TEACHERS
Parental Factors
Mean
S.D
Remark
Mean
S.D
Remark
24.
Poverty
4.58
0.67
Agree
4.48
1.06
Agree
25.
Parents believe that4.00
0.74
Agree
4.42
1.15
Agree
technical education is for
dull and unintelligent
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26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
students.
Parents cannot afford4.08
education
cost
of
technical education due
to the high cost of
equipments, materials,
and hand tools for
practical.
Parents
want
their4.33
children to read courses
that have better prospect
and recognition.
Parents believe that4.67
technical education is for
the less privilege of the
society.
Socio-economic status of4.67
parents.
Parents believe that4.33
technical education is for
handicapped.
Grand Mean and S.D 4.38
0.79
Agree
4.48
1.14
Agree
0.49
Agree
4.13
1.26
Agree
0.65
Agree
4.39
1.16
Agree
0.78
Agree
4.10
1.31
Agree
0.98
Agree
4.18
1.16
Agree
4.31
1.18
0.73
Table 4 under parental factors, the principals and teachers agreed with item statement 24-30. The mean and
standard deviation as perceived by principals are 4.58: 0.67, 4.00: 0.74, 4.08: 0.79, 4.33: 0.49, 4.67: 0.65, 4.67:
0.78, and 4.33: 0.98 while that of the teachers are 4.48: 1.06, 4.42: 1.15, 4.48: 1.14, 4.13: 1.26, 4.39: 1.16,
4.10: 1.31, and 4.18:1.16 respectively for item statement 24-30.
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the mean response of principals and teachers on
government factors responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
Table 5: Shows the Test of Significant Difference on the Perception of Principals and teachers on Government
Factors Responsible for Low Enrolment of Students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
Group
Mean
S.D
N
Df Z-Calculated Z - Tabulated Decision
Principals
4.68
0.51
12 94 1.8301
1.96
Accept
Teachers
4.33
1.12
84
N =96, df=94, p<0.05, * Accept since z-calculated is less than z-tabulated.
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of principals and teachers on school
factors responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
Table 6: Shows the Test of Significant Difference on the Perception of Principals and Teachers on School
Factors Responsible for Low Enrolment of Students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
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Decision
Accept
Hypothesis 4: There is no significant difference in the response of principals and teachers on parental factors
responsible for low enrolment of students in Delta State Technical Colleges.
Table 8: Shows the Test of Significant Difference on the Perception of Principals and Teachers on Parental
Factors Responsible for Low Enrolment in Delta State Technical Colleges.
Group
Mean
S.D
N
Df Z-Calculated Z - Tabulated
Principals
4.38
0.73
12
94 0.2835
1.96
Teachers
4.31
1.18
84
N =96, df=94, p<0.05, * Accept since z-calculated is less than z-tabulated.
Decision
Accept
Discussion of Findings
Table 1 revealed that poor provision of infrastructural facilities, consumable materials, qualified technical
teachers; poor funding of the state technical colleges; poor governmental policy on technical education;
inadequate numbers of technical colleges in the state; and poor retraining scheme for technical teachers.These
findings are in agreement with Amoor (n.d) who posited that the causes of low enrolment in technical colleges
are government lukewarm attitude towards technical and vocational education. Moreso, Ediagbamua, Agbaje,
and Suberu (2012) reported that the inadequacies of facilities/instructional materials, qualified teachers and
career counselors have equally not helped out in boosting enrolment into technical colleges.
Table 2, revealed that poor public relations practice by technical college students, teachers and administrators,
poor teaching methods employed by technical teachers and instructors; location of the technical colleges;
dilapidated infrastructural facilities; poorly equipped libraries, workshops and laboratories; teachers
nonchalant attitude to upgrade their skills; and un conducive school environment as school factors responsible
for law enrollment in technical colleges in Delta State. These findings are in agreement with Ediagbamua,
Agbaje, and Seberu (2012) when they reported that the inadequacies of facilities instructional materials and
qualified teachers are responsible for the low enrolment of students in technical vocational education
programme.
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Summary
The study revealed that, the following are factors affecting enrollment of students in Delta State technical
colleges:
Societal perception that technical education is for the less privilege in the society
Poverty;
Parents perception that technical education is for dull and unintelligent students
Parents want their children to read courses that have better prospect and recognition
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Conclusion
Based on the findings from the study, it is concluded that various factors were responsible for low enrolment
of students in Delta State technical colleges. The poor enrollment is as a result of government attitude towards
technical education, the administration, management, and implementation of technical education in technical
colleges, and societal and parental attitude to technical education in Nigeria.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made;
Government should revitalize technical vocational education institutions in Delta State.
Government should organized awareness programme for members of the society on technical
vocational education programme.
iii.
More technical colleges should be constructed across the state at least two (2) in every local
government.
i.
ii.
References
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